抗虫-耐除草剂转基因玉米种植对根际土壤细菌和真菌群落的影响

全生育期种植抗虫基因cry1Ab/cry2Aj和耐除草剂基因G10evo-spsps的转基因玉米及其亲本非转基因玉米,采用定量聚合酶链式反应(PCR)和高通量测序技术,测定玉米拔节期和成熟期根际土壤细菌和真菌群落数量、组成及多样性,研究种植抗虫耐除草剂转基因玉米对根际土壤微生物的影响。结果表明,种植转基因玉米未显著影响根际土壤理化性质、土壤荧光素二乙酸酯水解酶活性、微生物群落丰度及多样性;在门水平上,种植转基因玉米仅显著提高2个生长时期根际土壤细菌放线菌门(Actinobacteria)相对丰度;在属水平上,种植转基因玉米均显著降低2个生长时期根际土壤细菌Candidatus_Nitrososphaera相对丰度;种植转基因玉米未影响真菌门水平相对丰度,但影响根际土壤真菌Fusarium、Staphylotrichum和Lophiostoma属相对丰度。另外,生长时期显著影响根际土壤可溶性有机碳和全氮含量,也显著影响根际土壤细菌群落组成和多样性,但未显著影响根际土壤真菌群落组成和多样性。该研究旨在为转基因作物产业化的自然生态风险管理和控制提供基础数据和理论支撑。     

马铃薯根际与非根际土壤微生物群落结构及多样性特征

利用Illumina-MiSeq高通量测序技术对马铃薯根际与非根际土壤中细菌的16Sr DNA基因V3-V4区片段和真菌18S r DNA基因V4区片段进行了测序,研究马铃薯根际与非根际土壤微生物群落多样性及其与土壤养分之间的关系,为马铃薯健康种植提供理论数据。结果表明,(1)马铃薯根际土壤pH显著低于非根际(P0.05),根际土壤电导率、有机碳、全氮、速效氮和速效磷均显著高于非根际(P0.05),而根际土壤全磷与非根际差异不显著(P0.05)。(2)马铃薯根际土壤细菌和真菌均匀度指数(Simpson)、多样性指数(Shannon-Wiener)、ACE、Chao1均显著高于非根际(P0.05);而根际土壤细菌和真菌覆盖度(Coverage)、Simpson指数与非根际差异不显著(P0.05)。(3)马铃薯根际和非根际土壤细菌群落中,优势类群主要是变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)和芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadetes),还包括浮霉菌门(Planctomycetaceae)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia),其中根际土壤细菌酸杆菌门相对丰度高于非根际,变形菌门相对丰度低于非根际。根际和非根际土壤真菌群落中,优势类群主要是子囊菌门(Ascomycota)和担子菌门(Basidiomycota),还有结合菌门(Zygomycota)、壶菌门(Chytridiomycota)、新丽鞭毛菌门(Neocallimastigomycota)、球囊菌门(Glomeromycota)、芽枝菌门(Blastocladiomycota)。(4)主成分分析(PCA)表明,马铃薯根际和非根际土壤细菌和真菌群落具有很好的相似性,并且细菌群落产生明显的分离效应。Pearson相关性分析表明,马铃薯土壤细菌和真菌Coverage、ACE与土壤养分均没有显著相关性(P0.05);土壤pH与土壤细菌和真菌多样性呈负相关,土壤电导率和全磷与土壤细菌和真菌多样性均没有显著相关性(P0.05)。(5)冗余分析(RDA)显示,7个土壤环境因子分别解释了细菌86%和真菌82%的总特征值,说明土壤环境因子对马铃薯土壤细菌和真菌多样性有显著影响,其中对土壤细菌和真菌多样性影响较大的有有机碳和全氮,而pH对土壤细菌和真菌多样性影响为负。由此可知,土壤pH值是马铃薯根际土壤微生物多样性的重要影响因子。     

