废水中有机磷农药测定的分析方法研究报告

本文用乙酸乙酯一次提取废水中有机磷农药,提取液不必进一步净化和浓缩,而直接用火焰光度检测器测定乐果、稻瘟净、异稻瘟净、甲基对硫磷、马拉硫磷、对硫磷等农药。上述农药在色谱柱上八分钟能全部分离。     

环境背景值中人体血液胆碱酯酶活性的初步研究

有机磷农药进入人体后,通过血流迅速分布至全身各器官组织,主要抑制胆碱酯酶活性人体血液胆碱酯酶(Cholinesterase,简写ChE)对于检定有机磷农药是最灵敏的。因此,人体血液ChE的活性率是分析评价环境中有机磷农药污染状况,防治和研究有机磷中毒的重要指标之一。通常,采用体外ChE抑制试验的方法来判此有机磷农药的毒性。我国各地人体血液ChE的活性率因受地理环境、饮食、生活习惯等因素的影响而有差异。     

气相色谱法测定水中有机磷农药

用电子捕获检测器，大孔径毛细管色谱柱直接进水样分析７种有机磷农药。柱容量大，分析速度快，分离效率高地填充柱，灵敏度高于火焰光度检测器。分析精密度和准确度均较小内径毛细管柱高。     

环境试样中黄磷的气相色谱测定

应用气相色谱仪氮磷检测器大口径毛细管柱测定地面水,工业废水,底泥和鱼体试样中的黄磷,方法速简便,灵敏度高,并能同时测定某些有机磷农药。     

稀释介质对测定有机磷农药的影响

用HP6890气相色谱仪氮磷检测器(NPD)测定有机磷农药时，需购买高浓度标准贮备液，使用时进行稀释，实验中发现，稀释的介质对有机磷检测敏感性有一定影响，浓度越低，影响越大。     

气相色谱法测定蔬菜中有机农磷药残留量

当前我区施用有机磷农药极为普遍。用作蔬菜杀虫剂的有十种之多。用量较大的是敌敌畏、乐果、氧化乐果、甲基对硫磷、对硫磷等五种。所以对蔬菜中有机磷农药残留的测定将成为常规分析。有机磷农药的分析方法有许多文献报导:比色法、极谱法、紫外分光光度法等。这些方法常用于单种有机磷农药成份的分析。薄层色谱法虽可分离多种有机磷农药,与气相色谱法相比定量精度差。后者则有选择性强,灵敏度高等特点。     

气相色谱-脉冲火焰光度检测器测定痕量有机磷农药

在水样和土壤样中分别加入二氯甲烷和丙酮，用超声波提取水样中敌敌畏、乐果、甲基对硫磷、马拉硫磷、对硫磷等5种有机磷农药和土壤样中甲拌磷、二嗪磷、异稻瘟净、杀螟农、溴硫磷、水胺硫磷、稻丰散、杀扑磷等8种有机磷农药，大大地简化了测定的预处理过程。应用气相色谱法HP—5石英毛细管柱分离，脉冲式火焰光度检测器检测，取得了较好的测定结果。水样中农药的检测限≤0．O02mg／L，土壤样中农药的检测限≤0．O02mg／kg，相对标准偏差水样＜7％，土壤样＜10％，加标回收率水样在84％—96％之间，土壤样在80％—108％之间，均满足测定要求。     

气相色谱法测定土壤中37种有机磷农药残留

采用气相色谱法测定土壤中37种有机磷农药,当取样量为10 g时,37种有机磷农药方法检出限为0. 002～0. 015 mg/kg,测定下限为0. 008～0. 060 mg/kg。低含量加标样品中有机磷农药的加标回收率为72. 8%～104%,相对标准偏差为4. 2%～13. 8%;中含量加标样品中有机磷农药的加标回收率为71. 5%～101%,相对标准偏差为4. 3%～13. 5%;高含量加标样品中有机磷农药的加标回收率为74. 6%～109%,相对标准偏差为6. 8%～14. 6%。该方法灵敏度高、分离效果好、重现性好,能够满足土壤中37种有机磷农药残留检测的要求。     

植物酯酶片快速测定蔬菜上有机磷农药

介绍了一种能简便快速测定蔬菜表面有机磷农药的植物酯酶片。它具有价格低,易获取,稳定性好等特点,适用于田间、农贸市场和家庭无仪器设备条件下检测有机磷农药的危险水平。对常用几种有机磷农药,其检测限在０．０６ｍｇ／ｋｇ￣１０．０ｍｇ／ｋｇ范围。     

水体中有机磷残留的分析检测进展

有机磷农药多数属于中、高毒性农药,在我国仍然大量使用。水体中有机磷残留的分析检测包括样品前处理和分离检测两个环节,本ml对其现状进行阐述,重点评述了前处理方法技术在分析中的应用,概述了气相色谱、高效液相色谱及色谱-质谱联用等检测技术的优势和局限性,并对该领域的工作进行了展望。     

