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1.
During the past decades, the traditional state monopoly in urban water management has been debated heavily, resulting in different
forms and degrees of private sector involvement across the globe. Since the 1990s, China has also started experiments with
new modes of urban water service management and governance in which the private sector is involved. It is premature to conclude
whether the various forms of private sector involvement will successfully overcome the major problems (capital shortage, inefficient
operation, and service quality) in China’s water sector. But at the same time, private sector involvement in water provisioning
and waste water treatments seems to have become mainstream in transitional China. 相似文献
2.
3.
The maintenance of a timely, reliable and accurate spatial database on current forest ecosystem conditions and changes is
essential to characterize and assess forest resources and support sustainable forest management. Information for such a database
can be obtained only through a continuous forest inventory. The National Forest Continuous Inventory (NFCI) is the first level
of China’s three-tiered inventory system. The NFCI is administered by the State Forestry Administration; data are acquired
by five inventory institutions around the country. Several important components of the database include land type, forest
classification and ageclass/ age-group. The NFCI database in China is constructed based on 5-year inventory periods, resulting
in some of the data not being timely when reports are issued. To address this problem, a forest growth simulation model has
been developed to update the database for years between the periodic inventories. In order to aid in forest plan design and
management, a three-dimensional virtual reality system of forest landscapes for selected units in the database (compartment
or sub-compartment) has also been developed based on Virtual Reality Modeling Language. In addition, a transparent internet
publishing system for a spatial database based on open source WebGIS (UMN Map Server) has been designed and utilized to enhance
public understanding and encourage free participation of interested parties in the development, implementation, and planning
of sustainable forest management. 相似文献
4.
Penov I 《Environmental management》2004,34(2):304-313
The amount of water Bulgaria uses for irrigation sharply declined during the transition. Large sections of the existing irrigation systems were abandoned, and those still in use are hardly maintained. Crops such as wheat and barley have replaced more water-intensive crops, such as vegetables, rice, and maize. This problem has an impact on the future development of agriculture and the allocation of the countrys water resources. The central argument is that land fragmentation in the wake of decollectivization and restitution contributes to the irrigation systems abandonment. This article focuses on the institutional factors involved, but also considers additional factors that might have influenced the process. Further, it examines the causes driving these changes and analyzes their effect on irrigation. It is based on a review of the relevant legislation as well as fieldwork in 17 villages located in the Plovdiv region of Bulgaria. The article concludes that institutional settings, in addition to changes in large-scale market forces and the state enforcement mechanism, have contributed to the irrigation decline in Bulgaria.Published online
Note: This version was published online in June 2005 with the cover date of August 2004. 相似文献
5.
An Estimation of the Effects of China’s Priority Forestry Programs on Farmers’ Income 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In the late 1990s, the Chinese government initiated some new programs and consolidated other existing ones of ecological restoration and resource development in its forest sector, and renamed them as “Priority Forestry Programs,” or PFPs. They include the Natural Forest Protection Program (NFPP), the Sloping Land Conversion Program (SLCP), the Desertification Combating Program around Beijing and Tianjin (DCBT), the Shelterbelt Development Program (SBDP), and the Wildlife Conservation and Nature Reserve Development Program (WCNR). In addition to improving the environmental and resource conditions, a frequently reiterated goal of these PFPs is to increase rural households’ income, therefore discussing why looking at rural household income impacts might be an important part of forest program evaluation. Thus, an interesting and important question is: How has implementing the PFPs affected the farmers’ income and poverty status? This article addresses this question using a fixed-effects model and a panel dataset that covers 1968 households in four provinces for ten consecutive years (1995–2004). The empirical evidence indicates that their effects are mixed. The SLCP, the SBDP, and the NFPP have made positive impact and, by far, the SLCP has the largest effect. But the WCNR and the DCBT still have not had a pronounced overall effect due to their short time span of execution, even though they may have exerted certain influence at the margin. Notably, the impact of the WCNR, if any, is negative. 相似文献
6.
The Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, the landward reach of the San Francisco Estuary, provides habitat for threatened delta smelt,
endangered winter-run Chinook salmon, and other species of concern. It is also the location of huge freshwater diversion facilities
that entrain large numbers of fish. Reducing the entrainment of listed fishes into these facilities has required curtailment
of pumping, reducing the reliability of water deliveries. We reviewed the first 5 years (2001–2005) of the Environmental Water
Account (EWA), a program instituted to resolve conflicts between protecting listed fishes and providing a reliable water supply.