甘肃民勤荒漠区两种主要固沙植物影响下的土壤细菌群落分布特征研究

旨在研究荒漠化区域土壤细菌群落受优势固沙植物影响下的分布特征及土壤细菌群落多样性。采集民勤的固定沙地、半固定沙地及流动沙地上白刺(Nitraria tangutorum Bobr)和梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)的根际及非根际土壤,通过土壤理化性质分析了解造成微生物群落变异的关键因素,并利用Illumina MiSeq 250高通量测序技术,对土壤细菌16Sr DNA的V4+V5区进行测序,分析土壤细菌群落多样性。在所有土壤样品中均存在放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)和酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)等菌门,主要菌属为乳球菌属(Lactococcus)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、节细菌属(Arthrobacter)、Subgroup_6_norank、Nitrosomonadaceae_uncultured、类诺卡氏菌属(Nocardioides)和土壤芽孢杆菌属(Solibacillus)。研究发现在该区域优势固沙植物白刺和梭梭植物根际分泌物是影响土壤细菌群落分布的重要因素,根际细菌群落结构与非根际土壤细菌群落结构相比具有显著差异,然而两种植物与不同沙地间差异不显著。根际与非根际样品间存在大量共有的OTU(Operational Taxonomic Units),同时在根际中存在大量特有的OTU。对土壤细菌群落与主要环境因子的冗余分析结果显示3个沙丘的根际土壤样品具有接近的土壤性质及细菌群落特征,并与K~+、Ca~(2+)离子负相关,而非根际土壤样品在土壤性质及细菌群落结构上差异较大,这与沙土及电导率呈正相关。得出固沙植物可以通过根系分泌物对其根际土壤细菌群落进行调节,并体现出了对特定菌群的选择作用。与非根际相比,根际土壤中具有更高丰度的放线菌门、拟杆菌门和变形菌门,而非根际土壤中的浮霉菌门相对丰度高于根际土壤。研究位点是否定植有固沙植物是决定土壤细菌群落形成的首要因素,沙地类型是次要因素,而寄主植物类型的影响不显著。研究该区域优势固沙植物影响下的土壤细菌群落分布特征,可为民勤沙漠化地区的生态恢复提供重要的理论依据。     

白浆土玉米不同生长时期根际土壤细菌和真菌群落碳源代谢特征

以白浆土为研究对象,分别于玉米(Zea mays L.)的拔节期、抽雄期和乳熟期采集根际土,并采用Biolog微平板技术分析不同生长时期根际土壤细菌和真菌群落碳源代谢特征变化,为白浆土的质量提升和可持续利用提供科学依据。结果表明:根际土壤细菌和真菌群落的平均颜色变化率(average well color development,AWCD)随生长时期推进均呈先升高后降低趋势,其中抽雄期细菌群落的AWCD值分别比拔节期和乳熟期高26.44%和53.37%(P0.05),但真菌群落的AWCD值无显著变化(P0.05)。根际土壤细菌和真菌群落的功能多样性指数变化趋势与AWCD值一致,仅抽雄期细菌群落的McIntosh指数与拔节期和乳熟期差异显著(P0.05)。根际土壤细菌群落相对利用率最高的碳源是糖类和氨基酸类,而真菌群落相对利用率最高的碳源为羧酸类和糖类。生长时期没有显著影响根际土壤细菌群落对同一碳源的相对利用率;但抽雄期真菌群落对胺类和其他类碳源的相对利用率显著高于拔节期和乳熟期(P0.05),对羧酸类的相对利用率显著低于拔节期(P0.05)。主成分分析表明(Principal component analysis,PCA),拔节和乳熟期根际土壤细菌群落的代谢特征相似,而与抽雄期明显不同,真菌群落的分析结果与细菌相同。     

