微塑料吸附有机污染物的研究进展

微塑料作为一种新型环境污染物在全球环境介质中普遍存在,其存在可能会影响传统有机污染物的分布、迁移和环境归趋.微塑料本身具有强疏水特性和较大的比表面积,使其能够有效地吸附有机污染物并将其输送到生物体内,从而改变微塑料潜在的环境风险.微塑料与有机污染物之间的相互作用机制主要受二者自身的理化性质,及溶液pH、温度、盐度、溶解性有机质和老化作用等环境因素的影响.本文从微塑料的基本特性、与有机污染物的作用机制、环境影响因素,以及二者复合对有机污染物生物有效性的影响等方面进行了综述,并提出微塑料与有机污染物相互作用研究中亟需解决的问题和未来的研究方向.     

微塑料对环境中有机污染物吸附解吸的研究进展

微塑料已成为新的全球性环境污染问题。作为强吸附剂,微塑料可以吸附共存的有机污染物,进而改变其环境行为和毒性;也可以通过解吸作用促进污染物在不同介质中的迁移。因而,微塑料与有机污染物的相互作用强度和机理是全面评估两者的环境风险和深度研究微塑料毒性机制的必要信息。目前微塑料研究处于快速发展的起始阶段,加之微塑料本身成分、粒径、表面风化情况的复杂性及共存有机污染物的多样性使两者的相互作用十分复杂,亟需理清微塑料吸附解吸作用的影响因素和相关机制。因而,本文详细综述了微塑料对有机污染物吸附解吸作用的研究进展,并着重从微塑料性质(成分、粒径和表面风化)、有机污染物性质和水环境介质性质方面探讨了吸附的影响因素和相互作用机制,希望为微塑料吸附有机污染物及吸附的后续影响研究提供借鉴与参考。     

微电解-生物膜法处理含Cr3+有机废水

采用微电解 生物膜复合工艺处理含重金属离子的有机废水 ,在实验过程中 ,废水中的有机物由生物膜中的好氧微生物与厌氧微生物菌群作为营养源而消耗 ;重金属离子 (Cr3 +)则通过电沉积去除一部分 ,同时被生物膜吸收而去除 .实验结果表明 :在好氧条件下 ,培养、驯化后的复合微生物菌种分别经 4h与 1 2h可将废水中的葡萄糖从 1 0 0 0mg·l- 1降解到 2 0— 4 0mg·l- 1.对C6 H12 O6 含量为 5 0 0mg·l- 1,Cr3 +含量为1 0mg·l- 1的废水 ,经处理后 ,C6 H12 O6 含量为 1 5— 2 5mg·l- 1,Cr3 +含量为 1mg·l- 1以下 ,分别比单一的电沉积工艺与生物膜工艺Cr3 +去除率提高 2 5 %和 5 % .     

卤素阴离子对镉离子电化学检测的影响

以玻碳电极为工作电极、pH 6.0的磷酸缓冲溶液为底液,研究了卤素离子氯离子、溴离子和碘离子对镉离子在此条件下电化学测定的影响.结果表明,3种卤素离子均能有效提高镉离子的响应电流.此外,当多种卤素离子同时存在时,镉离子的响应电流相对于单一卤素离子能进一步提高.进一步研究表明,卤素离子能吸附于电极表面,通过提高镉在电极表面电化学反应速度以及表面吸附量来提高镉离子的响应电流.     

有机沸石对水中BTEX及铬酸根离子的吸附

以天然沸石作为对比物 ,考察了有机沸石对水中BTEX (苯、甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯 )及铬酸根离子的吸附性能 .结果表明 :有机沸石对水中BTEX和铬酸根离子的吸附性能较天然沸石有了很大提高 ,在低质量浓度范围 ( 0— 0 2 5g·l- 1 )内呈现良好的线性关系 .对铬酸根离子的吸附符合Langmuir吸附模型 ,1 5℃时的饱和吸附容量为 1 5 97g·kg- 1 .     

有机无机杂化层状硫属化合物对水中六价铬的吸附

有机无机杂化层状硫属化合物[CH3NH3]2xMnxSn3-xS6·0.5H2O(x=0.5-1.1)(CMS)对水中Cr(Ⅵ)具有良好的吸附性能.采用XRD、SEM、XPS、EDS等手段表征了 CMS吸附前后的化学组成、结构和微观形貌.CMS吸附Cr(Ⅵ)后导致层间距变大和颗粒表面变粗糙.考察了 pH、反应时间、反应...     

