共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Environmental aspects of the Indian Ocean Tsunami recovery 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Shaw R 《Journal of environmental management》2008,89(1):1-3
2.
Malcolm Hollick 《Environmental management》1986,10(2):157-178
Experiences with environmental impact assessment (EIA) in a number of countries are discussed in the light of both explicit and implicit goals and objectives. Adequate environmental information is not always available to decision makers because of failure to apply EIA to all relevant decisions, the continuing inadequacies of prediction and evaluation techniques, the failure to consider alternatives adequately, and the bias of some EISs. EIA frequently results in changes to proposals and may result in stricter environmental management conditions in some cases, but some people regard it as a failure because it has not stopped development. Generally, EIA leads to better integration of environmental factors into project planning. Open procedures and freedom of information encourage responsiveness to EIA procedures, which can be weakened by discretionary powers and lack of access to the courts by public interest groups. However, legal standing may have side effects that offset its advantages. EIA can encourage cooperation and coordination between agencies but does not ensure them. Similarly, it can have a limited role in coordinating interstate and international policies. In the long term, the success of EIA depends on adequate monitoring, reassessment, and enforcement over the life of the project. EIA has generally opened up new opportunities for public participation, and may help to reduce conflict. EIA procedures need to be integrated with other environmental protection and development control programs, and various means exist for reducing its cost to developers and the public. 相似文献
3.
A new framework for environmental assessment is needed because no existing framework explicitly includes all types of environmental
assessments. We propose a framework that focuses on resolving environmental problems by integrating different types of assessments.
Four general types of assessments are included: (1) condition assessments to detect chemical, physical, and biological impairments;
(2) causal pathway assessments to determine causes and identify their sources; (3) predictive assessments to estimate environmental,
economic, and societal risks, and benefits associated with different possible management actions; and (4) outcome assessments
to evaluate the results of the decisions of an integrative assessment. The four types of assessments can be neatly arrayed
in a two-by-two matrix based on the direction of analysis of causal relationships (rows) and whether the assessment identifies
problems or solves them (columns). We suggest that all assessments have a common structure of planning, analysis, and synthesis,
thus simplifying terminology and facilitating communication between types of assessments and environmental programs. The linkage
between assessments is based on intermediate decisions that initiate another assessment or a final decision signaling the
resolution of the problem. The framework is applied to three cases: management of a biologically impaired river, remediation
of a contaminated site, and reregistration of a pesticide. We believe that this framework clarifies the relationships among
the various types of assessment processes and their links to specific decisions. 相似文献
4.
Environment Systems and Decisions - Capacity building and monitoring of response capacity are critical to disaster preparedness. Assessing disaster response capacity is a challenging task in India... 相似文献
5.
John Bailey 《Environmental management》1997,21(3):317-327
In this paper the existing body of theory is reviewed to highlight the need
for further attention to be paid to the EIA/management relationship. In
particular it is shown that the majority of the literature to date has
concentrated on the influence of EIA leading up to and including the decision
to proceed or not with the proposed action. Less attention has been paid to
the extension of the influence of EIA beyond this point to inform the process
of ongoing environmental management.
This relationship is then explored by reference to the Western Australian EIA
system. One of the strengths of this system is its focus upon the
implementation and management of proposed developments. The outcome of EIA is
generally an approval to proceed with the development subject to meeting a
suite of environmental design and management objectives. 相似文献
6.
Life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) is performed to quantitatively evaluate all environmental impacts from products, systems, processes and services. However, LCIA does not always provide valuable information for choosing among alternatives with different specifications, functionalities and lifetimes. The objectives of this study are (1) to propose environmental indicators to evaluate environmental efficiency and value qualitatively and quantitatively on the basis of analogies to financial and economic indicators, and (2) to present the application of the indicators. Incremental evaluation using a reference is employed to obtain the environmental indicators. The environmental efficiency indicators are conceptually based on the ratios of reduced environmental burdens returned to environmental burdens required: environmental return on investment, environmental payback period and environmental internal rate of return. The environmental value indicator is the sum of all reduced and required environmental burdens: i.e., environmental net present value. All the environmental indicators can be used to compare and rank the environmental efficiencies or values of alternatives. The environmental efficiency indicators can be applied to a new environmental labeling. The concept of eco-efficiency labeling is developed by combining the environmental efficiency indicators with financial indicators. A case study is performed to illustrate the necessity and importance of the environmental indicators. These environmental indicators can help easily communicate LCIA results in the field of environmental management. 相似文献
7.