棘托竹荪连作对根际土壤细菌的影响

棘托竹荪连作导致棘托竹荪产量降低、质量下降.土壤细菌群落结构组成及变化能够反映生态系统的结构和功能,在生态系统物质养分循环中发挥着重要的作用.目前,棘托竹荪连作对土壤细菌群落结构组成及分布的影响尚不清楚.以连续三年棘托竹荪根际土壤为材料,探讨连续种植棘托竹荪对根际土壤细菌的影响,为调控棘托竹荪连作障碍提供理论依据.试验选择连续三年棘托竹荪出菇高峰期的土壤及对应的未种植棘托竹荪的样地,采用"S"形取样法采集土壤样品,对土壤进行理化性质及分子水平上对16S rRNA基因进行HiSeq2500测序研究,利用R语言和SPSS 22.0等软件分析棘托竹荪连作对土壤细菌多样性及群落结构的影响.种植棘托竹荪后,与对照相比,土壤有机碳、全磷、碱解氮等的含量均增加;细菌种群数量和多样性均增加.连作三年后,种植棘托竹荪区域的土壤细菌种群与多样性降低,慢生根瘤菌属,Candidatus_Solibacter和Chthoniobacter的相对丰度随连作年限的增加而逐渐增加;Kaistobacter、假单胞菌属、黄杆菌属、金黄杆菌属等菌群相对丰度则逐年减小.在种植棘托竹荪区域,属水平上的菌落受土壤理化性质影响比较大,特别是pH、有机碳、全磷、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾.随连作年限的延长,棘托竹荪根际土壤理化性质、细菌的群落多样性及结构发生显著变化.     

杨树根际土碳氮磷生态化学计量特征与根序的相关性

林木细根不同生长发育等级形态特点及功能分异是根系生态学研究的新视角.为深入探索林木根际土壤养分循环过程及根土互作关系,以杨树(Populus×euramericana‘Neva’)人工林为研究对象,按照随机布点原则采集杨树人工林非根际土壤和不同根序细根的根际土壤,测定其全碳(TC)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)及速效N、有效P的含量,并计算土壤C、N、P化学计量比.结果显示:(1)杨树人工林根际土壤C、N、P含量与非根际土壤存在显著差异,但不同根序间速效N、有效P含量以及铵硝比(NH_4~+-N/NO_3~--N)未达到显著差异水平(P0.05).随着根序升高根际土壤TC含量显著下降,而TN含量逐渐增加.1-2级细根根际土壤TP含量显著高于4-5级根(P0.05).(2)杨树细根根际土壤C/N随着根序升高显著降低(P0.05);C/P随着根序升高逐渐下降,但在不同根序间差异不显著(P0.05).(3)基于细菌OTUs的非参数估计指数表明,根际土壤与非根际土壤细菌群落多样性存在显著差异;土壤TC和TN含量及C、N、P化学计量比均与细菌群落丰富性(Chao指数和ACE指数)呈显著相关(P0.05),TP含量与细菌群落相关性不显著.上述结果说明杨树根际土壤C、N、P养分循环呈现依赖于根序的变化特征,不同根序细根根际细菌群落组成和结构的差异性可影响土壤C、N、P循环过程.     

杨树人工林土壤养分有效性变化及其与土壤细菌群落演变的相关性

为揭示连作人工林衰退机制,基于离子交换树脂膜埋置和PCR-DGGE技术,对杨树人工林土壤养分库与流特征、土壤细菌群落结构的代际差异进行了对比分析.结果表明,随连作代数增加,杨树人工林土壤养分含量总体呈现逐渐下降的趋势;根际和非根际土壤中速效氮和钾的含量在代际间呈现显著降低(P0.05),说明连作人工林极易出现养分亏缺.养分离子流在非根际土壤中并没有显著差异,但根际土壤中NH4+和K+在单位时间内的提取量呈现显著增加,NO3-则显著减少(P0.05),说明连作杨树人工林土壤硝化作用存在障碍.对土壤细菌群落结构的研究表明,根际土壤细菌丰富度和Shannon-wiener多样性显著低于非根际土,但氨化细菌、好气性固氮菌和纤维素分解菌的数量显著高于非根际土;而且呈现出氨化细菌数量在代际间显著增加,亚硝化细菌和好气性固氮菌显著减少的趋势(P0.05).典型相关分析表明,杨树人工林土壤养分有效性变化与细菌群落演变具有极显著相关性(P0.01).因此,细菌群落演变可能是影响土壤硝化作用和氮素有效性变化的重要机制.     

