滨海湿地类自然保护区的成本-效益研究——以江苏盐城湿地珍禽国家级自然保护区为例

以江苏盐城湿地珍禽国家级自然保护区为例,分析了滨海湿地生态系统所提供的生态系统服务及保护该系统所产生的成本.采用市场价值法、影子工程法和专家评估法估算了保护区内滨海湿地生态系统服务价值.2010年盐城保护区内滨海湿地生态系统产生的保护成本为8.18× 109元,其中管理成本为1.95× 107元,机会成本为8.16× 109元;保护区产生的效益为1.83× 1010元.结果表明,盐城保护区获得的效益远大于其付出的成本,盐城保护区的存在具有经济学上的收益优势.因此,在盐城滨海湿地建立自然保护区具有巨大的生态效益,这种优势更多地体现为长期的综合效益,且难以用货币形式直接兑现.对待自然保护区建设与管理应形成整体、长期的理念,不能因短期利益和局部利益而牺牲自然保护区,真正做到对保护区的永久保护和持续利用.     

中国滨海互花米草湿地土壤有机碳时空变化及其影响因素

滨海湿地是缓解全球变暖的有效蓝色碳汇,互花米草Spartina alterniflora作为一种外来物种在中国沿海地区广泛分布,国内学者对其入侵下的滨海湿地土壤有机碳变化进行了众多研究。研究区主要集中在盐城自然保护区、长江口、杭州湾、闽江口湿地和漳江口红树林自然保护区等互花米草大面积分布区域,研究内容主要是比较其入侵前后地下一定深度土壤有机碳含量分布以及它们随入侵年限延长和不同季节的变化规律。文章通过相关数据与资料集成分析,阐述了互花米草入侵对湿地土壤有机碳的影响机制,比较中国互花米草湿地土壤有机碳时空变化特征,并分析其主要影响因素,如纬度、入侵前本底植物类型、入侵年限、水文状况、采样时间、采样深度以及土壤理化性质等。在此基础上,指出现有研究中存在的主要问题,并提出今后研究展望,如更加广泛地开展中国滨海地区互花米草湿地土壤碳汇效应的长期观测、使用高分辨遥感影像辨识植物类型和互花米草时空分布、综合考虑众多影响因素进行野外样点布设、统一湿地土壤采样方法和有机碳室内实验分析方法、重视与加强互花米草湿地碳封存和碳释放的比较研究等,以期对滨海湿地碳的增汇减排评估和合理调控提供重要依据,加深理解全球碳循环及全球变化。     

莱州湾南岸滨海湿地维管束植物的区系特征及保护

在2003～2005年多次实地调查并参照相关资料基础上,对莱州湾南岸滨海湿地进行了植被类型划分和湿地维管束植物生态类群划分,利用统计方法分析了研究区湿地维管束植物区系较大科、属的构成,蕨类植物种的地理分布区类型、种子植物属的地理分布区类型,维管束植物区系保护面临的问题及对策.研究表明,莱州湾南岸滨海湿地植被分4个植被型、25个植物群落,由48科129属197种维管束植物构成,这些维管束植物分盐生植物,水生植物,湿生植物和中生、旱生植物4大生态类群.维管束植物区系的主体为菊科、禾本科、莎草科等含5种及5种以上的13个较大科,从维管束植物属的分布区类型构成来看,种子植物中世界分布属最多,达40属,占种子植物总属数的32%,这反映了湿地植被的隐域性特征;温带和热带分布区成分作为区系成分的主体共80属,占种子植物总属数的64%.盐田、养殖池、道路建设,海岸侵蚀,地下咸、卤水入侵,气候干旱,河流断流等自然、人为原因导致莱州湾南岸滨海湿地退化,植被发生退化演替,区系中一些珍稀濒危植物受到日益严重的威胁.提出了对退化湿地进行生态恢复与重建,推广生态旅游、生态养殖等可持续的滨海湿地利用方式,建设湿地自然保护区和生态环境监测网络等莱州湾南岸滨海湿地维管束植物区系保护对策.     

