典型城市污染水体底泥中重金属形态分布和相关性

采用Tessier五步连续提取法,研究了南京市莫愁湖、玄武湖、秦淮河13个底泥样品中的重金属的形态分布情况,分析了重金属浸出量与各形态间的相关性及有机质与有机结合态的相关性,并通过红外谱图分析了有机质与重金属结合的机理.结果表明:底泥中Pb,cu,zh,Ni,Cr主要以有机结合态和残渣态俘在,两种形态的含量占总量70%以上,Zn和Cd的可交换态和碳酸盐结合态含量相列较高,Zn约占20%,Cd约占30%;Zn,Cu,Cd,Ni,Cr的浸出量均与可交换离子态呈现显著的相关性,因此可通过减小可交换离子态含量控制底泥重金属污染的风险性;研究还表明,有机质与有机结合态呈现显著的正相关,因此增加底泥中有机质含量有助于重金属向有_棚结合态转化,有机质与重金属的结合主要是由于其中-些官能团和重金属形成稳定的络合物.     

宁波市回龙河表层沉积物重金属的形态分析及风险评价

为了解回龙河表层沉积物中重金属的污染状况,采集了表层沉积物样品,测定了重金属Zn、Cu、Pb、Cr、Cd和Ni的总量及其化学形态,并采用潜在生态风险指数法对重金属进行了生态风险评价。结果显示,回龙河表层沉积物中Zn、Cu、Pb、Cr、Cd和Ni均有一定程度的累积,总量分别为286.4～1277.9mg/kg、21.71～146.0mg/kg、10.33～44.20mg/kg、25.13～90.40mg/kg、0.07172～0.3901mg/kg、13.27～157.2mg/kg,其中Cu、Cr、Pb与Ni 4种重金属具有一定的同源特性;形态分析表明,Cu的形态分布以有机结合态为主,最容易迁移释放,Zn、Cr和Ni除残渣态外,铁锰氧化结合态和有机结合态占一定比例,具有潜在风险;潜在生态风险指数法分析表明,沉积物中重金属元素的单一潜在生态风险指数顺序为Cd〉Cu〉Ni〉Zn〉Pb〉Cr,潜在生态危害指数RI均小于150,总体上回龙河处于轻微的生态风险等级。     

广州市城市公园土壤重金属累积特征、形态分布及其生态风险

城市公园土壤环境质量对城市绿色发展和居民健康均有重要影响。为了解广州市城市公园土壤中重金属含量、形态分布特征及其生态风险情况,以广州市核心城区典型城市公园表层土壤为对象,系统分析了土壤中Pb、Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn和Ni等6种重金属的含量;运用Tessier连续提取法分析重金属的可交换态(F1)、碳酸盐结合态(F2)、铁锰氧化态(F3)、有机态(F4)和残渣态(F5)等5种重金属形态的分布特征;同时运用次生相与原生相比值法(RSP)和风险评价编码法(RAC)对城市公园表层土壤重金属的生态风险进行了评估与讨论。结果表明,(1)广州市城市公园土壤中Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni和Cd的平均含量依次为64.71、58.55、37.59、131.04、23.16和0.54 mg·kg^-1。运用单因子指数法分析重金属累积特征发现,城市公园土壤中Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn和Ni为轻污染,仅部分区域为中污染,而Cd为重污染。(2)重金属形态分析表明不同重金属的形态分布特征存在较大的差异,Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn和Ni以残渣态和铁锰氧化态为主,而Cd以可交换态和铁锰氧化态为主。重金属形态...     

平原典型垃圾焚烧厂周边土壤重金属分布特征及污染评价

随着固体废弃物的增加,垃圾焚烧逐步成为城市垃圾处理应用一个较为理想可行的选择。垃圾焚烧不仅可以回收能源,且相对其他处理方式其减量效果显著。垃圾焚烧厂排出的尾气中的某些特定重金属可以通过大气干湿沉降进入土壤。采用XRF 荧光光谱仪、岛津原子吸收分光光度计和测汞仪测定了杭嘉湖平原的嘉兴垃圾焚烧厂周边土壤重金属的含量,利用地统计学方法分析了该区域74个土壤样品中Cr、Mn、Cu、Pb、Fe五种重金属元素浓度的空间分布,并采用单因子指数法和内梅罗综合指数法对该地区土壤进行污染评价。结果表明：该垃圾焚烧厂周边表层土壤上述5种重金属平均含量依次为174.05、707.76、47.68、41.95、39057.89 mg·kg-1。表层富集因子分析表明表层土壤中Cu和Pb的含量受到人为影响。因子分析将5种重金属分成3类,并揭示了3类金属在该区域具有不同的空间分布特征,Cr、Mn、Fe以土壤地球化学作用（37.88%方差贡献）为主导影响因素,Cu、Pb分别以农药施用作用为主（22.06%）、垃圾焚烧源尾气排放（22.74%）为主导影响因素。污染评价结果表明该区域土壤重金属复合污染程度为轻度污染,最大污染贡献来自于Pb（单因子污染指数高达2.16）,厂区周边土壤中重金属存在累积效应,不容忽视。     

