V2O5/AC在含SO2气氛中对气态Hg0的吸附脱除研究

利用固定床反应器研究了模拟烟气(N_2、SO_2、O_2)气氛下,气态Hg~0在V_2O_5/AC催化剂上的吸附脱除行为.考察了V_2O_5担载量、SO_2浓度和吸附温度等对V_2O_5/AC吸附脱除Hg~0的影响,并对V_2O_5/AC上吸附汞的形态进行了XPS分析表征.研究发现,V_2O_5/AC对Hg~0的吸附能力远大于载体AC.汞的吸附量与V_2O_5/AC中V_2O_5的质量分数有关,随着V_2O_5质量分数从0.5%增加到1.0%,汞的吸附量从75.9 μg·g~(-1)增加到89.6 μg·g~(-1) (无氧) 和115.9 μg·g~(-1)增加到185.5 μg·g~(-1) (有氧),远高于相同吸附条件下的AC上的汞吸附量 (9.6 μg·g~(-1)和23.3 μg·g~(-1)).SO_2对Hg~0的吸附有促进作用,主要是由于SO_2和Hg~0在V_2O_5/AC上发生了化学反应.但是当SO_2体积分数从500×10~(-6)增加到2 000×10~(-6)时,V_2O_5/AC对汞的吸附量只增加了5%.不同温度下的实验结果表明,V_2O_5/AC催化剂在150℃左右的吸附脱除Hg~0的能力最高,汞的吸附量达到98.5 μg·g~(-1) (无氧) 和187.7 μg·g~(-1) (有氧).XPS 分析结果表明,在V_2O_5/AC催化剂表面有HgO和HgSO_4生成,证实了V_2O_5和SO_2的作用.     

In situ IR,pulse reaction and TPD-ITD study of catalytic performance of room-temperature carbon monoxide oxidation on supported gold catalysts

With in situ IR, two different CO adsorption bands were detected on various chemical state gold catalysts. One band is attributed to the linear CO on an oxidized gold catalyst(2100 cm i ), the other one is ascribed to the bridged CO on metallic gold (2085 cm- i ). CO pulse reaction showed that Au/Fe203 catalyst had a room-temperature activity even in the presence of moisture. The produced CO2 was detained and more easily desorbed from supported gold catalyst than support oxide. TPD-IDT results indicated that the 02- superoxide ions are the possible active oxygen species.     

Mo-modified Pd/Al2O3 catalysts for benzene catalytic combustion

Mo-modified Pd/Al2O3catalysts were prepared by an impregnation method and tested for the catalytic combustion of benzene. The catalysts were characterized by N2 isothermal adsorption, X-ray diffraction（XRD）, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy（XPS）, temperatureprogrammed desorption of NH3（NH3-TPD）, H2temperature-programmed reduction（H2-TPR）, and high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy（HAADF-STEM）. The results showed that the addition of Mo effectively improved the activity and stability of the Pd/Al2O3catalyst by increasing the dispersion of Pd active components, changing the partial oxidation state of palladium and increasing the oxygen species concentration on the surface of catalyst. In the case of the Pd-Mo/Al2O3catalyst,benzene conversion of 90% was obtained at temperatures as low as 190°C, which was 45°C lower than that for similar performance with the Pd/Al2O3catalyst. Moreover, the 1.0% Pd-5% Mo/Al2O3catalyst was more active than the 2.0% Pd/Al2O3catalyst. It was concluded that Pd and Mo have a synergistic effect in benzene catalytic combustion.     