基于Markov-CLUES耦合模型的杭州湾湿地多情景模拟研究

杭州湾湿地是中国南北湿地的分界线,也是环杭州湾地区重要的区域生态安全屏障。由于全球气候变化和当地经济发展,杭州湾湿地资源锐减,湿地生态功能退化。因此,对杭州湾湿地未来发展趋势的模拟预测,可为资源合理开发、政府政策规划等提供科学依据。以杭州湾湿地为研究对象,利用2006年、2011年、2016年3期遥感影像提取湿地空间分布信息,对杭州湾湿地现状进行分析;构建Markov-CLUES耦合模型,运用耦合模型模拟了多情景下的杭州湾湿地未来演变趋势。研究结果表明,(1)杭州湾滨海湿地主要历史演变特征为:海岸带区域不断向浅海水域方向延伸;淤泥质海滩受到来自内陆方向的围垦;处于极不稳定状态;稻田类型极易转变为建筑等非湿地类型;非湿地面积呈不断上升趋势。(2)以2011年的湿地空间分布格局图为模拟年份初始图,运用Markov-CLUES耦合模型模拟了2016年的湿地空间分布格局模拟图,并以2016年的实际湿地分布现状图进行验证,结果表明,Markov-CLUES耦合模型的总体精度为86%,Kappa系数为0.81,说明Markov-CLUES耦合模型可用于模拟杭州湾湿地演变趋势。(3)通过对杭州湾湿地未来多情景模拟结果分析发现:淤泥质海滩在经济增长情境下围垦速率加快,与自然情景相比,面积下降速率增加3.46%;在滩涂资源保护情境下,面积几乎不变,得到了有效保护。稻田是除浅海水域外的主要湿地类型,在经济建设情景下,稻田向非湿地的转变速率增加5.31%,稻田面积下降;在粮食安全情景下,面积增加了3 470.76 hm~2,在数量上和空间分布上都得到了良好的保护。非湿地在稻田保护的情景下,由于来源的减少,面积增长受到抑制;在其他3个情景下均呈上升趋势;在经济建设的情景下,非湿地增加速度最快。     

辽河三角洲滨海湿地的演化

在湿地分类及湿地植物群落调查基础上,分析了辽河三角洲滨海湿地植物群落分布与湿地的地表积水条件、土壤水分质量分数、土壤盐分质量分数的关系,以此为依据提出了浅海水下三角洲湿地、潮上带淡水深水体湿地、潮上带淡水浅水体湿地在三角洲泥沙淤积、湿地土壤脱盐、积水脱盐、植物入侵等因素作用下的演化模式.总体上来说,3类湿地均向沼泽湿地、草甸湿地演化.在3类湿地的演化中,浅海水下三角洲湿地的演化过程最复杂,由咸水湿地演化为淡水湿地,演化过程最慢,潮上带淡水深水体湿地演化过程较快,潮上带淡水浅水体湿地演化过程最简单,演化最快.由于开垦,辽河三角洲滨海湿地最终演化成的一部分沼泽湿地、草甸湿地已转变为农作物群落.     

黄河三角洲滨海湿地的维管束植物区系特征

在2007-2008年多次实地调查并参照相关资料基础上,对黄河三角洲滨海湿地进行了植被类型划分和湿地维管束植物生态类群、生活型划分,利用统计方法分析了研究区湿地维管束植物区系的科、属构成,地理分布区成分构成.研究表明,黄河三角洲滨海湿地有71科、199属、298种维管束植物,蓼科、藜科、苋科、豆科、菊科、禾本科、莎草科等7个大科为区系主体,上述7科共76属128种,占总属数的39.38%和总种数的43.99%;区系中单种属多,属的分化程度较高.区系中有59种盐生植物、46种水生植物、44种湿生植物、144种中生植物、7种旱生植物,水生植物、湿生植物的生活型以地面芽植物、地下芽植物为主,陆地中生植物、盐生植物的生活型以一年生植物为主.从分布区类型构成来看,区系中蕨类植物区域分布成分较多,种子植物中温带分布属最多,这反映出湿地植被具有一定的地带性特征,种子植物中热带分布属、世界分布属较多分别表明海洋性气候对湿地植被特征的影响及湿地植被的隐域性特征.     