某生活垃圾处理园区周边土壤重金属分布特征及风险评价

为了评估青岛市某垃圾处理园区附近土壤重金属的分布特征及污染风险,采集了垃圾处理园区附近的剖面土壤样品,分析了土壤中重金属元素Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn、As、Cd和Hg的含量.结果 表明,垃圾处理园区附近的0-200 cm深度的土壤中Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn、As重金属含量高于该区域相应的背景值,存在相应的重金属富集现...     

典型煤炭产业聚集区土壤重金属污染特征与风险评价

山西作为中国重要的煤炭能源基地,为中国经济作出巨大贡献的同时也造成了一系列的生态环境问题,例如土壤污染、地下水资源破坏、土地塌陷、水土流失等,给山西省的生态环境带来严峻的挑战。其中,土壤重金属污染(如Cr、As、Cd、Pb和Hg等)尤为突出,因此,研究煤炭产业聚集区土壤重金属的累积特征与风险评价对土壤修复具有重大意义。以山西长治市典型煤炭产业聚集区为研究区,系统解析不同类型企业(钢厂、采煤厂、选煤厂、洗煤厂、化工厂、焦化厂和燃煤电厂)周边土壤重金属元素的累积特征及差异性,采用内梅罗综合污染指数法和Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法评价不同类型企业周边土壤重金属的污染程度和生态风险,阐明土壤重金属污染的空间分布格局与扩散趋势。结果表明：研究区土壤中8种重金属Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Pb和Hg的平均含量分别为64.14、37.46、29.62、80.92、17.62、0.27、24.05和0.05mg·kg^-1,均高于山西省土壤元素背景值;Cr、Ni、Cu和Zn在不同类型企业周边土壤中存在显著差异。生态风险评价结果表明,选煤厂、燃煤电厂、化工厂和钢厂周边土...     

污染黑土中重金属的形态分布与生物活性研究

通过对污染和清洁黑土的耕层、非耕层分层采样分析,比较了Cd,Pb,Cu和Zn等在同一土壤耕层和非耕层以及不同采样点土壤中的形态分布和生物活性.结果表明,无污染黑土中这些重金属的形态分布一般为:残渣态>有机结合态>铁锰结合态>碳酸盐结合态>可交换态,外源污染则使可交换态重金属的含量增加.以生物有效性系数和迁移系数进行重金属生物活性评价,其在黑土中生物活性大小的顺序为:Cd>Cu>Zn>Pb.污染愈严重的土壤,重金属的生物活性和自身的淋溶能力相对较强,在非耕层中也表现出较高的生物活性.综合重金属在土壤中的含量和生物活性,发现2个污染点的黑土中Cd和Pb对当地农业生产和地下水安全已构成潜在的威胁.     

南京城市土壤中重金属的化学形态分布

采取Tessier连续提取法，研究了南京市不同城区表层土壤中Fe,Mn,Cr,Ni,Co,V,Cu,Zn,Pb的化学形态分布。结果表明，南京城市土壤中Fe,Mn,Cr,Ni,Co,V,Zn,Pb以残渣晶格态为主，可交换态比例极低；Cu在城市道路旁的土壤中有机物结合态所占的比例最高，其他区域残渣晶格态所占的比例最高，与非城区自然土壤相比，主要来源于人为输入的Mn,Cu,Zn,Pb残渣晶格态所占的比例低，活性态比例大；Cr和主要来源于原土壤物质的Fe,Ni,Co,V在城市土壤与非城区自然土壤中各形态所占的比例相似，残渣晶格态比例大，活性态比例极低。     

乌梁素海沉积物中重金属形态分布特征及污染状况评价

以乌梁素海沉积物中重金属为研究对象,对9个采样点的表层沉积物中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr、Hg和As7种重金属总量和各形态进行了测定;并采用潜在生态危害评价方法对重金属总量和各形态进行污染评价.结果表明,重金属总量中Hg在全湖的潜在生态危害参数Eir(Eir=215.04)处于高潜在生态风险,全湖生态风险性综合指数RI为294.60,虽然处于中潜在生态风险,但是其值接近较高潜在生态风险.不同形态重金属中除残渣态(B4)以外,(B1+B2+B3)3种重金属形态之和在全湖的潜在生态风险性综合指数RI为122.34,处于低潜在生态风险,其中重金属Hg(Eir=92.20)的污染最为突出,应引起高度重视.     