TiO2/AC催化臭氧氧化处理水中的苯酚

研究了单独臭氧氧化及以活性炭(AC)和负载二氧化钛的活性碳(TiO2/AC)为催化剂催化臭氧氧化处理水中苯酚的效果。考察了AC、TiO2/AC对苯酚的吸附特性及三种方法对苯酚的转化率及矿化率效果及其臭氧利用效率,并对氧化过程进行了动力学分析。实验结果表明:AC、TiO2/AC对苯酚的吸附均较好地符合Freundlich方程;催化臭氧氧化转化苯酚的效果高于单独臭氧氧化;TiO2/AC作催化剂有利于苯酚的最终矿化,同时提高了臭氧的利用效率;3种氧化反应均较好的符合二级动力学方程,TiO2/AC催化臭氧氧化苯酚的二级动力学常数为0.0001L/(mg.min),高于单独臭氧氧化0.00004L/(mg.min)和AC催化臭氧氧化0.00006L/(mg.min)。     

活性焦负载MnO2对气态Hg0的吸附脱除研究

研究了活性焦(AC)及负载MnO2的活性焦(MnO2/AC)对气态Hg0的吸附脱除,发现负载MnO2到AC明显提高了其对Hg0的吸附脱除能力.考察了MnO2负载量、温度、Hg0浓度和烟气成分等对MnO2/AC吸附脱除Hg0的影响.结果表明,MnO2/AC对Hg0的吸附脱除能力随MnO2负载量的增加而增强;在120～200℃的温度范围内,随着温度升高,MnO2/AC对Hg0的吸附脱除能力增强;O2和HCl对MnO2/AC吸附脱除Hg0具有促进作用,而SO2和H2O具有抑制作用.SEM-EDX和逐级化学提取结果证实,MnO2将Hg0催化氧化为HgO并吸附在AC上,这是MnO2/AC具有较高的吸附脱除Hg0能力的原因.     

Pd/activated carbon sorbents for mid-temperature capture of mercury from coal-derived fuel gas

Higher concentrations of Hg can be emitted from coal pyrolysis or gasification than from coal combustion, especially elemental Hg. Highly efficient Hg removal technology from coal-derived fuel gas is thus of great importance. Based on the very excellent Hg removal ability of Pd and the high adsorption abilities of activated carbon（AC） for H2 S and Hg, a series of Pd/AC sorbents was prepared by using pore volume impregnation, and their performance in capturing Hg and H2 S from coal-derived fuel gas was investigated using a laboratory-scale fixed-bed reactor. The effects of loading amount, reaction temperature and reaction atmosphere on Hg removal from coal-derived fuel gas were studied. The sorbents were characterized by N2 adsorption, X-ray diffraction（XRD） and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy（XPS）. The results indicated that the efficiency of Hg removal increased with the increasing of Pd loading amount, but the effective utilization rate of the active component Pd decreased significantly at the same time. High temperature had a negative influence on the Hg removal. The efficiency of Hg removal in the N2-H2S-H2-CO-Hg atmosphere（simulated coal gas） was higher than that in N2-H2S-Hg and N2-Hg atmospheres, which showed that H2 and CO, with their reducing capacity, could benefit promote the removal of Hg. The XPS results suggested that there were two different ways of capturing Hg over sorbents in N2-H2S-Hg and N2-Hg atmospheres.     

磁性水滑石双金属催化剂吸附-催化氢还原去除水中高氯酸盐的研究

采用化学共沉淀法制备磁性钯钴水滑石催化剂（M-Pd/Co@CHT）,用于吸附催化还原去除水中的高氯酸盐.同时,研究了不同溶液pH值、催化剂投加量、温度、共存离子和氢气流量等因素的影响,考察了吸附动力学和等温吸附过程.最后对反应前后材料进行表征,以明确吸附催化氢还原反应机理.结果表明：在较宽的pH范围（5~10）内,M-Pd/Co@CHT显示出对高氯酸盐较高、较稳定的吸附效率;伪二阶动力学模型和Langmuir模型能很好地拟合催化剂对高氯酸盐的吸附规律,说明该吸附过程是近似单层的化学吸附,最大单层吸附容量为172.65 mg·g^-1;温度、投加量和供氢气量对M-Pd/Co@CHT加氢催化还原高氯酸盐有显著的影响,当高氯酸盐初始浓度为10 mg·L^-1时,在最优实验条件下30 min可以去除约54%的高氯酸盐;利用XRD、FTIR、BET、XPS及VSM等手段对M-Pd/Co@CHT进行表征,结果表明,介孔M-Pd/Co@CHT可以有效吸附或催化高氯酸盐;高氯酸盐首先被吸附至M-Pd/Co@CHT上从而恢复其层状结构,而后在Pd/Co二元金属催化剂的作用下被氢还原去除;利用外加磁场能够实现材料的固液分离,可以有效地避免二次污染.     

