东江流域底泥重金属分析及潜在环境生态风险

对东江流域不同江段水环境的重金属底泥及底泥浸出液中铅、锌、铜、镉、铬、镍等重金属分布进行分析,结果表明铅和镉含量较高,存在一定程度污染或属于高背景值底泥;底泥的重金属因沉积引起,而锌、铜、铬和镍含量具有一定的污染同源性;利用地积累指数法和潜在生态风险指数法评价底泥重金属污染状况,镉污染较为严重,潜在生态风险大,污染程度镉>铜>锌>镍,铅存在一定的潜在生态风险,铅和铬污染风险较小,底泥和底泥浸出液中重金属含量的变化趋势较为一致,结果表明底泥是表面水重金属的重要来源.     

东平湖底泥重金属污染及其对摇蚊分布的影响

东平湖是南水北调东线的重要调蓄湖,其水环境状况对输水安全具有重要意义.为分析与评价东平湖底泥重金属污染状况及其与摇蚊分布关系,采集30个东平湖底泥样品,分别测试和鉴定其中的元素含量和摇蚊亚化石种属.运用地积累指数和生态危害指数法对东平湖底泥重金属污染进行分析评价,发现Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni是主要污染物,但污染程度相对较低,整体为轻度—中度污染水平,潜在生态危害性为轻微水平,且其污染及危害性均呈现出由湖区东南向西北逐渐降低的空间分布特征.其中,Cu污染最为严重,部分地区达到强污染水平.东平湖底泥共鉴定出41个摇蚊属种,主要优势种由Stempellinella-Zavrelia(30.88%)、Propsilocerus akamusi-type(26.79%)、Paratanytarsus(10.34%)、Cricotopus sylvestris-type(7.52%)和Hydrobaenus conformis-type(5.19%)组成.Stempellinella-Zavrelia和Propsilocerus akamusi-type是东平湖的绝对优势种,合占全湖的57.67%,且几乎呈全湖性分布.摇蚊RDA分析显示第一轴特征值为0.073,摇蚊种属与环境的相关关系达到了58.4%.RDA结果表明影响摇蚊组成分布的显著因子是Mn,并解释了7.3%的摇蚊变率.摇蚊属种Stempellinella-Zavrelia、Propsilocerus akamusi-type、Paratanytarsus、Hydrobaenus conformis-type等分布在Mn污染较小的区域.Pearson相关分析进一步表明东平湖底泥不同摇蚊种属对重金属Mn污染的响应存在显著差异.总体来看,底泥重金属对东平湖摇蚊组成和分布有显著影响,但不同金属对其影响存在差异.     

中国三个不同富营养化湖泊沉积物中Cu、Zn赋存特征及其与营养盐的相关性分析

对太湖、南四湖、白洋淀三个不同富营养化湖泊沉积物进行采样,采用Tessier连续提取法,测定了3个湖泊表层沉积物中Cu、Zn两种重金属的赋存形态,并初步探讨了重金属各形态与沉积物及上覆水中营养盐的相关关系。结果表明,沉积物中重金属总量以白洋淀最高,太湖最低,但重金属污染程度为太湖＆gt;南四湖＆gt;白洋淀,太湖Cu污染指数为1.34~1.6,白洋淀Cu污染指数仅为0.79~1.17。沉积物中重金属赋存形态Cu主要以残渣态和有机质结合态为主（二者之和占73%以上）, Zn则以残渣态和Fe-Mn氧化态占优（二者之和比例达83%以上）,含量最少的均为可交换态。不同湖泊沉积物重金属赋存形态差异较大,太湖残渣态重金属占总量的比例最小（Cu为43%~56%,Zn为49%~63%）,南四湖残渣态占的比例最大（Cu为59%~82%、Zn为64%~77%）;可交换态比重在太湖中最高（Cu占3.2%~5.6%,Zn为1.3%~1.5%）,在南四湖中最低（Cu为1.1%~2.9%,Zn未检出）。从“非稳定态”重金属（除残渣态外的四种形态之和）所占比例看,相较其它两个湖泊,太湖沉积物中重金属污染人为输入的活性态占较大比重,具有较高的二次释放风险。相关性分析得出,重金属Cu的可交换态与上覆水中总氮及总磷之间存在着极显著的正相关关系,碳酸盐结合态Cu与沉积物中营养盐呈现出显著的负相关性,说明水体的富营养化程度加剧可能会增强沉积物中Cu向水体释放的风险。     