微塑料与有机污染物的相互作用研究进展

微塑料(粒径小于5 mm的塑料)作为海洋中一种新型的污染物正受到越来越多的关注。微塑料在全球多个海域均有检出,根据其来源分为原生微塑料和次生微塑料。原生微塑料由人工直接制造所得,常见于日常生活用品中;次生微塑料由大块塑料制品长期风化、磨损和光解形成。塑料自身含有多种有机添加剂,不断向环境中释放,污染海洋环境;微塑料表面还可吸附有机污染物,此吸附作用受两者的物理化学性质和环境条件影响,吸附污染物后的微塑料生物毒性增强。另外,聚合物复合光催化材料可加快有机污染物如染料的光降解反应速率,因而微塑料可能会促进有机污染物的光解。针对目前微塑料对有机物光降解的贡献、机理鲜见研究的问题,未来应加强以下3方面的研究:(1)微塑料对不同有机污染物光降解是否存在影响?(2)微塑料类型、尺寸以及反应条件对有机污染物光降解如何影响?(3)微塑料对有机污染物光降解影响的内在机制是什么?     

交联壳聚糖磁性微球的制备及其对金属离子的吸附性能

以碳包铁作磁核,环氧氯丙烷作交联剂,通过反相悬浮交联法制备交联壳聚糖磁性微球,研究磁性微球对Cu2 和Pb2 的吸附性能和吸附机理.结果表明:磁性微球对Pb2 和Cu2 的吸附量分别为72.0mg·g-1和48.3mg·g-1,磁性微球具有不易流失,易再生的特点.     

不同处理方法去除有机质对沉积物吸附有机农药和非离子表面活性剂的影响

四种不同的方法去除沉积物有机质,采用振荡平衡法研究了有机农药、非离子表面活性剂在沉积物上的吸附行为及非离子表面活性剂对有机农药吸附的影响.结果表明,经HCl处理后,沉积物有机碳含量增加,而经Na4 P2O7,NaOH和H2O2处理后沉积物有机碳含量均降低;甲基对硫磷、西维因的吸附取决于沉积物有机碳的分配作用,与矿物质无关;沉积物矿物组分的表面作用和微孔性作用使得高极性有机农药克百威在低有机碳含量沉积物七的吸附量增加;Tween-80使甲基对硫磷在未处理和HCl处理的沉积物上的吸附量减少,在NaOH处理和H2O2处理的沉积物上的吸附量增加.     

生物炭吸附有机污染物的研究进展

生物炭(biochar)是指生物质在缺氧条件下热裂解产生的一种产物.由于其精致的孔隙结构和独特的表面化学性质,对环境介质中的有机污染物有超强的吸附能力,进而影响污染物的迁移与归宿.近年来生物炭对有机污染物的吸附特性及机理研究已成为环境科学领域的研究热点之一.本文从生物炭的典型性状、吸附有机污染物的机理、影响因素以及对土壤中有机污染物生物可给性的影响等方面进行了综述,并提出生物炭吸附有机污染物未来的研究方向.     

Molecular weight fractionation of dissolved organic matter in coastal seawater by ultrafiltration

Fractionation of molecular weight of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in coastal seawater of Tokyo Bay (Japan) was performed by ultrafiltration. Ultrafiltration membranes Diaflo UM-05, UM-10 and XM-100 were used for DOM fractionation, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was determined for ultrafiltrates of each membrane. In surface water of Station 1, near the center of Tokyo Bay, low-molecular weight DOM (molecular weight less than 500) which passed through a Diaflo UM-05 membrane was 0.3 to 2.6 mgC/l (24 to 42% of the total DOC) during August, 1971 to September, 1972. The macromolecular DOM (molecular weight greater than 100,000) retained on an XM-100 membrane, ranged from 0.1 to 1.0 mgC/l. These fractions accounted for 8 to 23% of the total DOC. The precision of the method was within ± 0.1 mgC/l, and therefore may be employed for coastal seawater of high DOC content.     

Further studies on decomposition of dissolved organic matter in coastal seawater

Experiments were made on decomposition of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in coastal seawater (Sagami Bay and Tokyo Bay, Japan). Decomposition of DOM seems to proceed in two steps: a rapid decrease in DOM during the first several days, followed by a slow decrease after this time. The apparent rate constant for decomposition of the total DOM was calculated as 0.01 to 0.09 day^-1 for the first step and 0.001 to 0.009 day^-1 for the second step, assuming that such decomposition proceeds as a first-order reaction. A part of such utilizable fractions of DOM may be derived from excretion and decomposition products of phytoplankton, especially “red-tide” organisms occurring in summer. Molecular weight distribution of DOM changed with advancing decomposition. The low-molecular-weight DOM (mainly less than 500) in the surface water of Tokyo Bay was 0.67 mgC/l (24% of the total DOM) at the initiation of incubation; this decreased to 0.36 mgC/l (16% of the total DOM) after 2 days incubation at 20°C in the dark. Low-molecular-weight DOM was thought to be firstly utilized by micro-organisms. After 6 to 10 months incubation, the proportion of low-molecular-weight DOM decreased and that of high-molecular-weight DOM increased.     