Evaluation of Environmental Aspects Significance in ISO 14001 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Põder T 《Environmental management》2006,37(5):732-743
The methodological framework set by standards ISO 14001 and ISO 14004 gives only general principles for environmental aspects
assessment, which is regarded as one of the most critical stages of implementing environmental management system. In Estonia,
about 100 organizations have been certified to the ISO 14001. Experience obtained from numerous companies has demonstrated
that limited transparency and reproducibility of the assessment process serves as a common shortcoming. Despite rather complicated
assessment schemes sometimes used, the evaluation procedures have been largely based on subjective judgments because of ill-defined
and inadequate assessment criteria. A comparison with some similar studies in other countries indicates a general nature of
observed inconsistencies. The diversity of approaches to the aspects’ assessment in concept literature and to the related
problems has been discussed. The general structure of basic assessment criteria, compatible with environmental impact assessment
and environmental risk analysis has also been outlined. Based on this general structure, the article presents a tiered approach
to help organize the assessment in a more consistent manner. 相似文献
8.
9.
An attempt has been made to analyze various types of organizational training imparted in Indian Industries while implementing cleaner production. The study was carried out in two industrialized states of India, namely Maharashtra and Gujarat. with participation of eight firms from each state. The various sources of training for the Indian industries have also been studied. A case study each from the two states, viz. Maharashtra and Gujarat have been presented in this paper. It is found that more than half of the industrial units have given importance to various kinds of training during the implementation of cleaner production. When it comes to training in environmental management system (EMS), nearly half of the firms have gone in for it. Among the sources of training, the most useful training was the training imparted by in-house staff and on-the-job training. Lastly, suppliers of cleaner technologies seem to have also played an active role in training as revealed by few of the participating units 相似文献
10.
Donald R. Ryan 《Environmental management》1982,6(2):95-100
Environmental regulations traditionally have been developed to limit pollution emitted to a single environmental medium at a time. This approach has been followed for a variety of reasons—political, legal, and informational, to name a few. However, more efficient environmental management could be achieved if environmental standards were issued simultaneously across all media. In this way multimedia pollutant tradeoffs could be utilized and regulatory uncertainty could be reduced. 相似文献
11.
Local governments in Australia, especially in large urban areas, have faced a challenge of the growing quantity of waste generated
and the diminishing space for waste disposal in recent years. The central government has demonstrated the importance of developing
strategies to make full environmental costs and impacts of waste disposal and material recovery accountable for waste management
decision-making. However, research into this field is limited. This paper investigates environmental accounting practices
in local government waste management. From a survey conducted with local government authorities in New South Wales (NSW) Australia,
it is found that overall the level of direct waste flow and activity accounting is higher than the level of hidden and external
environmental cost accounting, though local governments tend to identify and use more physical information associated with
waste flows and activities than relevant monetary information. External environmental impacts of waste disposal are often
overlooked and show the lowest level of practices. The survey results also indicate that urban local governments have taken
more environmental information into account than rural local governments, but such difference is not significant between local
governments of different sizes. The complexity of waste technical services and operations is confirmed to have a positive
and significant effect on the level of environmental accounting for waste management across local governments surveyed. 相似文献
12.
13.
The paper describes and analyses the 100 year development of water supply and sanitation and the lessons learnt in Porvoo, a municipality of 46,000 people on the southern coast of Finland. In urban areas the municipality‐owned utility has always dominated. Over 90 per cent of the investments for the recent wastewater treatment plant went into services, equipment and goods bought from the private sector through 12 tenders, all based on competition. In the neighbouring rural areas, recently merged with the city, there are nine consumer‐managed, non‐profit water cooperatives that buy water in bulk from the city water utility. Although the solutions are based on local conditions and subsidiarity, some more general principles are also highlighted and discussed. Past decisions inevitably also affect future development options. 相似文献
14.
DAVID P. LAWRENCE 《Environmental management》1997,21(1):23-42
/ Environmental impact assessment (EIA) has been identified as an important instrument for facilitating sustainability. However, to do so requires the integration of sustainability into EIA theory and practice. The sustainability concept is a valid and important environmental management perspective. However, many issues and obstacles need to be addressed further if the concept is to be translated into practical strategies. Sustainability can potentially infuse EIA with a clearer sense of direction, an ethical foundation, a mechanism for establishing priorities and assessing choices, and a means of linking EIA to other environmental management instruments. Conceptually, EIA and sustainability can be integrated, but frameworks should be refined, adpated to context, and linked to related initiatives. Sustainability should be explicitly incorporated into EIA legislation, guidelines, and institutional arrangements. An experimental approach to testing, assessing, and sharing experiences is suggested.A framework is first presented that defines and characterizes the sustainability concept. A further framework is then described for integrating sustainability into EIA at the conceptual level. The integration of sustainability and EIA at the regulatory level is next addressed through an overview of sustainability initiatives in EIA requirements in Canada. The Canadian examples include many promising initiatives but these and other experiences will need to be monitored, shared, and integrated into comprehensive environmental management strategies. Finally, means of incorporating sustainability into each activity in the EIA planning process are identified.KEY WORDS: Sustainability; Environmental impact assessment 相似文献
15.