温州温瑞塘上游调水河段底泥重金属分布及污染评价

为了揭示温州温瑞塘河调水上游仙门河主要过境河段表层底泥的重金属分布特征和污染程度,在仙门河郭溪段设置7个样点采集沉积物样品,对其Pb、Zn、Cu、Cr以及Hg含量的垂向和沿程分布特征开展了研究,并进行污染评价。结果表明,除Cu和Zn(含量分别为212.38±119.76 mg/kg和274.35±91.88 mg/kg)外,其他重金属的含量均符合《土壤环境质量标准》(GB15618-1995)二级标准。表层底泥重金属含量的垂向分布呈现"三段式"结构,而沿程分布表现为从上游到下游,先增后减。风险评价结果表明,Cu的富集程度最高,Cr富集程度最低。Hg的潜在危害指数大于其他金属,Hg和Cu是郭溪底泥中重金属潜在生态风险增加的主要原因。底泥重金属的潜在生态风险空间差异依次为太阴宫河头大渡桥B仙庄A鹇湖桥B河头大渡桥A仙庄B鹇湖桥A,小工业区的近源污染对底泥重金属污染影响较大。     

天津市景观水体底泥重金属污染状况综合评价

针对天津市景观河道底泥重金属污染进行了调研,分析了各采样点Zn、Cr、Pb、Cu、Cd 5种重金属的污染情况,采用美国NOAA标准对底泥重金属污染进行生物安全性评估和模糊综合评价,以及采用地积累指数法（排除背景值的影响）对重金属的富集程度进行了评价。结果显示：除子牙河外,天津市景观河道重金属污染都比较严重;重金属Zn、Cu、Cd对河道底泥污染的贡献较大,而Pb、Cr对河道底泥污染的贡献较小;城市工业化和开发是造成河道重金属污染的一个重要原因;＂城市水环境改善与水源保护示范工程研究＂的工程示范对河道水体改善作用有明显的效果,建议政府大力推广。     

鄱阳湖湿地水体与底泥重金属污染及其对沉水植物群落的影响

对鄱阳湖南矶山湿地、吴城自然保护区、白沙洲国家湿地公园及鄱阳湖龙口等典型湿地进行沉水植物群落的调查与采样,并测定各样点水样及底泥重金属含量,采用地累积指数法和潜在生态危害指数法对底泥重金属污染进行评价,采用Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数等方法对研究区沉水植物群落结构进行评价,对水体、底泥重金属含量与沉水植物的生物量、物种多样性等进行Pearson相关性分析,评价鄱阳湖湿地水土环境重金属污染现状,探讨水体与底泥重金属Cu、Pb、Cd等污染物对其水体沉水植物群落的影响。结果表明：各采样点水体与底泥中Cu、Pb、Cd等3种重金属元素中含量最高的为Pb;各样点水体（除白沙洲水体ρ(Pb)外）ρ(Cu)、ρ(Pb)和ρ(Cd)等均未超出地表水环境质量Ⅲ类标准限值,水体重金属含量最高的区域为鄱阳湖东部的白沙洲（ρ(Cu)为50.826μg·L-1,ρ(Pb)为68.660μg·L-1,ρ(Cd)为0.337μg·L-1）,最低的区域为鄱阳湖西南部的南矶山湿地（ρ(Cu)为4.316μg·L-1,ρ(Pb)为7.301μg·L-1,ρ(Cd)为0.167μg·L-1）。两种重金属污染评价方法的结果均表明,受纳乐安河下游来水的龙口区域为底泥重金属污染最严重区域;但两种评价方法的结果存在一定差异,地累积指数法评价龙口区域的结果为偏中度或轻度污染,潜在生态危害指数法的评价结果为轻度污染。研究区野外调查中共发现11种沉水植物,隶属7科9属,其中南矶山湿地的沉水植物物种多样性较丰富,但其物种分布的均匀度较低,水体与底泥重金属含量与其水体中沉水植物的生物量或物种多样性间无显著相关性。     

密度梯度级分法研究痕量金属在湘江底泥表层中的分配

为了研究重金属在沉积物中的分布、迁移、转化及其生物效应,近年来国内外多采用一些选择性好的化学试剂对沉积物中的重金属按其不同的结合态进行分批提取或逐级提取。我们曾对湘江的表层底泥进行了逐级提取研究,初步了解了重金属在湘江底泥表层中的地球化学结合形态。为了更全面地了解重金属在底泥中的分配和行为,已有人将选矿工业和土壤粘土矿物表征方面所用的密度梯度级分法引用于环境研究中,该法的优     

辽东湾河口底泥中重金属的污染评价

通过对辽东湾诸河口底泥中铅、锌、铜、镉等的分析,发现辽东湾底泥中的重金属污染物主要是Cd,Zn,Pb,其中,Cd平均含量为1.155mg·kg-1,超过土壤环境质量三级标准,Zn平均含量为105.277mg·kg-1,超过土壤环境质量一级标准.运用地累积指数法及潜在生态风险指数法对其污染程度进行评价,认为辽东湾西北及北部河口底质污染严重,葫芦岛市五里河桥下＞大凌河口北＞辽河口＞双台子河口等处.与历史资料相比,4种重金属的平均含量均有显著提高.     