低Pd负载量结构化邻二甲苯燃烧催化剂的设计

为了在极短的时间内制备具有超低贵金属含量的结构化催化剂,并将其应用于邻二甲苯的催化燃烧体系,在阴极极化技术的基础上采用电解法制备具有不同载体的Pd基结构化催化剂,通过SEM（扫描电子显微镜）、EDS（能谱仪）、XRD（X射线衍射）、CO-Pulse（一氧化碳脉冲化学吸附）等表征手段分析不同催化剂上Pd的分散行为对催化活性的影响,并利用交流阻抗试验解释Pd在不同载体上的负载机理.结果表明:①阴极极化技术有效地减薄了AAO/Al（CP-AAO/Al、CP-AlOOH/Al和CP-γ-Al₂O₃/Al 3种载体的前驱体）的阻挡层,从而提高了载体的导电性,2.5 min内AAO/Al的表面电阻从7.23×108 Ω降至1.21×108 Ω.②当w（Pd）为0.1%时,采用电解法在3种载体上负载Pd的时间在5 min以内.③3种载体中CP-γ-Al₂O₃/Al（阴极极化后的γ-Al₂O₃载体）的阻抗最小,其电荷转移能力最好,更有利于Pd的负载及分散.④Pd/CP-AAO/Al、Pd/CP-AlOOH/Al和Pd/CP-γ-Al₂O₃/Al催化剂上Pd的分散度分别为11.24%、10.90%、17.42%,对应的T₅₀（转化率为50%时的温度）分别为170、172、160℃.研究显示,电解法可有效地将催化剂制备时间由传统的数十小时缩短为数分钟,同时邻二甲苯催化活性结果表明,催化剂活性与Pd的分散度呈正相关,即Pd的分散度越高,催化剂的催化活性越好.      

Effect of Cu loading content on the catalytic performance of Cu-USY catalysts for selective catalytic reduction of NO with NH3

Series of Cu-USY zeolite catalyst with different Cu loading content were synthesized through simple impregnation method. The obtained catalysts were subjected to selective catalytic reduction of NO_x with NH₃ (NH₃-SCR) performance evaluation, structural/chemical characterizations such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), N₂ adsorption/desorption, H₂ temperature-programmed reduction (H₂-TPR), NH₃ temperature-programmed desorption (NH₃-TPD) as well as detailed in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) experiments including CO adsorption, NH₃ adsorption and NO+O₂ in situ reactions. Results show that Cu-USY with proper Cu loading (in this work 5Cu-USY with 5 wt.% Cu) could be promising candidates with highly efficient NH₃-SCR catalytic performance, relatively low byproduct formation and excellent hydrothermal stability, although its SO₂ poisoning tolerability needs alleviation. Further characterizations reveal that such catalytic advantages can be attributed to both active cu species and surface acid centers evolution modulated by Cu loading. On one hand, Cu species in the super cages of zeolites increases with higher Cu content and being more conducive for NH₃-SCR reactivity. On the other hand, higher Cu loading leads to depletion of Brønsted acid centers and simultaneous formation of abundant Lewis acid centers, which facilitates NH₄NO₃ reduction via NH₃ adsorbed on Lewis acid centers, thus improving SCR reactivity. However, Cu over-introduction leads to formation of surface highly dispersed CuO_x, causing unfavorable NH₃ oxidation and inferior N₂ selectivity.     

