大庆龙凤湿地的植被与植物资源

较详细地分析了大庆龙凤湿地的植被类型、分布、组成以及植物资源特点,分析了植被的自然演替规律和人为影响因素,提出了加强龙凤湿地保护的建议和对策.     

关于大庆市龙凤湿地自然保护区实现可持续发展的建议

本文主要阐述大庆市龙凤湿地自然保护区状况,在此基础上就如何做好龙凤湿地自然保护区规划建设和管理以实现其可持续发展进行深刻的思考,进而提出作者的建议.     

大庆龙凤湿地野生动物资源调查研究

通过调查,大庆龙凤湿地有脊椎动物207种,其中兽类13种,鸟类142种,两栖、爬行类共7种,鱼类45种,占黑龙江省动物总数的38.2%左右.区系成分以古北界种占绝对优势,广布种亦混杂其中.湿地有珍稀濒危动物43种,其中国家Ⅰ级和Ⅱ级保护动物有24种,湿地经济动物种类较多,在本区域有较高的生物多样性.     

中国自然保护区发展与湿地保护

１引言湿地是地球上生物多样性最丰富的生态系统之一，同时有着巨大的生态服务功能。湿地广泛分布于世界各地，但由于资源的竞争性开发利用，湿地被破坏的情况经常发生。中国是一个湿地资源十分丰富的国家，然而人口多，经济快速发展，对湿地生态的压力也很大。中国政府高度重视湿地保护，把维持湿地基本生态过程、保障湿地资源合理利用作为环境保护的重要内容。多年来，环保、林业、农业、水利、海洋和科研、教育等部门结合各自业务，在湿地保护上开展了大量工作，并取得了显著的成绩。其中一条重要经验就是建立自然保护区，依法保护湿地生…     

基于环境自净能力的龙凤湿地水质改善优化调控模型

为解决城市湿地生态系统存在的严重污染问题,找到合理的排污削减方案,选择大庆市龙凤湿地作为研究对象,以主要的污染物NH_3-N、TP、COD_(Cr)和石油类污染物为指标,应用MIKE21建立试验湿地二维水动力和水质耦合模型,采用数值模拟的方法,研究提出湿地水质改善的优化调控模型.进而,采用模拟试验研究了清淤、曝气、补水及上述措施两两组合下的调控方案对改善龙凤湿地水质效果的影响.结果表明:单一工程措施下无法使染物削减到控制目标浓度,各类措施的削减效果为补水清淤曝气;在各组合情况下,补水+清淤方案的削减作用更佳;在工程措施相同情况下,提高排污标准也能起到削减作用.最后,在考虑不同排污方式下既能使污染物排放达标、又能充分利用湿地纳污能力的前提下,优选出了最佳方案.     

关于大庆龙凤湿地环境管理问题的思考

大庆龙凤湿地是除香港外国内唯一的城区中的湿地,在城市生态环境保护中具有重要意义。虽然建成自然保护区,并设立保护区管理处,但湿地资源仍受到破坏。剖析大庆龙凤湿地环境管理中问题的产生原因,研究湿地的保护措施及合理开发利用。     

我省将在京津周围新建19个湿地自然保护区

据悉，到2015年，河北将在京津周围新建19个湿地自然保护区，届时加上已有的衡水湖、白洋淀等自然保护区，河北省环京津周围的湿地保护区将达到23个。新建的19个湿地保护区总保护面积近60万公顷。     

大庆龙凤湿地土壤硒的结合态与分布特征

为了解大庆龙凤湿地土壤硒的含量、形态,应用连续浸提的方法研究了大庆龙凤湿地保护区4个样区20个样点4个不同层次的土壤中硒的含量、形态、剖面分布,并对土壤中影响硒元素沉积量的相关理化性质进行了测定。结果表明,大庆龙凤湿地土壤全硒含量在垂直分布上没有明显的规律,变幅在121～150μg/kg之间,属于少硒土壤,在各种结合态硒中,水溶性硒仅占土壤全硒含量的1.5%～3.3%,交换态硒占3.6%～7.4%,有机态硒占24.0%～43.9%,酸溶态硒、硫化态硒和残余态硒3种无效态硒共占50%以上。土壤有机质、pH值及土壤粘粒是影响土壤硒含量的主要因素,并且由于土壤有效硒含量低、无效硒比例高导致硒的利用率低,这可能是本地区人与生物缺硒的主要原因之一。     

湿地保护呼唤明确的法律概念

我国湿地保护陷入困境的根本原因在于没有确定湿地的法律概念,导致了湿地保护范围不明、管理体制不顺,无法遏止湿地数量与质量双重下降的趋势,亟需通过制定湿地保护的专门法律,建立以科学概念为基础的湿地法律概念,明确湿地保护的范围和对象,建立合理的湿地保护管理体制。在我国,湿地的重要性远未引起足够的重视。湿地具有水陆结合的性质,围填容易、成本低廉,这些使其极易成为经济快速发展中"造地"运动的牺牲品。近20年来,我国顺应国际社会加强湿地保护的大趋势,发布和实施了《中国湿地保护行动计     

内蒙古辉河国家级自然保护区湿地保护成效

为科学评估内蒙古辉河国家级自然保护区湿地保护成效,基于定量化、动态性和可操作性原则,构建了保护成效评估指标体系,并以保护区内湿地面积和水鸟多样性的动态监测结果为基础,对2004—2013年保护区湿地保护成效进行了研究. 结果表明:随着辉河国家级自然保护区管理局的组建以及对周边社区放牧和芦苇收割等管控力度的加强,近10 a来湿地保护效果良好,具体表现在保护区内湿地面积基本保持稳定(动态度指数为-0.178%),成片分布趋势增加(平均斑块面积增加53.44%),破碎化程度降低;此外,保护区内水鸟Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数均增加较为明显,分别增加83.53%和88.50%;物种丰富度和濒危水鸟数量也呈缓慢增加趋势. 构建的湿地保护成效评估指标体系能够在一定程度上反映自然保护区对湿地的管护效果,建议保护区管理局进一步加强气候因素、水鸟生境质量以及辉河上游湿地的监测工作,并依据当地气候变化情况适当补水.      

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.