典型城市污染水体底泥中重金属形态分布和相关性

采用Tessier五步连续提取法,研究了南京市莫愁湖、玄武湖、秦淮河13个底泥样品中的重金属的形态分布情况,分析了重金属浸出量与各形态间的相关性及有机质与有机结合态的相关性,并通过红外谱图分析了有机质与重金属结合的机理.结果表明:底泥中Pb,cu,zh,Ni,Cr主要以有机结合态和残渣态俘在,两种形态的含量占总量70%以上,Zn和Cd的可交换态和碳酸盐结合态含量相列较高,Zn约占20%,Cd约占30%;Zn,Cu,Cd,Ni,Cr的浸出量均与可交换离子态呈现显著的相关性,因此可通过减小可交换离子态含量控制底泥重金属污染的风险性;研究还表明,有机质与有机结合态呈现显著的正相关,因此增加底泥中有机质含量有助于重金属向有_棚结合态转化,有机质与重金属的结合主要是由于其中-些官能团和重金属形成稳定的络合物.     

汀江某河段底泥中重金属含量的测定及生态风险评价

采用ICP-MS法测定汀江某河段底泥样品中重金属的含量,了解该地区13种元素的分布特征,通过地积累指数法和潜在生态危害指数法对底泥重金属污染进行综合评价.结果表明,用ICP-MS测定重金属快速、简便、结果准确,地积累指数法得出13种元素污染程度由强至弱依次为Cd>Cu>As>Se>U>Co=Zn>Pb>Mn>Th>Ni=Tl>Cr,生态危害指数法得出6种重金属对样品所在区域造成的潜在生态危害,由强到弱依次为Cd>Cu>As>Pb>Zn>Cr,Cd、Cu和As为该地区的主要污染因子.其中3#点位RI值为1283,提示生态危害程度很强、污染程度最高,2#点位其次,1#点位也存在一定污染.     

Applications of chitosan in food,pharmaceuticals, medicine,cosmetics, agriculture,textiles, pulp and paper,biotechnology, and environmental chemistry

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Chitosan is a biopolymer obtained from chitin, one of the most abundant and renewable materials on Earth. Chitin is a primary component of cell walls in fungi, the...     

Fragmentation of Phragmites Habitats, Minimum Viable Population Size, Habitat Suitability, and Local Extinction of Moths, Midges, Flies, Aphids, and Birds

Results from populations of insects and birds inhabiting Phragmites habitats were used to analyze effects of fragmentation. Flush-crash cycles of the stem-boring moth Archanara geminipuncta (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) showed regionally concurrent, local extinctions despite an originally enormous population size (more than 180,000 adults), emphasizing the importance of metapopulation dynamics. Further, A. geminipuncta could be considered a keystone species, since shoot damage facilitated more than twenty species of herbivores, saprovores (of the caterpillars' feces), and their parasitoids. The gall midge Lasioptera arundinis could survive only in side shoots induced by shoot damage of A. geminipuncta .
Small Phragmites stands had thinner shoots (due to a water or nutrient deficiency) and shoots with more leaves (due to a better light supply) than large stands, thereby influencing species-specific demands for habitat suitability and nutritiousness of reed tissue. In other words significance of habitat fragmentation could not be assessed by area alone. For example, two chloropid flies depending on thin, yellowish shoots survived only in small habitats or in the unmown edges of large habitats.
Local persistence of Phragmites herbivores depended on much larger population sizes than could be expected from a population size sufficient to maintain genetic variation. At least 11,000 adults of the gall midge Giraudiella inclusa (or more than 84,000 galls) were necessary to avoid local extinction.
With regard to conservation management of reed habitats, nature reserves should consist of old and unmown reeds, have fewer disturbed (particularly, fewer mown) habitat edges, measure more than two hectares (priority should go to the largest remaining fragments), and be surrounded by nearby reed habitats providing reservoir populations and diverse shoot types.     

Metal passivity as mechanism of metal carcinogenesis: Chromium,nickel, iron,copper, cobalt,platinum, molybdenum