宁杞1号枸杞健康株与根腐病患病株的土壤微生物群落和功能差异

根腐病严重制约着枸杞产业的发展,而土壤微生物多样性和物种组成的变化与植株根腐病的发生有密切的关系,因此了解宁夏枸杞根腐病发生与根表、根际和根围土壤微生物群落结构的关系十分必要。应用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术对枸杞健康株和根腐病患病株的根表、根际及根围土壤中16S rDNA V3+V4区和ITS1片段进行测序,将结果质控后比对相关数据库进行注释和分析。真菌群落中丰度最高的门和属分别是子囊菌门(Ascomycota)和镰刀菌属(Fusarium),细菌群落中优势门依次为放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi),节杆菌属(Arthrobacter)是丰度最高且在根表的丰度显著高于根际和根围土壤,根表、根际和根围3个部位的优势物种组成和占比均不相同。健康株根表的真菌群落丰富度、多样性及均匀度指数均高于患病株(P0.05),而二者的细菌群落α多样性指数无显著差异。功能预测也同样表明健康株和患病株之间的土壤细菌群落功能差异较小,真菌群落中镰刀菌属的功能丰度较高,其在患病株根表和根际的丰度均大于健康株。综上,枸杞健康株和患病株之间,各样品中真菌群落多样性的差异比细菌群落大,二者根表真菌的差异最显著,患病株根表和根际的镰刀菌属的占比和功能丰度最大。该研究分别从土壤真菌和细菌两个角度阐述了宁杞1号枸杞健康株和根腐病患病株的土壤微生物群落和功能的差异,对宁夏枸杞根腐病的认识具有重要意义。     

间作栽培对连作马铃薯根际土壤微生物区系的影响

为探究不同间作栽培模式缓解马铃薯（Solanum tuberosum）连作障碍的可行性及作用机制,以马铃薯单作为对照,研究马铃薯间作玉米（Zea mays）、蚕豆（Vicia faba）和荞麦（Fagopyrum esculentum）3种模式对连作马铃薯根际土壤养分含量及微生物区系的影响.结果表明,间作种植模式下马铃薯根际土壤全氮、全磷、速效磷和速效钾含量显著低于马铃薯单作,根际土壤速效磷降幅最大,达45％以上,土壤pH值明显下降.间作栽培模式改变了马铃薯根际土壤微生物群落结构,降低了根际土壤真菌的数量;间作栽培模式对马铃薯根际土壤微生物群落的碳源利用能力也有明显影响,其中马铃薯间作蚕豆和间作玉米处理马铃薯根际土壤微生物培养120 h的平均颜色变化率分别比对照高13.39％和4.30％.马铃薯根际土壤微生物群落总体上对碳水化合物利用率较高,对芳香化合物的利用率较低.间作蚕豆明显促进了马铃薯根际土壤微生物群落的碳源代谢强度,而且能维持较稳定的产量,因而可能是一种有利于改善马铃薯连作栽培根际微生态环境、缓解连作障碍的栽培模式.     

不同薄壳山核桃品种的根际土壤细菌菌群结构及多样性研究

选择江苏薄壳山核桃主产区波尼(BN)、马汉(MH)、威斯顿(WSD)和肖肖尼(XXN)这4个主要品种,利用Illumina Miseq高通量测序技术研究其根际土壤微生物多样性及群落结构组成。结果显示,4种薄壳山核桃品种间根际土壤细菌群落结构在门、属水平上相似,α多样性指数无显著差异。变形菌门、拟杆菌门和芽单胞菌门均为优势门类,假单胞菌属(1%)和Chitinophagaceae菌群(5%)在4个薄壳山核桃品种的根际土壤中丰度均较高。研究初步阐述了薄壳山核桃根际土壤微生物多样性及群落结构组成,为进一步研究薄壳山核桃的根际效应提供了理论依据。     

Comparison on bacterial community of rhizosphere and bulk soil of poplar plantation based on pyrosequencing北大核心CSCD

By the 454 pyrosequencing technology, this research compared the bacterial communities in poplar plantation rhizosphere and bulk soil for an accurate understanding of bacterial community colonization in the two soil environments. The species annotation showed that rhizosphere soil contained 145 bacterial genera and bulk soil contained 141 bacterial genera, with 8 common genera shared by both at a relative abundance of more than 4%. The 8 genera in common were Acidobacterium GP1, Acidobacterium GP3, Acidobacterium GP6, Gemmatimonas, Bradyrhizobium, Burkholderia, Streptomyces and Acidobacterium GP4. The relative abundance of the same bacterial community was significantly different between rhizosphere and bulk soil environments. Alpha diversity analysis showed that the bacterial community diversity of rhizosphere soil was higher than that of bulk soil, but the difference was not significant. The results of bacterial communities sorting could reflect the variation of soil bacterial communities from rhizosphere to the bulk and the spatial variation among different sampling points, indicating a contribution of about 21.2% variance of bacterial communities by the effect of rhizosphere. Beta diversity analysis showed great difference between rhizosphere and bulk soil samples in bacterial community composition. There were 15 genera specific to rhizosphere soil and 11 to bulk soil. The abundance of 23 genera, mainly cellulose degrading bacteria and nitrogen-fixing bacteria, changed significantly. Selectivity of root to rhizosphere microorganisms is an important mechanism leading to significant differences in the rhizosphere microbial community composition and structure, which may significantly impact the carbon and nitrogen cycles of the root-soil interface.     