The EWA provided fishery agencies with control over 0.2–0.4 km3 of water to be used for fish protection at no cost to users of exported water, and fish agencies guaranteed no disruption
of water supply for fish protection. The EWA was successful in reducing uncertainty in water supply; however, its contribution
to the recovery of listed fishes was unclear. We estimated the effectiveness of the EWA to be modest, increasing the survival
of winter-run Chinook salmon by 0–6% (dependent on prescreen mortality), adult delta smelt by 0–1%, and juvenile delta smelt
by 2–4%. Allocating EWA water for a single life stage of one species could provide larger gains in survival. An optimally
allocated EWA of equal size to the median of the first 5 years could increase abundance of juvenile delta smelt up to 7% in
the springs of dry years. If the EWA is to become a long-term program, estimates of efficacy should be refined. If the program
is to be held accountable for quantitative increases in fish populations, it will be necessary to integrate scientific, possibly
experimental, approaches. 相似文献
7.
What’s Wrong with the Tap? Examining Perceptions of Tap Water and Bottled Water at Purdue University
The environmental impacts of bottled water prompted us to explore drinking water choices at Purdue University, located in
West Lafayette, IN. A random sample of 2,045 Purdue University students, staff, and faculty was invited to participate in
an online survey. The survey assessed current behaviors as well as perceived barriers and benefits to drinking tap water versus
bottled water. 677 surveys were completed for a response rate of 33.1%. We then conducted qualitative interviews with a purposive
sample of university undergraduates (n = 21) to obtain contextual insights into the survey results and the beliefs of individuals with a variety of drinking water
preferences. This study revealed that women drink disproportionately more bottled water then men while undergraduate students
drink more than graduate students, staff and faculty. The study also uncovered a widespread belief that recycling eliminates
the environmental impacts of bottled water. Important barriers to drinking tap water at Purdue include: perceived risks from
tap water and the perceived safety of bottled water, preferring the taste of bottled water, and the convenience of drinking
bottled water. The qualitative interviews revealed that drinking water choices can be influenced by several factors—especially
whether individuals trust tap water to be clean—but involve varying levels of complexity. The implications of these results
for social marketing strategies to promote tap water are discussed. 相似文献
8.
The recognition of the significance of the residential environment in contributing to non-point source (NPS) pollution and the inherently dispersed nature of NPS pollution itself that presents significant challenges to effective regulation has led to the creation and dissemination of best management practices (BMPs) that can reduce the impacts of NPS pollution (Environmental Protection Agency US, Protecting water quality from urban runoff, http://www.epa.gov/npdes/pubs/nps_urban-facts_final.pdf, 2003). However, very few studies have examined the factors that influence the adoption of BMPs by residential homeowners, despite the fact that residential environments have been identified as one of the most significant contributors to NPS pollution. Given this need, the purpose of this project was to explore how demographic and knowledge-based factors predict adoption of residential BMPs in an urbanizing watershed in Northern Illinois using statistical analyses of survey data collected as part of a watershed planning process. The findings indicate that broad knowledge of BMPs is the strongest predictor of use for a specific BMP. Knowledge of BMPs is strongly correlated with their use, which reinforces the need for educational programs, even among those assumed to be knowledgeable about BMPs. 相似文献
9.
This paper’s purpose is to predict China’s uranium resources demand from 2016 to 2030 based on experimental modeling. In addition, we discuss the future supply structure of China’s uranium resources by analyzing the domestic and foreign supply capacity of China’s uranium resources. According the forecast results, Chinese uranium resource demand will reach 21385 tU in 2030 under a medium scenario. Due to the poor endowment of uranium resources, China’s domestic uranium production will increase slowly. It can be calculated that the total demand of uranium resources in China during 2016–2030 will be 216581 tU, the cumulative production of domestic production will be 37900 tU, the overseas production will be 41950 tU, and the international market purchases will be 130574 tU. Hence, the cumulative degree of dependence on foreign resources is approximately 80%. China’s foreign dependence on uranium will be greater than for oil, and the situation will become extremely serious. Therefore, we put forward several suggestions to ensure the supply of China’s uranium resources: (1) strengthening mineral exploration and increasing domestic production, (2) actively operating the “going out” strategy, (3) enhancing the enterprise competition ability, and (4) establishing uranium resource reserves. By these means, China could efficiently guarantee the domestic uranium resource security and respond to the competition of India’s uranium resources demand increased. 相似文献
10.