TiO2光催化净化城市隧道中NOx的行为及经济性

考察了TiO₂光催化降解模拟城市隧道尾气中NO_x的催化行为,并以一个长度为1km和高度为5m的双向两车道城市隧道为研究对象,分析了其应用的经济性.结果表明,煅烧温度为400℃制备的TiO₂-400催化剂的NO吸附性能和光催化性能最佳,NO_x最大转化率为30%.不同的气体组成会显著影响光催化剂对NO_x的吸附和光催化性能,其中对于NO竞争性吸附抑制效应的影响为CH₄≈CO₂>CO,而对于光催化性能的促进效应影响为CO > CH₄ > CO₂.增大紫外光辐照度可提高光催化活性,但降低了催化剂的稳定性.紫外光辐照度为6.4μW/cm²为合适的光照强度.增加催化剂的用量可显著增强NO的吸附性能和光降解NO_x的稳定性.当催化剂用量为15mg/cm²时,NO吸附容量为0.88mg/g,催化剂的稳定时间可达110min.通过简要分析该技术的经济性,表明光催化降解城市隧道NO_x的成本较低,具有良好的经济性.     

CoOx-TiO2催化臭氧氧化草酸的研究

采用溶胶凝胶的方法制备CoOx-TiO2催化剂,对臭氧流量、催化剂投量、反应温度、草酸初始浓度、pH值等影响草酸去除率的因素进行了研究,并探讨了催化机理.实验结果表明,溶液初始pH值对草酸的去除率有显著的影响,溶液初始pH值为3时,草酸具有去95.7%的最高去除率.催化氧化过程中草酸被彻底矿化为CO2和H2O.通过叔丁醇实验和电子顺磁共振波谱仪(ESR)证明,在催化过程中有羟基自由基的生成,但羟基自由基并不是主要的氧化剂.草酸可能首先在催化剂表面发生吸附或者络合,然后被羟基自由基或者臭氧分子直接氧化.     

不同特性的多孔炭对CO2的吸附研究

分别用苯胺和糠醇为碳源、NaY分子筛为硬模板在碳化温度为700与900℃下合成了多孔炭(MC-AN-700、MC-AN-900、MC-FA-700和MC-FA-900),并对材料进行了结构表征,研究了低浓度CO2在这些材料和商业活性炭(AC)上的动态吸附.结果显示,MC-AN-700的氮和氧的含量均最高,分别为6.59%和8.71%;MC-FA-900的总孔容居于首位,为0.73cm3/g,但微孔体积中,AC的最大,为0.35cm3/g.在常温常压下,初始浓度为10%的 CO2在5种材料上的饱和吸附量的顺序为:MC-AN-700(2.20mmol/g)>MC-AN- 900(1.72mmol/g)>AC(1.59mmol/g)>MC-FA-900(1.45mmol/g)>MC-FA-700(1.09mmol/g),吸附差异受吸附剂的微孔孔容和氮含量共同影响.在2%~10%的范围内,CO2吸附量随初始浓度增加而增加;在20、45和65℃3个温度下,CO2吸附量随温度升高而降低.经4次脱附再生后,MC-AN-700的吸附量仍保持了原有吸附量的91%,高于MC-FA-900(86%)与AC(85%).     

吸附-放电等离子体分解去除NOx研究

采用吸附-放电等离子体分解工艺去除NO_x,考察吸附剂类型和放电方式以及循环操作对NO_x去除性能的影响.所考察的4种分子筛(ZSM-5、MOR、SAPO-34和SSZ-13)中SSZ-13具有较大的NO_x吸附容量和较低的吸附强度,有利于延长吸附时间并促进等离子体作用下NO_x的脱附和分解.程序升温脱附和红外光谱分析结果表明,NO_x主要以物理吸附或较弱化学吸附的形式吸附于SSZ-13表面,少量转化为NO₃^-和NO₂^-等强吸附物种.放电方式显著影响等离子体去除SSZ-13表面NO_x的性能,与N₂吹扫放电和封闭放电相比,采用先封闭放电后N₂吹扫放电的方式可同时获得较高的NO_x去除率和去除能效以及较低的NO_x残留率和N₂O选择性.吸附-等离子体分解循环操作时可获得稳定的NO_x去除性能,循环使用6次后SSZ-13晶相和孔结构无显著变化.     

