基于断裂点理论下的甘肃省城市旅游吸引范围研究

在创建丝绸之路经济带的大背景下,了解和掌握甘肃省各城市旅游业规模以及城市之间的旅游吸引范围,有利于在空间上解构甘肃省内城市间的相互作用和影响。通过建立甘肃省各市州旅游业规模评价体系,用因子分析法评定了各个城市的旅游业规模,并划定了三个旅游业规模城市等级,结合断裂点理论和场强公式进行分析,考量省内各城市带和城市间的旅游吸引范围以及旅游吸引力大小。在此基础上,提出了甘肃各城市旅游发展的建议。     

山东滨海旅游资源开发及其问题

"海上山东"发展战略的实施,促进了山东省旅游业的快速发展.结合山东省滨海旅游业发展的实际情况,分析了该省滨海旅游资源的特点、旅游业发展现状、存在问题和发展潜力,针对性地提出了综合开发利用旅游资源,发展山东省海滨旅游区的战略设想和对策.     

发展西部旅游业的冷思考

旅游开发作为西部大开发的一项重要战略措施已经得到了学术界和各级政府的高度重视。根据西部旅游业的特点，从旅游系统、旅游产业产生和发展的条件、西部旅游限制因素和可持续发展几个方面对西部旅游进行了探讨，指出西部各地区要全面地权衡自身现有的经济基础、资源优势和市场优势，切不可盲目地将旅游产业定为支柱产业，也不要将经济发展的大任仅仅寄托在旅游业上。     

走特色旅游之路,兴江西旅游经济——兼谈大力发展江西省地学旅游

2001年8月，江西省提出了发展全省经济的战略思想-“三个基地，一个后花园”。其中“后花园”就是指把江西省建设成为沿海发达地区游客旅游观光的好去处。但我国幅员辽阔，新奇奥妙的风光比比皆是，已有26个省份先后提出将旅游业作为优先发展的支柱产业，如果拿不出自己的特色旅游产品，就很难在日趋激烈的竞争旅游市场上将旅游资源优势转变为经济优势，作者以江西省地学旅游为例，对发展江西省特色旅游的可持续性，实施战略，意义等方面进行了较少深入的探讨，以期对江西省实现旅游大省的目标起到抛砖引玉的作用。     

旅游市场开发刍议

西部大开发战略的实施，催促着旅游业发展的脚步。文章结合西部旅游业发展的实际情况分析了旅游市场开发的原则、措施、方法、过程和内容，有针对性地提出了旅游市场开发的策略，并探讨了旅游市场开发的利弊和解决对策。     

竞合模式:粤西与海南旅游发展的新思路

以湛江、茂名、阳江三市为一级核心的粤西沿海旅游区与海南旅游区的主导旅游资源相似且地域临近，存在竞争关系。分析了粤西、海南实施竞合模式所具有的条件，并利用“竞合模式”探讨了粤西沿海旅游区和海南旅游区的竞争与合作关系，以建立粤西—海南旅游体系为目标，提出了合作战略，以期增强整体的竞争实力，促进旅游业的发展。     

达州市国内旅游市场回归预测模型研究

旅游市场预测可以帮助旅游地掌握市场需求的变化及其发展趋势，是旅游地制定发展战略和市场营销决策的基本依据。以达州市国内旅游市场为研究对象，主要从统计学的角度，建立达州市国内旅游市场的预测模型，并结合达州市旅游业的发展战略趋势，对达州市国内旅游市场进行预测，这对达州市旅游业的健康发展具有一定的指导意义。     

甘肃省旅游空间结构构建研究

以旅游空间结构理论为基点,构建了旅游中心性城市评价指标。应用因子分析法,对甘肃省14个市州的旅游中心性进行了测定。结果显示,兰州、酒泉、天水是甘肃旅游发展的三个核心城市。借助引力模型,分析了甘肃省旅游空间内部的旅游经济联系度和强度,发现旅游经济联系量集中在少数几个城市。在此基础上,把甘肃省的旅游空间结构构建为丝绸之路旅游带、大兰州旅游经济圈、天水旅游经济圈、敦煌旅游经济圈的"一带三圈"。     

旅游是个大产业——发展旅游经济的几点认识

抓旅游就是抓产业,抓结构调整 旅游业是一个特殊的产业,需要从促进经济振兴和社会进步,推动两个文明和谐发展的战略高度,充分认识"旅游"和"产业"之间的辨证关系.旅游业是对国民经济具有重大拉动作用的支柱型产业,其社会性、综合性很强,蕴盖吃、住、行、游、购、娱六大要素,大力发展旅游业,可以极大地带动这些相关产业的发展.旅游业是高度开放的国际化产业,是我国率先与国际接轨的先行产业,外商可以通过旅游这一窗口了解投资环境,考察投资趋向,确定投资方向.旅游业是促进经济增长方式转变的先导型产业,作为一种"无烟工业",其高附加值日益令人瞩目.加快发展旅游产业,有利于充分发挥其在经济活动中的催化裂解作用.旅游业是扩大就业、促进稳定的重要支撑产业.随着体制改革的深化,不可避免地带来大量下岗、失业现象,旅游业以其产业的高度关联性,有利于大批消化劳动力,促进社会政治稳定.     