莱州湾南岸滨海湿地的生物多样性特征分析

通过2005年、2006年的实地调查和整理相关文献资料分析了莱州湾南岸滨海湿地的生物多样性总体特征,湿地维管束植物和水禽的区系组成特点,并与黄河三角洲滨海湿地的生物多样性特征进行了对比。莱州湾南岸滨海湿地维管束植物区系科的分化程度较低,属的分化程度较高,湿生植物、水生植物在区系中占据重要地位;从生活型角度分析,区系中草本植物、地下芽植物和一年生植物占据优势;从维管束植物区系的地理分布成分看,以温带分布属和世界分布属为主;莱州湾南岸滨海湿地水禽区系的居留型构成以旅鸟和候鸟为主,地理分布成分构成以古北界种为主。莱州湾南岸滨海湿地的维管束植物和水禽种类都明显少于相邻的黄河三角洲滨海湿地。     

基于DNDC模型评估水位变化对滨海湿地净生态系统CO2交换的影响

水位是影响滨海湿地生态系统蓝碳功能的重要因素。气候变化引起的海平面上升以及极端气候事件的频发,可能加快水位的变化,从而改变生态系统碳交换的过程。然而,滨海湿地碳汇功能响应水位变化的机制尚不清楚。为了评估水位对滨海湿地净生态系统CO₂交换(NEE)特征的影响,以及验证DNDC(denitrification-decomposition)模型对模拟预测滨海湿地生态系统碳交换的适用性,该研究设计了野外水位控制试验(自然水位,地下20 cm水位、地表10 cm水位),并利用DNDC模型模拟和预测水位变化对滨海湿地NEE的影响。结果表明:(1)不同水位处理之间NEE差异显著,地表10 cm水位处理促进CO₂吸收,地下20 cm水位则抑制CO₂吸收;(2)经过校准和验证的DNDC模型可以准确模拟水位变化对黄河三角洲湿地NEE的影响,NEE模拟值的日动态与田间观测结果显著相关(R²>0.6);(3)通过改变气候、土壤和田间管理等输入参数对DNDC模型进行灵敏度检验,生态系统碳交换过程对日均温、降雨和水位改变的响应最为显著,其中,水位对NEE的影响主要作用于土壤呼吸(Rs)。未来气候情境下,不同水位变化下的生态系统碳交换过程随年份增长呈现不同的规律,因此未来的模拟研究应关注DNDC中水文模块和植被演替过程的完善。该研究可为预测水文变化情境下滨海湿地碳汇功能的未来发展以及政策制定提供参考。     

天津市环科院生态环境研究室介绍

天津市环科院生态环境研究室以天津滨海特色相关的生态保护与修复技术研究为重点,工作涉及到生态调查与生态演变、生态规划与生态修复、人工湿地构建与水生态恢复、景观园林与水质保证、生物多样性与生物质能源等多个领域,拥有较为完备的研究仪器设备,以及面积为40hm^2的中试基地。     

海南省滨海自然湿地生态系统服务功能价值评估

以海南主岛的滨海自然湿地为研究对象,采用最新的海南省第二次(2009─2013年)湿地资源调查以及海南省统计年鉴(2013年)和相关调查统计资料,构建生态系统服务功能价值评估体系,结合国内外通用的湿地评价方法,对海南省滨海自然湿地生态系统服务功能价值进行了较全面的评估。结果表明,海南省滨海自然湿地生态系统生态服务功能总价值为5 848 665.00万元,其中水文调节价值2 846 803.55万元,固碳价值2 351 567.77万元,动物产品价值1 469 500.00万元,防风消浪价值1 175 287.62万元,生物多样性维持价值985 544.48万元,分别占总价值的31.72%、26.20%、16.37%、13.10%和10.98%,是主要的生态服务功能。文章对海南省滨海自然湿地生态系统所进行的定量评估,不仅可提高人类对滨海自然湿地生态系统的正确认识,还可为湿地资源的合理开发利用以及当地政府湿地保护相关政策的制定提供科学依据。     

Examining the potential impacts of sea level rise on coastal wetlands in north-eastern NSW,Australia