Mapping the niche space of soil microorganisms using taxonomy and traits

The biodiversity of microbial communities has important implications for the stability and functioning of ecosystem processes. Yet, very little is known about the environmental factors that define the microbial niche and how this influences the composition and activity of microbial communities. In this study, we derived niche parameters from physiological response curves that quantified microbial respiration for a diverse collection of soil bacteria and fungi along a soil moisture gradient. On average, soil microorganisms had relatively dry optima (0.3 MPa) and were capable of respiring under low water potentials (-2.0 MPa). Within their limits of activity, microorganisms exhibited a wide range of responses, suggesting that some taxa may be able to coexist by partitioning the moisture niche axis. For example, we identified dry-adapted generalists that tolerated a broad range of water potentials, along with wet-adapted specialists with metabolism restricted to less-negative water potentials. These contrasting ecological strategies had a phylogenetic signal at a coarse taxonomic level (phylum), suggesting that the moisture niche of soil microorganisms is highly conserved. In addition, variation in microbial responses along the moisture gradient was linked to the distribution of several functional traits. In particular, strains that were capable of producing biofilms had drier moisture optima and wider niche breadths. However, biofilm production appeared to come at a cost that was reflected in a prolonged lag time prior to exponential growth, suggesting that there is a trade-off associated with traits that allow microorganisms to contend with moisture stress. Together, we have identified functional groups of microorganisms that will help predict the structure and functioning of microbial communities under contrasting soil moisture regimes.     

Effect of rhizosphere on soil microbial community and in-situ pyrene biodegradation

To access the influence of a vegetation on soil microorganisms toward organic pollutant biogegration, this study examined the rhizospheric effects of four plant species (sudan grass, white clover, alfalfa, and fescue) on the soil microbial community and in-situ pyrene (PYR) biodegradation. The results indicated that the spiked PYR levels in soils decreased substantially compared to the control soil without planting. With equal planted densities, the efficiencies of PYR degradation in rhizosphere with sudan grass, white clover, alfalfa and fescue were 34.0%, 28.4%, 27.7%, and 9.9%, respectively. However, on the basis of equal root biomass the efficiencies were in order of white clover >> alfalfa > sudan > fescue. The increased PYR biodegradation was attributed to the enhanced bacterial population and activity induced by plant roots in the rhizosphere. Soil microbial species and biomasses were elucidated in terms of microbial phospholipid ester-linked fatty acid (PLFA) biomarkers. The principal component analysis (PCA) revealed significant changes in PLFA pattern in planted and non-planted soils spiked with PYR. Total PLFAs in planted soils were all higher than those in non-planted soils. PLFA assemblages indicated that bacteria were the primary PYR degrading microorganisms, and that Gram-positive bacteria exhibited higher tolerance to PYR than Gram-negative bacteria did.     