Rate and extent of decomposition of dissolved organic matter in surface seawater

An experiment on the decomposition of the dissolved organic matter (DOM) in surface seawater was carried out under controlled laboratory conditions during a cruise of the R.V. Hakuho-Maru in the North-Equatorial Pacific (August/November, 1969). Surface seawater was placed in 300 ml oxygen bottles and incubated in the dark at 25°C. After selected time intervals, the dissolved organic-carbon (DOC) and the dissolved oxygen (DO) were determined for each bottle. The DOM in the surface seawater was described in terms of two labile fractions and a refractory one. The DOC decreased from 0.96 to 0.74 mgC/l during the first 50 days of incubation. Approximately 20% of the initial DOC (Fraction F_I) was oxidized. The other labile fraction, F_II was assumed to be 30 to 40% of the total DOM. The remaining half of the total DOM (Fraction F_III) is probably refractory and resistant to biochemical oxidation. The rate constant for decomposition was 0.0052 day^–1 for the total DOM and 0.033 day^–1 for F _I.     

改进的QuEChERS-高效液相色谱法测定水产品中16种多环芳烃

采用改进的QuEChERS,对水产样品进行提取、净化,用高效液相色谱仪-荧光/紫外检测器串联检测,建立了同时测定水产品中16种多环芳烃的高效液相色谱分析方法.样品经乙腈提取,Florisil+C18小柱净化,Waters PAH色谱柱分离,以乙腈-水为流动相进行梯度洗脱,外标法定量.本方法中,16种多环芳烃在各自相应浓度范围内线性关系良好,相关系数不低于0.999,检出限为0.1—3.6μg·kg-1.采用该方法在鲤鱼、对虾和牡蛎中进行加标回收实验,回收率在75.0%—118.2%范围内,相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.6%—13.7%.应用本方法对环渤海湾的水产样品进行了调查分析,发现部分样品中含有PAHs,含量为2.11—147μg·kg-1,为下一步开展相关风险评估工作打下了良好工作基础.     

Determination of volatile organic sulfur compounds in contaminated groundwater

A practical method for the quantification of total purgeable organic sulfur (POS) in highly contaminated groundwater is described. Volatile organic sulfur compounds (VOSC) are purged from the water samples by a stream of oxygen and combusted. The emerging sulfur dioxide is absorbed in H₂O₂ and converted to sulfate which is quantified by ion chromatography and reported as mass sulfur equivalent. The overall limit of quantification is 0.03 mg l⁻¹. The content of POS is balanced with the total VOSC determined by GC-AED after liquid–liquid extraction. Separate determination of the non-volatile organic sulfur compounds by direct combustion of the water sample and adsorption to charcoal yielded a mass balance of the total sulfur content. Semi-quantitative GC-MS after purge & trap accumulation revealed that the VOSC mixture is composed of C₁–C₄ alkyl sulfides. The implementation of the developed methodology for the quantification of VOSC as potential catalyst poison in a cleaning plant for groundwater contaminated with volatile haloorganics (VOX) is presented.     

Determination of ammonium uptake and regeneration rates using the seawater dilution method

We have developed a method for the determination of ammonium uptake and regeneration rates applying the principle of the seawater dilution technique. The method is based on the separation of uptake and regeneration processes in the dilution series. A model is used to estimate ammonium uptake and regeneration rates simultaneously, in addition to phytoplankton growth and grazing rates. The method was applied to dilution experiments conducted during a two-year study of the upwelling region off Oregon, USA. Ammonium uptake and regeneration rates determined with our method ranged from 0.5 to 3 mol l^-1d^-1 and from 0.2 to 2.9 mol l^-1d^-1, respectively. These values agree well with those from other studies applying ¹⁵N tracer techniques in the same or similar environments. We found a close coupling between ammonium uptake and regeneration, and a strong relationship between ammonium regeneration and grazing rates. In addition, the nutritional status of the phytoplankton community could be assessed by comparing instantaneous ammonium uptake rates with the specific phytoplankton growth rates. Using the dilution technique to determine ammonium uptake and regeneration rates of the plankton community is a promising alternative to the application of tracer techniques conventionally used to determine these rates.     

预浓缩/柱箱制冷GCMS/FID法测定大气中117种挥发性有机物

建立了罐采样、吸附剂辅助电子制冷预浓缩-柱箱制冷GCMS/FID同时测定大气中117种挥发性有机物(VOCs)的方法.样品经填充吸附剂的电子制冷预浓缩系统除水、除CO2、浓缩和热脱附后,采用柱箱制冷及GCMS/FID的多维切割单元,将5种C2-C3组分切到二维色谱柱进行分离并进入FID检测,甲醛及其他111种VOCs组...     

电化学方法检测海水中铁的研究进展

海水中的痕量铁作为限制海洋浮游植物初级生产力的关键因素之一,在海洋生物地球化学循环中起着重要的作用.及时分析海水中铁的不同存在形态及其含量,对于进一步认识铁循环机制和有效预防海洋环境污染具有重要意义.电化学方法较其他分析方法在检测海水中痕量铁的含量,尤其是形态分析方面具有独特的优势.本文总结了运用电化学方法检测海水及其他自然水体中铁的分析方法,以期为发展准确、快速测定海水中痕量铁的形态及其含量的分析技术提供基础性参考.