The coastal wetlands of north-eastern New South Wales (NSW) Australia are increasingly being affected by anthropogenic factors such as urbanisation, residential development and agricultural development. However, little is known about their vulnerability to sea level rise as a result of climate change. The aim of this research is to predict the potential impact of sea level rise (SLR) on the coastal wetland communities. Sea Level Affecting Marshes Model (SLAMM) was used to predict the potential impacts of sea level rise. Geographic Information System (GIS) was used for mapping and analysis. It was found that a meter rise in sea level could decrease coastal wetlands such as Inland fresh marshes from about 225.67 km² in February 2009 to about 168.04 km² by the end of the century in north-eastern NSW, Australia. The outcomes from this research can contribute to enhancing wetland conservation and management in NSW.     

Integrated ecological assessment as the basis for management of a coastal urban protected area: A case study of Xiamen,China

In the process of rapid urbanisation in China, environmental problems have increased, from sewage discharge to climate change. Marine protected areas (MPAs) are widely advocated as a means to comprehensively manage human activities and resources in ocean and coastal areas. However, MPAs only safeguard populations or assemblages within their boundaries and fail to offer any protection from many major threats to marine environments. An increase in environmental threats implies an increase in environmental management and assessment. We propose a methodological framework for integrated ecological assessment using the Xiamen marine protected area as a case study. The integrated ecological assessment framework can be generalised from the dimensions of environment, economy, society and institution. Surveys were undertaken to assess the state of the Xiamen coastal environment, the resources of the reserve, and issues associated with human activities. Stakeholders were interviewed about their attitudes towards issues regarding the management of the reserve. The constraints of the reserve management were identified. The methodological framework is presented as a tool to help identify relative ecological security in order to prioritise actions and assess the ecological implications of management and policy decisions.     

Greenhouse gas fluxes in southeastern U.S. coastal plain wetlands under contrasting land uses

Whether through sea level rise or wetland restoration, agricultural soils in coastal areas will be inundated at increasing rates, renewing connections to sensitive surface waters and raising critical questions about environmental trade-offs. Wetland restoration is often implemented in agricultural catchments to improve water quality through nutrient removal. Yet flooding of soils can also increase production of the greenhouse gases nitrous oxide and methane, representing a potential environmental trade-off. Our study aimed to quantify and compare greenhouse gas emissions from unmanaged and restored forested wetlands, as well as actively managed agricultural fields within the North Carolina coastal plain, USA. In sampling conducted once every two months over a two-year comparative study, we found that soil carbon dioxide flux (range: 8000-64 800 kg CO2 x ha(-1) x yr(-1)) comprised 66-100% of total greenhouse gas emissions from all sites and that methane emissions (range: -6.87 to 197 kg CH4 x ha(-1) x yr(-1)) were highest from permanently inundated sites, while nitrous oxide fluxes (range: -1.07 to 139 kg N2O x ha(-1) x yr(-1)) were highest in sites with lower water tables. Contrary to predictions, greenhouse gas fluxes (as CO2 equivalents) from the restored wetland were lower than from either agricultural fields or unmanaged forested wetlands. In these acidic coastal freshwater ecosystems, the conversion of agricultural fields to flooded young forested wetlands did not result in increases in greenhouse gas emissions.     

海平面上升对生态环境及其服务功能的影响

近50年来，海平面持续上升对我国沿海地区的影响日渐明显。综合分析了我国海平面上升的现状及其发展变化趋势，对未来海平面上升对沿海地区生态环境及其服务功能可能造成的影响作了分析。最后提出了对策建议，为政府部门采取措施提供科学依据。     

山地小微湿地生态修复探讨 ——以梁平区猎神村梯塘小微湿地为例

小微湿地是乡村景观的组成部分,是乡村重要的水土基础设施.湿地的功能已经得到广泛认同,但过去多关注大面积成片分布的沼泽、湖泊、滨海湿地及大型河流湿地等,而对于那些数量众多、分散分布的小型和微型湿地却缺少关注.2018年10月,《湿地公约》第十三届缔约方大会通过了中国政府提交的《小微湿地保护与管理决议草案》,小微湿地的保护...     

Partitioning vegetation response to anthropogenic stress to develop multi-taxa wetland indicators.