Topsoil and Housedust Metal Concentrations in the Vicinity of a Lead Battery Manufacturing Plant

The aim of the study was to determine the extent of heavy metal pollution in the vicinity of a lead battery manufacturing plant in the Czech Republic, both in the general environment and within homes. Topsoils (0–5 cm) were sampled from 100 sites along 4 transects which crossed the battery factory, the town centre and outlying rural areas. Housedust samples were collected from 15 plant-workers' homes and 15 non plant-workers' homes located at various distances from the factory. Samples were analysed for levels of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb, using ICP-AES. Soil concentrations of Pb, Cd, As and Sb peaked at the perimeter fence of the battery factory with Pb levels of up to 12 650 g g> ^-1. Concentrations of these metals decreased exponentially within 500 m of the plant. Whilst the battery factory does appear to be a source of all the metals with the exception of Zn, emissions do not appear to be transported to any great extent over distances of more than 0.5 km. Topsoil and housedust concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb in the general Mlada Boleslav area do not appear to be significantly different from those recorded in a large scale survey of urban soils in the United Kingdom. A comparison of housedust Pb concentrations in homes of plant workers and non-plant workers suggests that there may be a small input of Pb into the home environment by battery plant employees.     

微波消解-原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜锌铅镉镍铬

用微波消解－原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜，锌，铅，镉，镍和铬。通过硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液对土壤样品消解，选择出微波最佳消解条件。对硝酸－盐酸－过氧化氢体系消解液和硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液进行消解对比试验，发现前者不能将土壤样品完全消解，后者能将样品消解完全，但需将消解液中剩余的酸赶尽，否则测定结果将明显偏低。微波消解土壤与传统电热消解相比，操作简便快速，可提高工作效率。     

An Overview of Contaminant-Related Issues Identified by Monitoring in San Francisco Bay

The San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances (RMP) began in 1993 and is sponsored by 74 local, state, and federal agencies and companies through their discharge or Bay use permits. The RMP monitors water, sediment, toxicity, and bivalve bioaccumulation at 25 sites in the Bay that are considered to represent "background" conditions. Several major environmental issues have been identified by the RMP. Polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury were often above water quality guidelines, and often occurred in fish tissues above U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) screening values. Concentrations do not appear to be decreasing, suggesting continuing inputs. Episodes of aquatic toxicity often occurred following runoff events that transport contaminants into the Bay from urbanized and agricultural portions of the watershed. Sediment toxicity occurred throughout the Bay, and has been correlated with concentrations of specific contaminants (chlordanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) at some locations; mixtures of contaminants were probably also important. Since the RMP does not monitor all ecosystem components, assessments of the overall condition of the Bay cannot be made. However, in terms of contamination, the RMP samples suggest that the South Bay, and North Bay sites are moderately contaminated.     

Biomagnification factors (fish to Osprey eggs from Willamette River,Oregon, U.S.A.) for PCDDs,PCDFs, PCBs and OC pesticides

A migratory population of 78 pairs of Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) nesting along the Willamette River in westernOregon was studied in 1993. The study was designed to determinecontaminant concentrations in eggs, contaminant concentrationsin fish species predominant in the Ospreys diet, andBiomagnification Factors (BMFs) of contaminants from fish specieseaten to Osprey eggs. Ten Osprey eggs and 25 composite samplesof fish (3 species) were used to evaluate organochlorine (OC)pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs). Mercury was also analyzed in fish. Geometric meanresidues in Osprey eggs were judged low, e.g., DDE 2.3 g g^-1 wet weight (ww), PCBs 0.69 g g^-1, 2,3,7,8-TCDD 2.3 ng kg^-1, and generally well below known threshold values for adverse effects on productivity, and the population was increasing. Osprey egg residue data presentedby River Mile (RM) are discussed, e.g., higher PCDDs were generally found immediately downstream of paper mills and eggsfrom the Willamette River had significantly elevated PCBs and PCDDs compared to reference eggs collected nearby in the CascadeMountains. Prey remains at nest sites indicated that the Largescale Sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus) and NorthernPikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) accounted for an estimated 90.1% of the biomass in the Osprey diet, and composite samples of these two species were collected from different sampling sites throughout the study area for contaminant analyses. With the large percentage of the fishbiomass in the Osprey diet sampled for contaminants (and fisheaten by Ospreys similar in size to those chemically analyzed),and fish contaminant concentrations weighted by biomass intake, a mean BMF was estimated from fish to Osprey eggs for the largeseries of contaminants. BMFs ranged from no biomagnification(0.42) for 2,3,7,8-TCDF to 174 for OCDD. Our findings for themigratory Osprey were compared to BMFs for the resident HerringGull (Larus argentatus), and differences are discussed. Webelieve a BMF approach provides some basic understanding ofrelationships between contaminant burdens in prey species offish-eating birds and contaminants incorporated into their eggs,and may prove useful in understanding sources of contaminants inmigratory species although additional studies are needed.     