William J. Petak 《Environmental management》1981,5(3):213-224
This paper presents a system framework whose purpose is to improve understanding of environmental management. By analyzing the links between elements of the environmental management system, it is possible to construct a model that aids thinking systematically about the decision-making subsystem, and other subsystems, of the entire environmental management system.Through a multidisciplinary environmental approach, each of the individual subsystems is able to adapt to threats and opportunities. The fields of government, market economics, social responsibility and ecology, for example, are so complex that it is extremely difficult to develop a framework that gives full consideration to all aspects. This paper, through the application of a highly idealized system framework, attempts to show the general relationships that exist between complex system elements. 相似文献
16.
Environmental problem-solving and land-use management: A proposed structure for Australia 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Arthur Conacher 《Environmental management》1980,4(5):391-405
A three-tiered structure of land-use and environmental management is here proposed for Australia. The structure is based on the idea that environment means the environment of people, and that environmental problems arise when a change in the interaction between people and their environment leads to conflicts about the use of land and resources. The heterogeneity of society means that a range of human aspirations and value systems must be satisfied by environmental managers. Existing methods of environmental management fail to achieve these objectives, due to inadequate perception of environmental problems by decision-makers, and the inability of currently available impact assessment techniques to resolve human conflicts associated with the use of land and resources. The main work of planning and managing land use and the environment would be carried out by regional authorities, supported by federal and state policy. Examples are given of moves towards regional administration in England and Wales, Western Australia, Australia and New Zealand. Community participation in the decision-making process is essential and can be achieved by electoral representation to the authoritative bodies and through procedures that ensure informed public comment on planning proposals. 相似文献
17.
Morhardt JE 《Environmental management》2001,27(6):881-892
Corporate annual environmental reports can be judged by the comprehensiveness of their coverage; this paper uses three published
comprehensiveness scoring systems to judge 28 such reports (mostly dated 1998) from large US corporations. Earlier (nominally
1996) reports from the same companies were previously scored using one or two of the same systems, and the published results
are compared with scores from the current round of reports. The scores of all three scoring systems are significantly correlated
for the 1998 environmental reports, indicating that to some degree they are scoring the same features, but with quite a lot
of scatter between the scores of one of the systems and those of the other two. There is, however, no correlation between
the scores on the 1996 reports and the 1998 reports using the same systems on both. Evidently, most of the 1998 reports were
not prepared with the intent of maximizing scores from any of the three scoring systems. Although the three systems achieve
similar ranking of the 1998 reports for environmental comprehensiveness, the average normalized scores of one of the systems
is significantly higher than those of the other two, reflecting a shorter list of topics and one more in keeping with the
practices of the report writers. Because the scoring systems measure the number of topics covered and the depth of discussion
rather than the quality of environmental performance, maximum scores could be obtained even with poor performance. 相似文献
18.
我国环境影响评价公众参与工作存在的问题及解决对策 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
本文通过对我国环境影响评价公众参与发展历程的回顾和采用对比法分析各省市出台的相关公众参与的实施办法或条例的基础上,分析我国环评公众参与具体操作过程中存在公众参与作用边界被无限放大、参与对象缺乏代表性和形式单一等问题,从信息公开制度、公众参与对象的选择、公众参与形式、公示内容、公众反馈意见等方面提出提高公众参与有效性的对策和建议. 相似文献
19.
环境风险评价构架的探讨 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
本文归纳并概括了国际上和我国环境风险评价的一般构架,从环境风险评价、安全评价、健康评价、生态评价、最大可信灾害事故及最大可接受水平等几个方面对我国环境风险评价一般构架进行了探讨,分析了我国环境风险评价构架中存在的问题,提出了进一步完善我国环境风险评价一般构架的方法,并辅以了案例分析。 相似文献
20.
Venkateswara R. Rao 《Environmental management》1995,19(3):313-320
Risk management practices under the current environmental regulations is a long, complex process that considers scientific,
technologic, and management factors to develop various regulatory standards and pollution control measures. Using the mandatory
enforcement approach, sometimes referred to as “command-and-control”, a set of preliminary environmental goals, such as better
air and water qualities, were achieved. However, the information-intensive nature of the risk management process and the lack
of flexibility in conventional regulatory methods to changing economic and technologic realities of the decade has created
interest among risk managers to examine some innovative management approaches. Above all, environmental problems of a global
scale require novel management methods while striving to achieve the desired environmental goals.
As the principal analytical tool in risk management, quantitative risk assessment exerts considerable influence on the risk
management process. Therefore, advances in risk management are closely associated with scientific developments that enhance
the risk assessment process, particularly those efforts aimed at improving human exposure and toxicity assessments. Market
incentives, information dissemination, creative enforcement practices, and interagency and intergovernmental interactions
were identified as the key elements of innovative environmental risk management practices. This paper will present an overview
of the emerging innovative risk management approaches. 相似文献