Andrea Armstrong Richard C. Stedman Joseph A. Bishop Patrick J. Sullivan 《Environmental management》2012,50(5):849-860
Headwater streams are critical components of the stream network, yet landowner perceptions, attitudes, and property management behaviors surrounding these intermittent and ephemeral streams are not well understood. Our research uses the concept of watershed disproportionality, where coupled social-biophysical conditions bear a disproportionate responsibility for harmful water quality outcomes, to analyze the potential influence of riparian landowner perceptions and attitudes on water quality in headwater regions. We combine social science survey data, aerial imagery, and an analysis of spatial point processes to assess the relationship between riparian landowner perceptions and attitudes in relation to stream flow regularity. Stream flow regularity directly and positively shapes landowners’ water quality concerns, and also positively influences landowners’ attitudes of stream importance—a key determinant of water quality concern as identified in a path analysis. Similarly, riparian landowners who do not notice or perceive a stream on their property are likely located in headwater regions. Our findings indicate that landowners of headwater streams, which are critical areas for watershed-scale water quality, are less likely to manage for water quality than landowners with perennial streams in an obvious, natural channel. We discuss the relationships between streamflow and how landowners develop understandings of their stream, and relate this to the broader water quality implications of headwater stream mismanagement. 相似文献
11.
Merz J Nakarmi G Shrestha S Dahal BM Dongol BS Schaffner M Shakya S Sharma S Weingartner R 《Environmental management》2004,34(1):26-37
Inadequacy and poor quality of water supply for domestic purposes is increasingly becoming a concern in rural catchments of the Middle Mountains of Nepal. Water quantity is an issue in pocket areas of these catchments, while water quality is subject to concern in most of the water sources. Microbiological contamination in particular poses a risk to human health. In addition, sediment pollution during the monsoon season is perceived as an issue by the local residents. Elevated phosphate and nitrate levels in many water sources indicate intensive interaction with surface water hailing from agricultural areas and human settlements. These water quantity and quality concerns in two watersheds of Nepal, the Jhikhu Khola and the Yarsha Khola watersheds, are not isolated cases. Similar problems are reported from other watersheds monitored under the People and Resource Dynamics in Mountain Watersheds of the Hindu Kush-Himalayas (PARDYP) project in China, India, and Pakistan and the literature of this region. 相似文献
12.
13.
Minqin oasis, located at the lower reaches of the Shiyang River in northwest China, is one of the driest regions in the world. Severe water shortage has exacerbated the vulnerability of local ecosystems and the agricultural livelihood of farmers, and ecological failure threatens the environmental security of the region. Since 2007 China has implemented a range of strategic programmes and policies on water management which involve governments at all levels and include a diversity of adaptive actions in this region. However, rural households do not benefit equally from the policies and programmes. This study addresses two questions: first, how are inequality issues addressed in water-related policies and programmes? And second, what demographic and socio-economic factors at the household level are significantly related to the inequality in benefit sharing arisen from the implementation of these policies? The study employs a mixed method approach, integrating a qualitative approach that investigates policy documents with a quantitative approach that analyses primary data collected from a household survey in Minqin in 2012. The study finds that there are inadequate financial and instrumental resources put in place to address the causes of inequality. Unequal holdings of household capital, especially social capital and political status, significantly influences whether or not farmers can benefit from the water-related policies and schemes as practiced in the study area. Addressing the root causes of unequal benefits from water-related policies is urgent if China aims to achieve policy goals and sustainable development in this ecologically vulnerable region. 相似文献
14.
In this article, we hypothesize that in addition to participation status and household characteristics, the impact of China’s
Sloping Land Conversion Program on income growth and labor transfer is determined by local economic conditions, program range,
and political leadership, and the degree of impact on income may vary among different economic sectors. To test these propositions,
we have compiled a panel data set of 600 households in three counties in the Loess Plateau region, with observations for times
both prior to and after the program’s inception (1999 and 2006), for both aggregate and categorical incomes, and for both
participating and non-participating households. Using a difference in differences model and repeated cross-sectional data,
we find that participation status, local economic conditions, program extent, and political leadership indeed have significant
impacts on household income and off-farm employment. Moreover, the effects of participation on crop production income, animal
husbandry income, and off-farm income vary substantially. These results carry major policy implications in terms of how to
improve the effectiveness and impact of ecological restoration efforts in and outside of China. 相似文献
15.
China’s Primary Programs of Terrestrial Ecosystem Restoration: Initiation, Implementation, and Challenges 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
China has undertaken several major programs of terrestrial ecosystem restoration (ERPs) in recent years, including the Natural
Forest Protection Program (NFPP) and the Sloping Land Conversion Program (SLCP). There have been reports on the implementation
of these programs, their preliminary impacts, and the problems encountered in carrying them out; a great deal has been learned
from these studies. Nonetheless, China’s ERPs are not limited to the NFPP and the SLCP. Because a complete documentation and
a timely update of these major efforts are still missing from the literature, it is difficult to gauge the scope of these
programs and the scale of their impacts. In addition, a more thorough and critical analysis of both the general ERP policy
and the specific technical measures used in implementing the ERPs remains urgently needed. The purpose of this article is
to tackle these tasks. Overall, with the huge government investments in the ERPs, tremendous progress has been made in implementing
them. To complete them successfully and to fundamentally improve the targeted ecosystems, however, it is essential for China
to have a more balanced and comprehensive approach to ecological restoration. This approach must include: adopting better
planning and management practices; strengthening the governance of program implementation; emphasizing the active engagement
of local people; establishing an independent, competent monitoring network; and conducting adequate assessments of program
effectiveness and impact. 相似文献
16.