Effect of rhizosphere on soil microbial community and pyrene biodegradation

To access the influence of a vegetation on soil microorganisms toward organic pollutant biogegration, this study examined the rhizospheric effects of four plant species (sudan grass, white clover, alfalfa, and fescue) on the soil microbial community and in-situ pyrene (PYR) biodegradation. The results indicated that the spiked PYR levels in soils decreased substantially compared to the control soil without planting. With equal planted densities, the efficiencies of PYR degradation in rhizosphere with sudan grass, white clover, alfalfa and fescue were 34.0%, 28.4%, 27.7%, and 9.9%, respectively. However, on the basis of equal root biomass the efficiencies were in order of white clover >> alfalfa > sudan > fescue. The increased PYR biodegradation was attributed to the enhanced bacterial population and activity induced by plant roots in the rhizosphere. Soil microbial species and biomasses were elucidated in terms of microbial phospholipid ester-linked fatty acid (PLFA) biomarkers. The principal component analysis (PCA) revealed significant changes in PLFA pattern in planted and non-planted soils spiked with PYR. Total PLFAs in planted soils were all higher than those in non-planted soils. PLFA assemblages indicated that bacteria were the primary PYR degrading microorganisms, and that Gram-positive bacteria exhibited higher tolerance to PYR than Gram-negative bacteria did.     

返青前后草地早熟禾草坪根际微生物区系动态

根际是土壤-植物生态系统物质及能量交换的活跃界面,根际微生物不仅直接影响植物对水分、养分的吸收,而且也同时影响植物对不良环境的抵抗能力。利用选择性培养基对草地早熟禾(PoapratensisL.)返青前后根际与非根际的细菌、真菌以及放线菌类群进行分离测数,拟从根际及非根际土壤微生物区系动态变化方面来阐述草地早熟禾返青前后其根际微生态的变化规律。结果表明:(1)草地早熟禾草坪的返青后,根际及非根际细菌、真菌数量明显增加,但放线菌数量呈减少趋势;(2)无论返青前后或者根际以及非根际,细菌的数量都占整个土壤微生物量的绝大部分,细菌数量的变化代表了整个微生物类群数量的变化趋势,使得草地早熟禾返青后根际土壤由"真菌型"向"细菌型"转化;(3)返青前后,各微生物类群都表现出明显的根际效应。     

施肥与设施栽培措施对土壤微生物区系的影响

微生物肥料的施用能显著增加土壤中放线菌的数量，而降低细菌和霉菌的数量；施用有机肥对土壤微生物有较大的影响，其中，有机肥与无机肥，有机肥与生物肥配合施用的影响尤为明显，与对照相比，土壤中细菌数量分别增加109．8％和405．0％，放线菌数量分别增加320．3％和215．0％，而真菌数量分别降低44．0％和47．2％。大棚栽培条件下土壤微生物数量高于露地；在大棚中，种植年限长的土壤微生物数量低于种植年限短的。     

The Environmental Capacity Approach to the Control of Marine Pollution: The Case of Copper in the Krka River Estuary

Changes in soil pH, soil heavy metal forms, and the metabolic diversity of microbial communities were examined in soil samples collected in 1-mm increments from barley roots in soil contaminated with cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) using a rhizobox system. Concentrations of exchangeable Cd and Zn increased near the roots owing to a decrease in soil pH. Conversely, the concentration of inorganically bound Cd and Zn decreased near the roots. Despite having the highest concentration of the most toxic exchangeable metals, the rhizosphere also had the highest bacterial and fungal metabolic activity and diversity when assessed using BIOLOG plates. Therefore, the promoting effects of root exudates on microbial activity could outweigh the adverse effects of Cd and Zn on microorganisms in the rhizosphere.     

Microbial community and functional genes in the rhizosphere of alfalfa in crude oil-contaminated soil

A rhizobox system constructed with crude oil-contaminated soil was vegetated with alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) to evaluate the rhizosphere effects on the soil microbial population and functional structure, and to explore the potential mechanisms by which plants enhance the removal of crude oil in soil. During the 80-day experiment, 31.6% of oil was removed from the adjacent rhizosphere (AR); this value was 27% and 53%higher than the percentage of oil removed from the far rhizosphere (FR) and from the non-rhizosphere (NR), respectively. The populations of heterotrophic bacteria and hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria were higher in the AR and FR than in the NR. However, the removal rate of crude oil was positively correlated with the proportion of hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria in the rhizosphere. In total, 796, 731, and 379 functional genes were detected by microarray in the AR, FR, and NR, respectively. Higher proportions of functional genes related to carbon degradation and organic remediation, were found in rhizosphere soil compared with NR soil, suggesting that the rhizosphere selectively increased the abundance of these specific functional genes. The increase in water-holding capacity and decrease in pH as well as salinity of the soil all followed the order of AR>FR>NR. Canonical component analysis showed that salinity was the most important environmental factor influencing the microbial functional structure in the rhizosphere and that salinity was negatively correlated with the abundance of carbon and organic degradation genes.     