Influence of moderate pre-oxidation treatment on the physical, chemical and phosphate adsorption properties of iron-containing activated carbon

A novel adsorbent based on iron oxide dispersed over activated carbon(AC) were prepared, and used for phosphate removal from aqueous solutions. The influence of pre-oxidation treatment on the physical, chemical and phosphate adsorption properties of iron-containing AC were determined. Two series of ACs, non-oxidized and oxidized carbon modified by iron(denoted as AC-Fe and AC/OFe), resulted in a maximum impregnated iron of 4.03% and 7.56%, respectively. AC/O-Fe showed 34.0%–46.6% higher phosphate removal efficiency than the AC-Fe did. This was first attributed to the moderate pre-oxidation of raw AC by nitric acid, achieved by dosing Fe(II) after a pre-oxidation, to obtain higher iron loading, which is favorable for phosphate adsorption. Additionally, the in-situ formed active site on the surface of carbon, which was derived from the oxidation of Fe(II) by nitric acid dominated the remarkably high efficiency with respect to the removal of phosphate. The activation energy for adsorption was calculated to be 10.53 and 18.88 kJ/mol for AC-Fe and AC/OFe, respectively. The results showed that the surface mass transfer and intra-particle diffusion were simultaneously occurring during the process and contribute to the adsorption mechanism.     

Role of NO in Hg oxidation over a commercial selective catalytic reduction catalyst V2O5–WO3/TiO2

Experiments were conducted in a fixed-bed reactor that contained a commercial catalyst, V₂O₅–WO₃/TiO₂, to investigate mercury oxidation in the presence of NO and O₂. Mercury oxidation was improved by NO, and the efficiency was increased by simultaneously adding NO and O₂. With NO and O₂ pretreatment at 350°C, the catalyst exhibited higher catalytic activity for Hg⁰ oxidation, whereas NO pretreatment did not exert a noticeable effect. Decreasing the reaction temperature boosted the performance of the catalyst treated with NO and O₂. Although NO promoted Hg⁰ oxidation at the very beginning, excessive NO counteracted this effect. The results show that NO plays different roles in Hg⁰ oxidation; NO in the gaseous phase may directly react with the adsorbed Hg⁰, but excessive NO hinders Hg⁰ adsorption. The adsorbed NO was converted into active nitrogen species (e.g., NO₂) with oxygen, which facilitated the adsorption and oxidation of Hg⁰. Hg⁰ was oxidized by NO mainly by the Eley–Rideal mechanism. The Hg⁰ temperature-programmed desorption experiment showed that weakly adsorbed mercury species were converted to strongly bound ones in the presence of NO and O₂.     

Application of high silica zeolite ZSM-5 in a hybrid treatment process based on sequential adsorption and ozonation for VOCs elimination

In this study, a hydrophobic synthetic zeolite, namely ZSM-5 is chosen as an adsorbent/catalyst for toluene removal. Experimental results showed that toluene adsorption onto ZSM-5 was favourable, following a Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. ZSM-5 zeolite was regenerated using gaseous ozone at low temperature. Adsorbed toluene was oxidised, releasing mainly CO₂ and H₂O. Traces of oxidation by-products such as acetic acid and acetaldehyde were formed and remained adsorbed after the oxidativate regeneration with ozone. After four successive cycles of adsorption/ozonation, the adsorption efficiency was not affected (92%–99%). These results showed that volatile organic compound (VOC) removal by adsorption onto ZSM-5 zeolite followed by ozone regeneration could be used as a promising hybrid process for the control of VOC emissions in terms of efficiency.     