贵州省旅游扶贫发展浅析

旅游业在国民经济发展中发挥着重要作用,尤其在消除贫困方面。选择贵州旅游作为研究对象,分析贵州旅游资源概况及旅游业发展现状,阐述贵州旅游业发展在消除贫困方面的作用以及贵州旅游扶贫战略的必要性和可行性,提出旅游扶贫中出现的问题并找到相应的解决办法,为贵州省和类似贫困山区旅游扶贫发展提供思路。     

Conversion of temperate forests into heaths: Role of ecosystem disturbance and ericaceous plants

Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed habitats. If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation.     

AN APPLICATION RUNOFF MODEL STRATEGY FOR UNGAGED WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: Mathematical models for predicting watershed surface flow responses are available, most of which are elaborate nonlinear numerical surface and channel flow models linked with infiltration models. Such models may be used to make predictions for ungaged areas, assuming an acceptable fitting of the model to the topography and roughness of the real system. For some application purposes, these models are impractical because of their complexity and expensive computer solutions. A procedure is developed that uses a complex model of an ungaged area to derive a simpler parametric nonlinear system model for repetitious simulation with input sequences. The predicted flow outputs are obtained with the simpler model at significant savings of money and time. The procedures for constructing a complex kinematic model of a 40 acre (161,880 m²) reference watershed and deriving the simpler system model are outlined. The results of predictions from both models are compared with a selected set of measured events, all having essentially the same initial conditions. Peak discharges ranged from 3 to 118 ft³/sec (0.085 to 3.34 m³/sec), which includes the largest event of record. The inherent limitations of lumped systems models are demonstrated, including the bias caused by their inability to model infiltration losses after rainfall ceases. Computer costs and times for the models were compared. The derived simple model has a cost advantage when repeated use of a model is required. Such an applications hydrologic model has an engineering tradeoff of reduced accuracy, and lumping bias, but is more economical for certain design purposes.     

Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.     

Using Paleo Reconstructions to Improve Streamflow Forecast Lead Time in the Western United States

In water stressed regions, water managers are exploring new horizons that would help in long‐range streamflow forecasts. Oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations have been shown to influence streamflow variability. In this study, long‐lead time streamflow forecasts are made using a multiclass kernel‐based data‐driven support vector machine (SVM) model. The extended streamflow records based on tree ring reconstructions were used to provide a longer time series data. Reconstructed data were used from 1658 to 1952 and the instrumental record was used from 1953 to 2007. Reconstructions for oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations included the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, and North Atlantic Oscillation. Streamflow forecasts using all four oscillations were made with one‐year to five‐year lead times for 21 gages in the western United States. This is the first study that uses both instrumental and reconstructed data of oscillations in SVM model to improve streamflow forecast lead time. SVM model was able to provide “satisfactory” to “very good” forecasts with one‐ to five‐year lead time for the selected gages. The use of all the oscillation indices helped in achieving better predictability compared to using individual oscillations. The SVM modeling results are better when compared with multiple linear regression model forecasts. The findings are statistical in nature and are expected to be useful for long‐term water resources planning and management.     

Neighbourhood characteristics and urban gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area: staffing and voluntarism,food production,infrastructure, and sustainability practices

Urban gardens are important sources of sustenance for communities with limited access to food. Hence, this study focuses on food production in gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area in Northwest Ohio. We administered surveys to 150 garden managers from November 2014 to February 2015 in our attempt to better understand how neighbourhood racial composition and poverty levels are related to staffing and voluntarism, food production and distribution, the development of infrastructure, and the adoption of sustainability practices in urban gardens. The results from 30 gardens are presented in this paper. We used Geographic Information Systems to map the gardens and overlay the map with 2010 census data so that we could conduct demographic analyses of the neighbourhoods in which the gardens were located. Though the gardens were small – two acres or less – up to 46 varieties of food were grown in a single garden. Gardens also operated on small budgets. Food from the gardens was gifted or shared with friends, family, and neighbourhood residents. Gardens in predominantly minority neighbourhoods tended to have fewer institutional partners, less garden infrastructure, and had adopted fewer sustainable practices than gardens in predominantly White neighbourhoods. Nonetheless, residents of predominantly minority and high-poverty neighbourhoods participated in garden activities and influenced garden operations. Volunteering and staffing were racialised and gendered.     