Emergent plants can be suitable indicators of anthropogenic stress in coastal wetlands if their responses to natural environmental variation can be parsed from their responses to human activities in and around wetlands. We used hierarchical partitioning to evaluate the independent influence of geomorphology, geography, and anthropogenic stress on common wetland plants of the U.S. Great Lakes coast and developed multi-taxa models indicating wetland condition. A seven-taxon model predicted condition relative to watershed-derived anthropogenic stress, and a four-taxon model predicted condition relative to within-wetland anthropogenic stressors that modified hydrology. The Great Lake on which the wetlands occurred explained an average of about half the variation in species cover, and subdividing the data by lake allowed us to remove that source of variation. We developed lake-specific multi-taxa models for all of the Great Lakes except Lake Ontario, which had no plant species with significant independent effects of anthropogenic stress. Plant responses were both positive (increasing cover with stress) and negative (decreasing cover with stress), and plant taxa incorporated into the lake-specific models differed by Great Lake. The resulting models require information on only a few taxa, rather than all plant species within a wetland, making them easier to implement than existing indicators.     

The impact of sea-level rise along the Polish Baltic coast

A DTM (Digital Terrain Model) map and the analytical powers of GIS (Geographical Information System) were used in deterministic and probabilistic methods for analysis of inundation of a coastal area. These methods were applied to evaluate the effects of a rise in sea-level on the coastal zone of the Puck Lagoon (Poland) over a period of 100 years. The analysis evaluated the following aspects: the threat to man-made objects such as buildings and roads; changes in the impact of the sea on the coastal environment manifested as the frequency of flooding of grasslands and marshland in the coastal depression, and the formation of a dune embankment. The analysis covered a ca. 5 km stretch of low-lying coastline, in which there are two rapidly growing villages and a nature reserve. The study showed that a sealevel rise of 40 cm would increase the frequency of flooding in the area and would probably cause the dune ridge vegetation to deteriorate.     

As the world warms: rising seas, coastal archaeology, and the erosion of maritime history

The human history of coastal regions around the world has been under assault for decades, from forces that include dam building, coastal modifications, the destruction of wetlands, marine erosion, population growth and rampant development, looting, and other processes. Global warming will exacerbate the destruction of cultural resources in coastal zones through accelerated sea level rise, intensified storm cycles, and related coastal erosion. Although average global sea levels have been rising for ∼20,000 years, they slowed dramatically about 7,000 years ago. Rates of sea level rise now appear to be increasing rapidly due to growing anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. Global warming and rising seas, especially when combined with population growth and the implementation of measures designed to protect endangered coastal properties, threaten the deep maritime history of human migrations, settlement, and adaptations in coastal areas around the world. Ranging in age from the mid-Pleistocene to recent historic times, coastal archaeological sites contain invaluable data on ancient coastal societies, fisheries, and ecosystems. Archaeologists, historians, and other cultural resource managers must do more to anticipate, evaluate, and mitigate the effects of global warming, sea level rise, and coastal erosion on the long history of human maritime cultures.     

Predicting the Impact of Sea-Level Rise on Caribbean Sea Turtle Nesting Habitat

Abstract:  The projected rise in sea level is likely to increase the vulnerability of coastal zones in the Caribbean, which are already under pressure from a combination of anthropogenic activities and natural processes. One of the major effects will be a loss of beach habitat, which provides nesting sites for endangered sea turtles. To assess the potential impacts of sea-level rise on sea turtle nesting habitat, we used beach profile measurements of turtle nesting beaches on Bonaire, Netherlands Antilles, to develop elevation models of individual beaches in a geographic information system. These models were then used to quantify areas of beach vulnerable to three different scenarios of a rise in sea level. Physical characteristics of the beaches were also recorded and related to beach vulnerability, flooding, and nesting frequency. Beaches varied in physical characteristics and therefore in their vulnerability to flooding. Up to 32% of the total current beach area could be lost with a 0.5-m rise in sea level, with lower, narrower beaches being the most vulnerable. Vulnerability varied with land use adjacent to the beach. These predictions about loss of nesting habitat have important implications for turtle populations in the region.