温州温瑞塘上游调水河段底泥重金属分布及污染评价

为了揭示温州温瑞塘河调水上游仙门河主要过境河段表层底泥的重金属分布特征和污染程度,在仙门河郭溪段设置7个样点采集沉积物样品,对其Pb、Zn、Cu、Cr以及Hg含量的垂向和沿程分布特征开展了研究,并进行污染评价。结果表明,除Cu和Zn(含量分别为212.38±119.76 mg/kg和274.35±91.88 mg/kg)外,其他重金属的含量均符合《土壤环境质量标准》(GB15618-1995)二级标准。表层底泥重金属含量的垂向分布呈现"三段式"结构,而沿程分布表现为从上游到下游,先增后减。风险评价结果表明,Cu的富集程度最高,Cr富集程度最低。Hg的潜在危害指数大于其他金属,Hg和Cu是郭溪底泥中重金属潜在生态风险增加的主要原因。底泥重金属的潜在生态风险空间差异依次为太阴宫河头大渡桥B仙庄A鹇湖桥B河头大渡桥A仙庄B鹇湖桥A,小工业区的近源污染对底泥重金属污染影响较大。     

Spatial distribution and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in surface sediments from a typical plateau lake wetland, China

Surface sediment (0-15 cm) samples were collected from 31 different grid points throughout the Yilong Lake in April 2004. Samples were subjected to a total digestion technique and analyzed for As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Ni, Cu, and Zn in order to study spatial distribution characteristics based on Kriging method and assess their ecological risks posed by these heavy metals. Results showed that the mean concentrations of these heavy metals were lower than potential effect levels. Patches of higher heavy metal concentrations occurred in the inflow area of the Cheng River and northeast area nearby the road and railway. The higher concentrations of As and Cr also appeared in the east area (lake outlet), while the patches of lower concentrations were uniformly distributed at the southwest corner between Luosewan and Xiaoguoxi. The heavy metal loads such as As, Cd and Pb might come from the common sources due to industrial sewage and traffic pollution, while higher concentrations of Ni, Cr, and Zn in these sediments were dominated by parent rocks. However, Cu originated from both sources. Sediments with respect to As, Cd and Cu were grouped below the effect range low (ERL) at all sites, and with respect to Cr and Pb were grouped into the range from ERL to the effect range median (ERM) at more than 50% of sampling sites. The mean heavy metal toxic units in the Yilong Lake decreased following the order Pb > Cr > As > Ni > Zn > Cd > Cu, with higher contributions to the sum of toxic units of Pb, Cr and As.     

Seasonal variation of heavy metals in sediment of Lake Ulansuhai,China

Sediment samples were collected from 10 sites in Lake Ulansuhai during summer and winter 2009 to reveal seasonal variations in sediment heavy metal levels. The geoaccumulation index (GI) was calculated to assess the severity of metal pollution. The GI values suggest that, in winter, the lake sediments were polluted slightly with Cu (GI=0.66–1.34), Zn (GI=0.59–1.35), Cr (GI=0.49–0.82) and Pb (GI=0.60–0.96), and moderately with Cd (GI=1.03–4.23). The degree of pollution was higher in winter than in summer. By contrast, the degree of pollution was higher in summer than in winter for Hg and As. Correlation analysis can be used to identify factors influencing seasonal variations in heavy metals. The concetrations of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr and Cd were negatively correlated with water temperature and hydrodynamic conditions, but positively correlated with organic matter concentration in the sediments and with a sediment particle size of<63 μm (p<0.01). Meanwhile, Hg and As concentrations were affected by redox state and salinity. Among the metals tested, Hg and Cd posed a more serious pollution risk.     