Predicting deer-vehicle collisions in an urban area

Collisions with deer and other large animals are increasing, and the resulting economic costs and risks to public safety have made mitigation measures a priority for both city and wildlife managers. We created landscape models to describe and predict deer-vehicle collision (DVCs) within the City of Edmonton, Alberta. Models based on roadside characteristics revealed that DVCs occurred frequently where roadside vegetation was both denser and more diverse, and that DVCs were more likely to occur when the groomed width of roadside right-of-ways was smaller. No DVCs occurred where the width of the vegetation-free or manicured roadside buffer was greater than 40 m. Landscape-based models showed that DVCs were more likely in more heterogeneous landscapes where road densities were lower and speed limits were higher, and where non-forested vegetation such as farmland was in closer proximity to larger tracts of forest. These models can help wildlife and transportation managers to identify locations of high collision frequency for mitigation. Modifying certain landscape and roadside habitats can be an effective way to reduce deer-vehicle collisions.     

MANGANESE CYCLE IN IMPOUNDMENT WATER

Manganese entering impounded water will undergo a cyclic transformation. Oxidation precipitates manganese from top waters. At the bottom of the lake, biological activity will render manganese soluble by both intracellular as well as extracellular activity. The study was made to demonstrate that biological reduction and transformation, organometallic complexation, together with the presence of carbon dioxide and the lowering of pH all have some effect on the solubility of manganese. Dissolved manganese may be brought back to top waters during the lake overturn and therefore deteriorates the water quality.     

Biodiversity and biotechnology

The maintenance of biodiversity is urged from many quarters and on grounds ranging from aesthetic considerations to its usefulness, particularly for biotechnology. But regardless of the grounds for preserving biodiversity, writers are generally in agreement that it should be preserved. But, in examining the various references biodiversity, such as species diversity, genetic diversity, and habitat diversity, it is apparent that we cannot aim to preserve biodiversityas such, since there are a number of conflicts in any such undertaking. In preserving one aspect of biodiversity, we damage another aspect. Five arguments which attempt to ground our moral concern for biodiversity are reviewed and critiqued, not only for their consistency but also for their power to move us to action. The final section of the paper shows how conflicts in the values of personal and environmental health can impair ethical action and especially policy formation.An earlier version of this paper was read at the conference on Agriculture, Food, and Human Values: Tradition and Change, Orlando, Florida, October 7–9, 1987.     

Sources and Transport of Phosphorus to Rivers in California and Adjacent States,U.S., as Determined by SPARROW Modeling

The SPARROW (SPAtially Referenced Regression on Watershed attributes) model was used to simulate annual phosphorus loads and concentrations in unmonitored stream reaches in California, U.S., and portions of Nevada and Oregon. The model was calibrated using de‐trended streamflow and phosphorus concentration data at 80 locations. The model explained 91% of the variability in loads and 51% of the variability in yields for a base year of 2002. Point sources, geological background, and cultivated land were significant sources. Variables used to explain delivery of phosphorus from land to water were precipitation and soil clay content. Aquatic loss of phosphorus was significant in streams of all sizes, with the greatest decay predicted in small‐ and intermediate‐sized streams. Geological sources, including volcanic rocks and shales, were the principal control on concentrations and loads in many regions. Some localized formations such as the Monterey shale of southern California are important sources of phosphorus and may contribute to elevated stream concentrations. Many of the larger point source facilities were located in downstream areas, near the ocean, and do not affect inland streams except for a few locations. Large areas of cultivated land result in phosphorus load increases, but do not necessarily increase the loads above those of geological background in some cases because of local hydrology, which limits the potential of phosphorus transport from land to streams.     

Surface applied water treatment residuals affect bioavailable phosphorus losses in Florida sands

Water treatment residuals (WTR) can reduce runoff P loss and surface co-application of P-sources and WTR is a practical way of land applying the residuals. In a rainfall simulation study, we evaluated the effects of surface co-applied P-sources and an Al-WTR on runoff and leacheate bioavailable P (BAP) losses from a Florida sand. Four P-sources, namely poultry manure, Boca Raton biosolids (high water-soluble P), Pompano biosolids (moderate water-soluble P), and triple super phosphate (TSP) were surface applied at 56 and 224kgPha(-1) (by weight) to represent low and high soil P loads typical of P- and N-based amendments rates. The treatments further received surface applied WTR at 0 or 10gWTRkg(-1) soil. BAP loss masses were greater in leachate (16.4-536mg) than in runoff (0.91-46mg), but were reduced in runoff and leachate by surface applied WTR. Masses of total BAP lost in the presence of surface applied WTR were less than approximately 75% of BAP losses in the absence of WTR. Total BAP losses from each of the organic sources applied at N-based rates were not greater than P loss from TSP applied at a P-based rate. The BAP loss at the N-based rate of moderate water-soluble P-source (Pompano biosolids) was not greater than BAP losses at the P-based rates of other organic sources tested. The hazards of excess P from applying organic P-sources at N-based rates are not greater than observed at P-based rates of mineral fertilizer. Results suggest that management of the environmental P hazards associated with N-based rates of organic materials in Florida sands is possible by either applying P-sources with WTR or using a moderate water-soluble P-source.