The Draft of the New German Guideline VDI 3782/8 to Model Automobile Exhaust Dispersion

The draft of the German guideline to calculate automobile exhaust dispersion is explained. It contains a two-stage-system: For first quick estimates the guideline contains the simple models MLuS and STREET. In case these models are not applicable or their results shows concentration levels close to the air quality standards, the more complex models PROKAS_V and MISKAM are recommended. PROKAS_V is a Gaussian plume model, MISKAM is a 3-dimensional microscale non hydrostatic flow model for built-up areas with an Eulerian dispersion model. The guideline comprises cases in rural areas without or with few adjacent buildings as well as urban areas with buildings near the roads. The contribution gives information about the models, typical results and some of the problems showing up presently.     

Hydrocarbon Utilization in Yeast Isolates Found to Grow in Association with Petroleum in a Polluted Ultisol of Midwestern Nigeria

The population counts of hydrocarbon-utilising yeasts weremonitored at six sampling stations in the Benin City municipalarea over a four-week period. Although the population countswere relatively constant in each locality, the highest countsoccurred in areas heavily polluted by domestic and industrialeffluents. A total of thirty-five hydrocarbon-degrading yeastswere isolated from soil at the sampling stations usingn-hexadecane as sole carbon source. The isolates were identifiedas belonging to the genera Candida (27 strains), Endomycopsis (4 strains). All the organisms grew on long-chainn-alkane, kerosene, diesel oil and crude oil but failed to growon short-chain n-alkane, aromatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons.Measurement of growth attributes of the isolates usingn-hexadecane, diesel oil and crude oil as substrates showed thatthe Candida species were better utilizers of hydrocarbonsubstrates relative to Endomycopsis and Schizosaccharomyces species.     

Hydrologic–Economic Model for Managing Irrigation Intensity in Irrigation Areas under Watertable and Soil Salinity Targets

This paper gives mathematical details and sample applications of SWAGMAN Farm (SWAGMAN, Salt Water and Groundwater Management), a farm-scale hydrologic economic model that integrates agronomic, climatic, irrigation, hydrogeological and economic aspects of irrigated agriculture. The model is capable of determining optimum mix of land use to keep watertable and soil salinity within acceptable limits while maximising the economic returns. Alternatively, the model can simulate water and salt balance and economics of a given cropping preference. Web-based and Geographic Information Systems versions of the model are available for integration with the environmental reporting systems of the irrigation areas.     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定苏州开发区26种蔬菜中铜锌铁锰镍

用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定了苏州开发区26种蔬菜中的铜、锌、铁、锰和镍的含量。蔬菜样品用硝酸高氯酸混合酸进行消解。4次测定值的相对标准差<5%,加标回收率在92%～107%之间。26种蔬菜中铜、锌、铁、锰、镍的含量基本均在世贸组织规定的范围内。     

Cyanobacterial Flora from Polluted Marine Shores

Citation of cyanobacterial cultures from the shores of south west coast of Gujarat, India and their relationship with sea water quality, influenced by extensive pollutant runoff is reported in this study. Intensity of pollution was evaluated by physico-chemical analysis of water. Higher load of suspended solids (60–1000 mg l⁻¹) and nutrients (PO₄ ⁻P: 1.3–4 μmole l⁻¹ and NO₃ ⁻N: 12.5–17.8 μmole l⁻¹) were persistent throughout the analysis. Community structure is seen to be influenced by such persistent pollution. Twenty nine cyanobacterial species were isolated belonging to 9 genera of 4 families, with an elevated occurrence of Oscillatoria and Lyngbya species. No heterocystous cyanobacteria were isolated throughout the study.     

Using Multiple Taxonomic Groups to Index the Ecological Condition of Lakes

Biological indicators of communitiestypically reflect a common environmental signalreflecting the general condition of the ecosystem, as well asindividual signals by indicators differentiallysensitive to particular environmental conditions. Wedescribe here a method of integrating and interpretingsuch indicators from 19 New England lakes for fivetaxonomic groups (diatoms, benthos, zooplankton, fish,and birds). Our approach provides a systematicstandardized way to integrate multiple metrics fromdifferent taxonomic groups by addressing four elementscrucial to analyzing data from multiple indicators: covariate control, re-scaling of data, standardizing the sign of responses, and dimensional reduction. We evaluated the biologicalmetrics against individual environmental stressors andagainst multivariate physicochemical metricscharacterizing general anthropogenic stress among thelakes. The method detected a response to variationin the gross environmental condition of the lakes thatwas correlated across taxa and metrics. In addition,a differential response to near shore conditions wasdemonstrated for fish. The success of the approach inthis study lends support to its general application toecological monitoring involving complex data sets.