Distribution,fractionation and risk assessment of mercury in surficial sediments of Nansi Lake,China

Nansi Lake is composed of four sub-lakes from north to south: Nanyang Lake, Dushan Lake, Zhaoyang Lake and Weishan Lake. An environmental pollution investigation was carried out to determine the fractionation, and pollution assessments of mercury (Hg) in surficial sediments from Nansi Lake. Results showed that the mean concentration of Hg was 3.1 times higher than its background value (0.015 mg kg^?1), and the high concentration of Hg which even reached up to five times than the background value in the part of Dushan Lake and Weishan Lake, which indicated that there are obvious spatial differences. The content of Hg was positively correlated with that of total organic carbon, and negatively correlated with that of pH and SiO₂ in surface sediments. An improved Tessier sequential extraction procedure was used to study the fractions of Hg in sediments. The results indicated that Hg existed primarily in the fraction of residual, which accounts for 58.4% of total mercury (THg), and the percentage of extractable Hg was only 1.93% of total mercury. High concentrations of mercury of non-residual phase were found in part lake area from the Nanyang Lake and the Weishan Lake, which indicating a higher potential ecological risk relative to the other lake areas. Based on the values of enrichment factor and geo-accumulation index, most part of Dushan Lake and Nanyang Lake and Weishan Lake were in a moderate pollution. And based on the fractionation of mercury, risk assessment code of Hg exhibited low risks to the environment in Nansi Lake.     

Phosphorus release potential and pollution characteristics of sediment in downstream Nansi Lake, China

The research aimed to evaluate present and potential phosphorous pollution due to high sedimentary phosphorus load and release from sediment, when external phosphorus was reduced in downstream Nansi Lake. Pollution load of the sediment and overlying water was investigated. Kinetics and isotherms of adsorption/release of sedimentary phosphorus were studied to determine equilibrium phosphate concentration (EPC₀) and release potential. Kinetics of phosphorus adsorption on sediment and release from sediment were well described by both the pseudo-first-order rate equation and the pseudo-second-order rate equation, but more appropriate to the pseudo-second-order rate equation with the adsorption/release capacity more close to the measured values, suggesting that the processes were chemically rate controlled and dependent on adsorption capacity. Soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) sorption isotherms on sediment were best fitted by the modified Langmuir model indicating a monolayer adsorption. By comparing EPC₀ and SRP of water, the status (adsorption, releasing or in equilibrium) of sediment phosphorus could be determined. The sediments at site S1, S3, S4, S5, and S7 where the EPC₀s were greater than the SRPs, had a potential to release phosphorus into the water column. However, those sediments at S9, S10, and S12, where the EPC₀s were approximately equal to the SRPs, were in impermanent equilibrium with overlying water in status of phosphorus, the sediments can be likely to release phosphorus to the water column once the equilibrium was broken. Therefore, sedimentary phosphorus can be a secondary pollution source in downstream Nansi Lake.     

山东南四湖摇蚊幼虫群落结构及其对富营养化过程的指示

2010年7月至2011年4月对南四湖摇蚊幼虫群落结构进行了季度调查.共采集到12种摇蚊幼虫,平均密度和生物量分别为(861±701)ind/m2和(6.39±5.12)g/m2.优势种红裸须摇蚊(Propsilocerusi akamusi)和羽摇蚊(Chironomusplumosus)的密度以及生物量分别占总密度和总生物量的97.1%和99.1%,但红裸须摇蚊的密度和生物量显著高于羽摇蚊,分别是羽摇蚊的18.5倍和10.7倍.从水平分布看,红裸须摇蚊在上级湖的密度明显高于下级湖,羽摇蚊则呈全湖性分布,但密度较低.与历史资料相比,南四湖摇蚊幼虫群落发生了显著变化,摇蚊幼虫的平均密度由20世纪80年代初期的88 ind/m2增加到目前的861 ind/m2,优势种由20世纪80年代的羽摇蚊演变为当前的红裸须摇蚊,并且红裸须摇蚊的密度显著升高,这表明南四湖的富营养化趋势加剧.     

山东省南四湖生态工程设计

以南水北调东线工程重点污染源控制点南四湖为例调查了湖区生态系统的现状，结果表明湖区污染状况较为严重，对南水北调水质安全造成威胁。为了保证调水工程顺利实施，设计切实可行的湖区生态系统恢复工程具有重要意义。依据现状调查结果，按照生态学和生态经济学的基本原理，以保证湿地生态系统结构与功能的完整性为主要目标，在对湖区进行重点规划的基础上，提出了重点地段生态工程建设的设计方案，并对方案的预期目标进行了讨论。