For the transition metals chromium, nickel, iron, copper, cobalt, platinum, and molybdenum, mechanisms of stable bonding in biochemistry (emphasis on carcinogenic mechanisms), chemistry, industrial chemistry, as well as epidemiological, occupational, orthopedic (implant devices) effects related to carcinogenesis, were reviewed. Hypothetically, the propensity to stable bonding (inertness), which ensures the metals’ performance capacity for consumers and industrial application, relates to their carcinogenicity. For chromium, a relationship between industrial/chemical and biological reactivity was noted for the tendency of Cr(III) ions to cause hydrolysis previous to stable bonding, as occurs during anodic passivation, leather tanning, and as indicated in biochemical studies pertaining to a mechanism of DNA condensation, which was suggested as a carcinogenic mechanism. The involvement of metal hydrolysis in both anodic passivation and biochemistry was noted also for nickel, iron, and platinum; the DNA interaction of platinum (cis-platin) is known to depend on hydrolysis. For nickel, issues of potential (V) were found important in both passivation and carcinogenicity. Comparably, the passivity behavior of cobalt and copper was found atypical, and their carcinogenicity yet unclear. Molybdenum, contained in passivated metallic implants, may relate to implant-associated carcinogenesis. Occupational carcinogenic effects were indicated for chromium, nickel, iron, and cobalt as caused by both reactive and passivated metal species. Exposure to acids and chronic respiratory irritation/infection/inflammation in workers were important cofactors in metal carcinogenesis. For wood and leather workers exposed to dust, the assumed presence in dust of metal particles abraded from alloys (sawing or cutting blades) may be a carcinogenic exposure hazard.     

Lead,cadmium, copper,zinc, iron,and calcium in human hair as a function of gender,age, smoking,and hair dyeing

Hair samples were collected randomly from 110 subjects (55 male and 55 female) ranging in age from (<15–60) years. Each subject was asked to complete a personal questionnaire describing his/her sex, age, general health, smoking, use of hair dyes, occupational area, and living habits. Concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Fe, and Ca in human hair samples were evaluated using atomic absorption spectrometry. Results indicated that concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn in the hair of smokers were higher than those in the hair of non-smokers, whereas, Fe and Ca concentrations in hair of smokers were lower than those in hair of non-smokers. Moreover, the concentrations of these elements are higher in dyed hair compared with undyed hair.     

Concentrations of V,Cr, Mn,Fe, Ni,Co, Cu,Zn, As and Cd in mesopelagic crustaceans from the North East Atlantic Ocean

Specimens of oceanic decapods, mysids and euphausiids, collected from the North East Atlantic Ocean during July 1985, were analysed for V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, Zn, As and Cd. Measurement of the metals was carried out using two techniques: inductively-coupled plasma-source mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and atomic absorption (AAS). With the exception of the iron data, good agreement was observed between the data from the two techniques. Baseline-metal data are presented for the species measured, along with any effects of animal size on metal concentration. The data presented for oceanic animals from different trophic levels are important in studies of metal fluxes and for the assessment of markers within the food web in the oceans.     

Research progress on distribution,sources, identification,toxicity, and biodegradation of microplastics in the ocean,freshwater, and soil environment

• Microplastics are widely found in both aquatic and terrestrial environments. • Cleaning products and discarded plastic waste are primary sources of microplastics. • Microplastics have apparent toxic effects on the growth of fish and soil plants. • Multiple strains of biodegradable microplastics have been isolated. Microplastics (MPs) are distributed in the oceans, freshwater, and soil environment and have become major pollutants. MPs are generally referred to as plastic particles less than 5 mm in diameter. They consist of primary microplastics synthesized in microscopic size manufactured production and secondary microplastics generated by physical and environmental degradation. Plastic particles are long-lived pollutants that are highly resistant to environmental degradation. In this review, the distribution and possible sources of MPs in aquatic and terrestrial environments are described. Moreover, the adverse effects of MPs on natural creatures due to ingestion have been discussed. We also have summarized identification methods based on MPs particle size and chemical bond. To control the pollution of MPs, the biodegradation of MPs under the action of different microbes has also been reviewed in this work. This review will contribute to a better understanding of MPs pollution in the environment, as well as their identification, toxicity, and biodegradation in the ocean, freshwater, and soil, and the assessment and control of microplastics exposure.     

Fractionation of trace metals (Mn,Zn, Cu,Pb) in Red Sea sediments,Gulf of Aden,Yemen

A sequential extraction technique was applied to estimate the chemical association of Mn, Zn, Cu and Pb in five chemical phases (exchangeable, carbonate, Fe–Mn oxides, organic matter and residual) in sediments of the Gulf of Aden, Yemen. The results indicated that a higher level of Mn was associated with the residual fraction (natural sources) than the non-residual fraction (anthropogenic sources). Zn fractionations revealed that it was associated more with Fe–Mn oxides and organic fractions than exchangeable and carbonate fractions. Most of the Cu was present in the residual form (60–72%) except for in the main port area (zone III), where it was associated with the organic phase (77% of the total Cu content, the organic matter content was 5%). Similarly, most Pb was bound in the residual fraction (56–71%) except the main port area where ～ 62% of the total Pb was bound in non-residual fractions. It was also found that the Pb concentration in the exchangeable fraction was very high compared with other metals. The risk assessment code for the metals showed a low risk for Zn and Cu, but low to medium risk for Mn. Fractionation of Pb showed medium risk at most of the regions except at the eastern area, which revealed a high risk for the aquatic environment.