Elimination of formaldehyde over Cu-Al2O3 catalyst at room temperature

Catalytic elimination of formaldehyde (HCHO) was investigated over Cu-Al2O3 catalyst at room temperature. The results indicated that no oxidation of HCHO into CO2 occurs at room temperature, but the adsorption of HCHO occurs on the catalyst surface.With the increase of gas hourly space velocity(GHSV) and inlet HCHO concentration, the time to reach saturation was shortened proportionally. The results of the in situ DRIFTS, Density functional theory calculations and temperature programmed desorption(TPD) showed that HCHO was completely oxidized into HCOOH over Cu-Al2O3 at room temperature. With increasing the temperature in a flow of helium, HCOOH was completely decomposed into CO2 over the catalyst surface, and the deactivated Cu-Al2O3 is regenerated at the same time. In addition, although Cu had no obvious influence on the adsorption of HCHO on Al2O3, Cu dramatically lowered the decomposition temperature of HCOOH into CO2. It was shown that Cu-Al2O3 catalyst had a good ability for the removal of HCHO, and appeared to be promising for its application in destroying HCHO at room temperature.     

Pd/Ce0.5Zr0.5O2三效催化剂负载方法

分别采用沉积沉淀、直接混合和传统的浸渍法制备1% Pd/Ce_0.5Zr_0.5O₂ 催化剂, 研究了Pd负载方法对催化剂活性影响.运用H₂-TPR和原位漫反射红外(DRIFTS)研究了Pd-铈锆载体间的相互作用及Pd/Ce_0.5Zr_0.5O₂催化剂上的三效反应机理.结果表明沉积沉淀法制备的Pd/Ce_0.5Zr_0.5O₂催化剂(Pd-DP)表现出最强的Pd-载体作用及最优活性,原位红外实验发现Pd-DP上存在与传统的浸渍法制备的Pd-IMP催化剂不同的NO催化还原途径,推测Pd-载体间相互作用引起NO还原机理差异,进而导致活性差异.     

Synergistic effect of palladium and oxygen vacancies in the Pd/perovskite catalysts synthesized by the spc method

A series of oxygen-deficient perovskite-supported palladium catalysts were prepared by the “solid phase crystallization“(spc) ethod and investigated with XRD, TPR, TPD, TEM, XPS, BET analysis and CO oxidation. It was found that Pd/perovskite catalysts ynthesized by the spc method were more active for CO oxidation than the calcined LaCoo.95 Pdo.05 03, where Pd dispersed in the solid olution. H2-reducing treatment in the spc method could yield not only high-dispersed fine Pd particles on the perovskite surface but also xygen-deficient structure. In these perovskite-supported Pd catalysts, oxygen vacancies adsorbed, activated and supplied oxygen to the ctive Pd sites, where the oxidation occurred with adsorbed CO. The high activities were due to the cooperative action of Pd and oxygen acancies.     

GO/AC/Ti复合电极的制备及其对甲基橙的吸附电解性能

吸附和电解是2种去除水中有机物的有效方法,为发挥吸附和电解对有机物的协同作用,将具有优良吸附导电性能的还原氧化石墨烯（RGO）与活性炭（AC）复合得到复合材料并将其黏附在Ti极片上,得到RGO/AC/Ti复合电极用于电解水中的甲基橙。利用SEM、FT-IR、BET、XRD、C-V、EIS等对复合材料及电极进行表征,考察了Ti、RGO/Ti和RGO/AC/Ti对甲基橙的电化学性能。结果表明:与RGO相比,RGO/AC的比表面积由318.1 m2/g增加到405.1 m2/g。相对于RGO/Ti,RGO/AC/Ti电极比电容值略有下降,但电容保持率提升。在电解质浓度为0.15 mol/L,极距为15 mm,电流为100 mA,pH为6时,Ti、RGO/Ti和RGO/AC/Ti电极对甲基橙的去除率分别达到48.1%、79.5%和88.8%,去除效果较好。