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1.
Environmental Policy Implementation in Rural China: A Case Study of Yuhang, Zhejiang 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
The rapid growth of rural enterprises has transformed the Chinese countryside. Although rural industrialisation has resulted
in increased financial well-being, it has also contributed to decreased environmental quality. While China has strong environmental
protection laws, this paper will demonstrate that they are not being effectively implemented in a rural region in Zhejiang
Province. This is due to a number of social, political, and economic barriers that prevent agencies from effectively enforcing
environmental policies and regulatory mechanisms.
This paper investigates the implementation of China's environmental policies through a case study in Yuhang County, Zhejiang
Province. It demonstrates that the implementation of environmental impact assessment, discharge fees, and limited time treatment
is limited by inadequate technology, low finances, limited human resources, poor public environmental awareness, faulty data,
inferior agency reports, organizational conflict, relations based on guanxi, and low discharge fee prices. 相似文献
2.
ANU A. GOKHALE 《Environmental management》2001,28(2):187-193
India is fast finding its place in the industrialized world and that is beginning to raise its environmental consciousness.
The Delphi technique was used to prioritize specific needs and articulate a sustainable urban improvement strategy for the
city of Mumbai (formerly Bombay). The Delphi technique is a means of achieving consensual validity among raters by providing
them feedback regarding other raters' responses. Mumbai has several indigenous environmental groups that were tapped for activists
and leaders; the study was conducted using ten environmentalists. In the initial phases the responses resulted in a range
of possible program alternatives. The last two stages helped to seek out information that generated a consensus on the part
of the respondent group. Statistical analysis methods included a hierarchical cluster analysis, mean, median, mode, and percent
of agreement calculations using SPSS software. The face-to-face discussion in phase 4 clarified some issues and helped the
group as a whole to outline the strategy for putting in place the essential elements of a framework to improve the quality
of life in an urban environment. 相似文献
3.
FERNANDO TOMÁS MAESTRE GIL 《Environmental management》2001,28(2):149-163
Local scale has an important role in environmental management. In Spain, rapid industrialization has occurred in the last
three decades, leading to substantial changes in socioeconomic relations and resulting in significant environmental degradation.
This paper describes the environmental status of the township of Sax (Alicante, in southeast Spain), which has passed from
agriculture to industrial manufacturing in 50 years. The human population has grown exponentially during the second half of
the 20th century, with a 91% increase from 1955 to 1995, coinciding with strong growth in manufacturing (factories increased
fivefold in the period 1955–1976) and important changes in the working population and land use. Illegal rubbish dumps, water
pollution, forest fires, erosion, and degradation of wildlife habitats are the main outcomes of these dramatic socioeconomic
and demographic changes. The administration has focused on the control of water pollution and waste management, while nongovernmental
organizations have concentrated on the prevention of forest fires and the development of environmental education programs.
These measures are insufficient to manage current environmental degradation, and an environmental management plan for the
study area is discussed. Increasing effort in waste management and industrial wastewater control, changes in land-use policy,
and the creation of an advisory committee to increase public participation in decision-making have been identified as environmental
target objectives for the coming years. 相似文献
4.
/ The case of "Environment and Development" at Leiden University, the Netherlands, offers an example of developing a new environmental science curriculum in a conservative, disciplines-oriented university context. The core of this history is the long-term struggle of environmental science to evolve from the level of doing applied interdisciplinary studies and establish itself as a distinct body of knowledge with its own theory level, i.e., a discipline of its own. The struggle itself as well as its final outcome, a "bidisciplinary" curriculum in which both environmental science and one social science are expressed as disciplines (hence not environmental science as a mere "field of application") may be of value in other "classical" universities, too. KEY WORDS: Environmental science; Curriculum; Interdisciplinarity; Universities 相似文献
5.
Abel TD 《Environmental management》2008,42(2):232-248
This article presents a case study of Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) air pollution exposure risks across metropolitan St. Louis. The first section critically reviews environmental justice research and related barriers to environmental risk management. Second, the paper offers a conventional analysis of the spatial patterns of TRI facilities and their surrounding census block group demographics for metropolitan St. Louis. Third, the article describes the use of an exposure risk characterization for 319 manufacturers and their air releases of more than 126 toxic pollutants. This information could lead to more practical resolutions of urban environmental injustices. The analysis of TRIs across metropolitan St. Louis shows that minority and low-income residents were disproportionately closer to industrial pollution sources at nonrandom significance levels. Spatial concentrations of minority residents averaged nearly 40% within one kilometer of St. Louis TRI sites compared to 25% elsewhere. However, one-fifth of the region's air pollution exposure risk over a decade was spatially concentrated among only six facilities on the southwestern border of East St. Louis. This disproportionate concentration of some of the greatest pollution risk would never be considered in most conventional environmental justice analyses. Not all pollution exposure risk is average, and the worst risks deserve more attention from environmental managers assessing and mitigating environmental injustices. 相似文献
6.