Effects of exotic Spartina alterniflora on rhizosphere and endophytic bacterial community structures and diversity in roots of native mangroves北大核心CSCD

Root-associated microbial communities are very important for biogeochemical cycles of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur in wetland ecosystems, and help to enhance the mechanisms of plant invasions. In the estuary of Jiulong River (China), Spartina alternifiora has widely invaded Kandelia obovata-dominated habitats, making it necessary to investigate the influence of rootassociated bacteria. The endophytic and rhizosphere bacterial community structures associated with selected plant species were investigated using the barcoded Illumina paired-end sequencing technique. The diversity indices of bacteria associated with the roots of S. alterniflora were higher than those of the transition stands and K. obovata monoculture. Using principal coordinate analysis with UniFrac metrics, the comparison of diversity showed that all samples could be significantly clustered into three major groups, according to the bacterial communities of origin. Four phyla, namely, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Chloroflexi, and Firmicutes, were abundant in the rhizoplane of the two salt marsh plants, whereas Cyanobacteria and Proteobacteria were the more abundant endophytic bacteria. Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Chloroflexi, and Firmicutes in the rhizosphere bacteria of S. alterniflora accounted for 78.0%, 5.6%, 3.3%, and 1.6%, respectively. Members of the phyla Spirochaetes and Chloroflexi were found among the endophytic bacteria of S. alterniflora and K. obovata, respectively. Using linear discriminate analysis, we found some dominant rhizoplane and endophytic bacteria, including Pseudoalteromonadaceae, Vibrionaceae, Methylophilaceae, and Desulfovibrio, which could potentially affect the carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur cycles. Of interest was that endophytic bacteria were more sensitive to plant invasion than rhizosphere bacteria. Thus, the results provide evidence for the isolation of functional bacteria and the effects of root-associated microbial groups on S. alterniflora invasions. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

丁草胺污染对高产水稻土微生物区系的影响

土壤微生物多样性是表征土壤质量最有潜力的指标,与农田生态系统的稳定性和生产力密切相关。云南永胜涛源乡是保持我国水稻小面积超高产纪录的特殊生态区,常年施用丁草胺作为选择性芽前除草剂,因此,了解丁草胺对其土壤微生物物种多样性的影响意义重大。采用平板菌落计数法,研究了模拟条件下不同丁草胺剂量（有效成分质量分数0.15、0.30和1.5 mg·kg^-1）对高产水稻土中好氧细菌（aerobic bacteria）、放线菌（actinobacteria）和真菌（fungi）,以及功能微生物自生固氮菌（nitrogen fixing bacteria）、磷酸盐溶解菌（phosphate solubilizing bacteria）和硅酸盐细菌（silicate dissolving bacteria）数量的影响。结果表明：施药7 d,中、高质量分数（0.30和1.50 mg·kg^-1）丁草胺处理好氧细菌数量比CK分别高出78.6%和153.8%,而后数量逐渐下降,表现出先刺激生长、后抑制活性的作用,低质量分数（0.15 mg·kg^-1）丁草胺对好氧细菌的生长和增殖影响不明显;施药7 d,高质量分数处理放线菌数量超过CK 75.1%,表现出明显的刺激作用;施药15 d,中等质量分数处理放线菌数量比 CK 高出125.0%,丁草胺浓度越高,刺激作用越迅速,低浓度丁草胺对放线菌则主要表现为抑制作用。低浓度丁草胺对真菌的生长和增殖基本没有影响,中等浓度有先抑制后刺激的作用,施药30 d后其真菌数量超过CK 56.9%,高浓度丁草胺则表现为抑制作用,施药7、30和45 d其真菌数量始终显著低于CK;不同浓度处理丁草胺均能刺激自生固氮菌的数量显著增加,施药7 d,低、中、高质量分数处理自生固氮菌数量分别高出CK 237.1%,179.9%和138.1%,刺激作用显著,但随培养时间延长,高浓度开始表现出抑制作用;不同浓度丁草胺均能抑制磷酸盐溶解菌的生长和增殖,低浓度处理抑制作用微弱,中、高浓度处