Assessing China’s Ecological Restoration Programs: What’s Been Done and What Remains to Be Done? 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
This article surveys the recent literature that has assessed China’s ecological restoration programs, including the Sloping
Land Conversion Program (SLCP) and the Natural Forest Protection Program (NFPP). Our presumption is that the performance of
these programs should be determined by their effectiveness of implementation and significance of impact. Implementation effectiveness
can be measured with such indicators as land area converted or conserved, and survival and stocking rates of restored vegetation,
while impact significance can be gauged by the induced changes in ecosystem functionality and stability (erosion control,
biodiversity protection, etc.) and socioeconomic conditions. Coupling this matrix with an exhaustive search of the publications,
we find that: (1) the implementation effectiveness has not been examined as extensively as the impact significance; (2) efforts
to assess the impact significance have concentrated on the SLCP, particularly its socioeconomic effects: growth of income,
alternative industry, and employment, and likelihood of re-conversion; and (3) most of the socioeconomic studies are based
on rural household surveys and discrete choice and difference in differences models. While much has been learned from previous
studies, a lot more needs to be done in improving our understanding of the program execution and impacts. Future work should
pay more attention to the NFPP and other programs, and the environmental impacts and the implementation effectiveness of all
of them. To these ends, analysts must gather more field data regarding the evolving ecosystem conditions and socioeconomic
information of higher aggregation, and conduct their research across scales and disciplines, with better application of geospatial
technology and more effective modeling. 相似文献
17.
Tourism development may result in negative impacts on natural resources owing to overuse and mismanagement. However, tourism
may also play positive roles in natural resource conservation, which has rarely been verified in practice, although some researchers
have demonstrated this in theory. In this article, taking the Jiuzhaigou Biosphere Reserve as a case study area, we conducted
an analysis for the environmental impacts from tourism development based on social survey and interpretation of remote sensing
images. The results show that the natural environment was not degraded and some indicators are even improving because all
the residents have participated in tourism and given up farming and hunting. It is concluded that it is possible to use tourism
as a way to balance natural resource conservation and economic development under the preconditions of making effective policies
to encourage and help local people participate in tourism business and to benefit from it. 相似文献
18.
China’s new Classification-Based Forest Management (CFM) is a two-class system, including Commodity Forest (CoF) and Ecological
Welfare Forest (EWF) lands, so named according to differences in their distinct functions and services. The purposes of CFM
are to improve forestry economic systems, strengthen resource management in a market economy, ease the conflicts between wood
demands and public welfare, and meet the diversified needs for forest services in China. The formative process of China’s
CFM has involved a series of trials and revisions. China’s central government accelerated the reform of CFM in the year 2000
and completed the final version in 2003. CFM was implemented at the provincial level with the aid of subsidies from the central
government. About a quarter of the forestland in China was approved as National EWF lands by the State Forestry Administration
in 2006 and 2007. Logging is prohibited on National EWF lands, and their landowners or managers receive subsidies of about
70 RMB (US$10) per hectare from the central government. CFM represents a new forestry strategy in China and its implementation
inevitably faces challenges in promoting the understanding of forest ecological services, generalizing nationwide criteria
for identifying EWF and CoF lands, setting up forest-specific compensation mechanisms for ecological benefits, enhancing the
knowledge of administrators and the general public about CFM, and sustaining EWF lands under China’s current forestland tenure
system. CFM does, however, offer a viable pathway toward sustainable forest management in China. 相似文献
19.
20.
As a member of the British Oxford Group, psychologist Richard Ryder marked the beginning of the modern animal rights and animal welfare movement in the seventies. By introducing the concept “speciesism.” Ryder contributed importantly to the expansion of this movement. Surprisingly little attention has been paid to Ryder’s moral theory, “painism”, that aims to resolve the conflict between the two predominant rival theories in animal ethics, the deontological of Tom Regan and the utilitarian of Peter Singer. First, this paper examines the kernel and historical sources of Ryder’s painist theory, linking it to the work of John Rawls and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Second, it examines Ryder’s critique of utilitarianism. It is argued that his critique of Singer’s use of the word “sentience” is unconvincing and that his critique of utilitarian aggregation as not taking a full account of the metaphysical separateness of persons, has already been countered and dealt with. Finally this paper looks at some of the counterintuitive implications of Ryder’s theory and argues that utilitarianism might have more resources for dealing with its own alleged counterintuitive implications than Ryder acknowledges. 相似文献