Thomas G. Measham 《Environmental management》2009,43(6):1096-1107
Conventional approaches to evaluation of environmental programs have tended to limit themselves to restricted measures of
program effectiveness. This paper shows how a social learning approach can be incorporated into evaluating public environmental
programs. A social learning approach is particularly suited to complex environmental challenges which are inherently difficult
to understand, predict, and manage, thus complicating the evaluation process. The paper presents an Australian case study
of dryland salinity management where there are major knowledge barriers impeding conventional management techniques. The research
presented in this paper focused on evaluating a public demonstration program to track its impact through its design, implementation,
and monitoring phases. The paper shows that, by incorporating social learning principles and practices, program evaluation
can promote collective action, critical reflection, and increased knowledge to underpin improved environmental management. 相似文献
7.
A Multiattribute Index for Assessing Environmental Impacts of Regional Development Projects: A Case Study of Korea 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Evaluating environmental impacts has become an increasingly vital part of environmental management. In the present study,
a methodological procedure based on multiattribute utility theory (MAUT) has been applied to obtain a decision-maker's value
index on assessment of the environmental impacts. The paper begins with an overview of MAUT. Next, we elicited strategic objectives
and several important attributes, and then structured them into a hierarchy, with the aim of structuring and quantifying the
basic values for the assessment. An environmental multiattribute index is constructed as a multiattribute utility function,
based on value judgements provided by a decision-maker at the Korean Ministry of Environment (MOE). The implications of the
results are useful for many aspects of MOE's environmental policies; identifying the strategic objectives and basic values;
facilitating communication about the organization's priorities; and recognizing decision opportunities that face decision-makers
of Korea. 相似文献
8.
Mohammed M 《Environmental management》2000,25(2):177-188
/ This study aims to investigate the ISO 14001 implementation process and its implications for regional environmental management. The region of Central Japan (known as Chubu in Japanese, which literally means center) was chosen for this case study. The study focuses on selected issues such as the: (1) trends and motives of private firms in the implementation of an ISO 14001-based environmental management system (EMS); (2) obstacles during system implementation; (3) role of the system in enhancing environmental performance within the certified organization; and (4) relation between the major stakeholders, local citizens, governments, and firms after adopting the system. To achieve these objectives, a questionnaire survey was mailed to all certified firms in the region. A 58% response was achieved overall. The results show that the main aims behind the adoption of ISO 14001 by firms in the Chubu region are to improve the environmental aspects within the enterprises and to enhance the employees' environmental awareness and capacity. The results have also shown that the ISO 14001-based EMS has had a great effect on a firm's environmental status as certified firms have claimed that natural resources such as fuel, water, and paper consumption have been more efficiently managed after adopting the system. Implementation of the system causes the firms to consider the role of the local people and the government in more effectively involving the local people in the firm's daily environmental activities. It also helps to enhance the environmental awareness among the local people. Adopting the system also promotes a better relation within the enterprises affiliated to the same group, such as more attention given by the parent firms (head offices) towards other firms working for the same group, or branches-mainly small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs)-in the field of EMS. Finally, the results show that firms give serious consideration to their final products' impacts on the environment. In other words, attention is given to life cycle analysis (LCA) among certified firms. 相似文献
9.
石油石化企业污染减排工作初探 总被引:4,自引:3,他引:1
污染减排是企业当前面临的一项重要而紧迫的任务。理顺污染减排工作机制体制,完善污染减排体系,落实污染减排措施,对于实现污染减排目标具有重要意义。文章根据国家相关规定和要求,结合石油石化行业特点及污染减排工作实践,系统提出了企业建立污染减排长效机制的对策建议。 相似文献
10.
This paper focuses on integrated environmental management and shows why emphasis should be put on implementation issues. The authors take the example of integrated coastal management (ICM) and analyse a case study they recently conducted in Madagascar, where an ambitious ICM programme is being implemented. They explain a strong perverse mechanism called sectoralization, which appears to threaten many integration efforts and is a good example of what is at stake with the implementation of the integration concept. They conclude especially that integrated environmental management should not be considered as the only modern form of environmental action, and that a certain type of case study is now needed to analyse existing environmental management systems before designing integration programmes. 相似文献
11.
The literature guides environmental planning and, specifically, how to use ecological rehabilitation projects to achieve long-term
planning goals and landscape-scale environmental sustainability. There is, however, a perceived gap between principles in
the literature and the use of them by practitioners involved in smaller-scale ecological rehabilitation projects. Using interviews
with practitioners involved in 11 projects within the Regional Municipality of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, we tested whether
practitioners used five principles for effective planning and implementation of ecological rehabilitation that we derived
from the literature. These five principles were: establishing political and ecological context, using ecologically appropriate
objectives and practices, using comparative multidisciplinary and cross-scale approaches, using adaptive planning and implementation,
and establishing good communication within and external to projects. Few projects followed all five principles, and practitioners
indicated that they used three more project-specific principles: obtaining political/social support, promoting projects and
changing attitudes about projects, and securing sufficient and persistent funding to maintain a project's life. While the
literature emphasizes that ecological rehabilitation is only effective if projects are coordinated on a watershed basis, most
practitioners focused solely on the goals of their specific project. The gap between literature and practice may arise because
most practitioners are new to the field of ecological rehabilitation and still are focused on the methods involved. Time pressures
force practitioners to obviate the literature and get projects started quickly, lest support evaporate. Complicating these
difficulties is decreased support from federal and provincial governments for large-scale environmental planning. It is unclear
whether ecological rehabilitation projects in Waterloo Region (at least) will ever become effective at promoting landscape-scale
ecological goals or remain smaller-scale stop-gaps. 相似文献
12.
Haight RG Homans FR Horie T Mehta SV Smith DJ Venette RC 《Environmental management》2011,47(3):506-517
Economic assessment of damage caused by invasive alien species provides useful information to consider when determining whether
management programs should be established, modified, or discontinued. We estimate the baseline economic damage from an invasive
alien pathogen, Ceratocystis fagacearum, a fungus that causes oak wilt, which is a significant disease of oaks (Quercus spp.) in the central United States. We focus on Anoka County, Minnesota, a 1,156 km2 mostly urban county in the Minneapolis-Saint Paul metropolitan region. We develop a landscape-level model of oak wilt spread
that accounts for underground and overland pathogen transmission. We predict the economic damage of tree mortality from oak
wilt spread in the absence of management during the period 2007–2016. Our metric of economic damage is removal cost, which
is one component of the total economic loss from tree mortality. We estimate that Anoka County has 5.92 million oak trees
and 885 active oak wilt pockets covering 5.47 km2 in 2007. The likelihood that landowners remove infected oaks varies by land use and ranges from 86% on developed land to
57% on forest land. Over the next decade, depending on the rates of oak wilt pocket establishment and expansion, 76–266 thousand
trees will be infected with discounted removal cost of $18–60 million. Although our predictions of removal costs are substantial,
they are lower bounds on the total economic loss from tree mortality because we do not estimate economic losses from reduced
services and increased hazards. Our predictions suggest that there are significant economic benefits, in terms of damage reduction,
from preventing new pocket establishment or slowing the radial growth of existing pockets. 相似文献
13.
Noble BF 《Environmental management》2004,33(3):401-411
Strategic environmental assessment (SEA) is gaining widespread recognition as a tool for integrating environmental considerations in policy, plan, and program development and decision-making. Notwithstanding the potential of SEA to improve higher-order decision processes, there has been very little attention given to integrating SEA with industry planning practices. As a result, the benefits of SEA have yet to be fully realized among industrial proponents. That said, SEA practice is ongoing, albeit informally and often under a different label, and is proving to be a valuable tool for industry planning and decision-making. Based on a case study of the Pasquai-Porcupine forest management plan in Saskatchewan, Canada, this paper illustrates how an integrated approach to SEA can contribute to industry environmental decision-making and can enhance the quality and deliverability of industry plans. 相似文献
14.
Advances in telemetry have facilitated the continuous monitoring of fish position and movement. At present, there are few examples where this approach has been applied to environmental monitoring or assessment. Here we 1) present a case study that used a fixed antenna array and continuously scanning coded receiving system to monitor the movement of radio-tagged smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) in a thermal discharge canal on Lake Erie during the winter of 1998/1999, and 2) evaluate the use of fixed telemetry arrays for environmental monitoring. Although the number of radiotagged bass in the canal decreased gradually over time, fish spent the majority of the winter in the canal. When in the canal, bass selected areas upstream of the tempering pumps where water was the warmest. This region was also high in habitat complexity, had adequate velocity refuges, and abundant forage. Despite residing in the thermal effluent throughout the winter, none of the fish monitored were observed to participate in reproductive activities in the canal in the Spring. Interestingly, during a biofouling chlorination pulse in May, 50% of radiotagged fish still residing in the canal left and did not return during the monitoring period. Utility infrastructure accessible to fish, including thermal effluents, should be considered as fish habitat and managed accordingly to minimize mortality and sublethal effects on resident and transient fish. Fixed telemetry arrays that permit the continuous monitoring of fish behavior as described in this paper are widely applicable to many issues in environmental management, monitoring, and conservation. 相似文献
15.
Environmental indicator systems are a fundamental tool in quantifying the environmental component of sustainable development.
They are useful because they quantify the status and trends of key environmental parameters and provide information on the
environment that allows authorities and communities to make informed decisions. This article analyzes the basic framework
for Chinese environmental indicator systems and presents a “core” set of environmental indicators. In our research, we used
a theme approach to develop the environmental indicator systems. We performed two case studies of selected indicators. In
the first, we used an urban ambient air pollution composite index and an urban ambient air pollution indicator for three main
pollutants to examine trends in urban air pollution in China from 1990 to 2000 at regional and national levels. The results
indicate that China has made some progress towards controlling urban air pollution, but must do more in order to reach acceptable
pollution levels. We think that an aggregated index and disaggregated indicators have important complementary roles in the
policy-making processes. In the second case study, we developed and constructed a grassland degradation index that aggregates
information on the extent and severity of grassland degradation. Taking the Xilinhaote region of Inner Mongolia as the study
area, we calculated this index by combining remote-sensing data, a geographical information system (GIS), and field investigation.
Based on these results, we provide recommendations regarding further development and measurement of environmental indicators
in China. 相似文献
16.
关于生态农业的研究,已经在农学、生物学、地理学等领域积累了丰硕的成果。但是,这些研究大都着眼于生态农业的生产过程,即更多关注供给的角度,而很少从需求的角度来分析。本文从市场机制的角度出发,构建了消费者偏好与生产者策略的"传导模型",依据消费者对农产品生态敏感度的不同对其进行区分。对于"生态不敏感"的农产品,消费者对产品的生态敏感度低,这一偏好通过价格信号传导到生产者,使生产者采取大规模标准化的生产策略,对生态环境造成损耗;对于"生态强敏感"的农产品,消费者对产品的生态敏感度高,这一偏好能够通过价格信号传导到生产者,并使生产者采取生态化生产的策略,是绿色可持续的;对于"生态弱敏感"的农产品,市场存在分层现象,使得上述两种传导机制同时并存。消费者的偏好与愿意支付的溢价,生产者采用生态化生产方式的成本,以及证明产品品质的交易费用,是决定农产品生产能否在市场环境下自发实现绿色可持续的三个关键环节。培育绿色消费观念、提高生态农业的产出、健全产品质量监督体系是促进生态农业发展的三个着力点。 相似文献
17.
生态市建设是一项系统工程,是实现可持续发展的必然途径。通过对战略环境影响评价理论、方法的探讨,开发出了针对生态市建设的战略环境影响评价技术框架,并以淮南市为例,构建了一套完整的战略环境影响评价指标体系。最后分析了淮南生态市建设SEIA的主要内容:土地利用规划、产业政策结构调整以及各项战略的环境影响评价,为生态市建设SEIA提供方法和技术支持。 相似文献
18.
In the United States, the common interest often is conceived as a by-product of the pluralist, interest-group-driven democratic
process. Special interests dominate in many political arenas. Consequently, we have lost the language, vocabulary, and ability
to talk about the common interest. The way to reverse this trend is to develop and practice with new tools that allow us to
articulate what we mean by the common interest in specific contexts. In this article, we leveraged the literature on procedural,
substantive, and pragmatic decision making to illustrate how they work together to demonstrate whether and how the common
interest was served in three case studies of Healthy Forests Restoration Act implementation on the Apache-Sitgreaves National
Forest in Arizona. In two of the cases we found that the common interest was mostly served, while in the third case it was
not. Our results raise questions about the ability of procedural criteria or substantive criteria alone to determine effectiveness
in decision making. When evaluated together they provide a more complete understanding of how the common interest is or is
not served.
相似文献
Toddi A. SteelmanEmail: |
19.
We develop indicators showing the relative environmental burdens that human activities place on locales for a given level of economic benefits. The main purpose is to develop tools that allow us to examine the potential vulnerabilities within economies to changes in resource conditions. The indicators of pollution emission or resource consumption per job can be used to identify potential challenges to resource and industry managers and to compare areas in terms of their ability to adapt to change. For example, if a large number of area jobs are dependent on abundant water, this indicates a vulnerability to a reduction in water availability for industrial use. We develop a case study for 23 counties and 1 city in Maryland to examine the usefulness and limitations of the indicators. Our case study demonstrates that the indicators provide an informative view into patterns of local economic activity and use of an area’s environmental goods and services. In contrast to patterns for total environmental burdens (e.g., total SO2 emissions) that are typically reported, the rates of environmental burden per job are not simply correlated with high or low economic output. Thus, the indicators represent distinct patterns of environmental burdens per job that reflect reliance on environmental services. The indicators have some limitations when used at this fine scale because they can misrepresent conditions in counties in which economic sectors are dominated by one or a few businesses. For this reason, the indicators are best used as a regional screening tool. 相似文献