用幼苗法指示污泥和土壤中重金属的植物有效性

利用小麦幼苗与黑麦幼苗研究了污泥和土壤中重金属的植物有效性,并对二者进行了比较。结果表明,在两种污灌区土壤、四种污泥以及一种污泥施用于两种清洁土壤中,黑麦和小麦测定的Cd,Pb,Cu,Zn,Ni五种重金属有效性的顺序,以及有效性大小的数量级上是一致的;除了在污泥中,二者的茎Pb,Ni及根Zn相关不显着,以及在塿土中施用污泥后,两种植物各部位相关不好外,在污泥及污泥施于赤红壤各处理中黑麦与小麦相关均为极显着。上述结果表明,应用小麦幼苗可以替代黑麦幼苗指示土壤中重金属的植物有效性,但同时也应考虑不同植物间的差异.     

清远某电子垃圾拆解区河流底泥中重金属和多氯联苯的复合污染

通过采集清远某电子垃圾拆解区6个点位沉积物样品,测定底泥的pH、有机质、4种阴离子、重金属和多氯联苯的含量,研究电子垃圾对附近河流产生的影响及危害.采用原子吸收、离子色谱、气相色谱质谱联用(GC/MS)分析底泥中重金属、阴离子、PCBs(Polychlorinated biphenyls)的含量.结果显示,排污两点表层底泥的有机质含量达到11.73%和11.34%;4种阴离子含量为:SO42->Cl->F->NO3-,SO42-和Cl-的浓度在排污口表层含量高达320 mg·kg-1和60 mg·kg-1,阴离子含量随深度的增加而降低;排污口表层底泥的重金属Cd、Ni、Pb、Cu、Zn、Cr的含量最高分别能达50.87、967.89、5571.75、15673.09、10075.26、2253.86 mg·kg-1,超出《国家土壤环境质量标准》(GB15618—1995)三级标准;沉积物中PCBs含量在0.36—3.160 μg·g-1,以三—五氯为主,约占总量的70%,生态风险大于50%,毒性风险较高.Cd和PCBs是最主要的生态风险因子,在排污口两点除Cd和PCBs外,Pb和Cu的生态风险也很强,RI值高达5000以上,具有极强的生态危害性.     

螯合剂诱导下污染土壤溶液中TOC和重金属的动态变化及其相关性

采用土培盆栽试验研究了EDTA,NTA(氨三乙酸)和EDDS(乙二胺二琥珀酸)三种螯合剂诱导下,土壤溶液中总有机碳(TOC)含量和重金属浓度的动态变化以及二者之间的关系.结果表明,施用5mmol.kg-1螯合剂能极显著地增加土壤溶液中TOC的含量和Cu,Zn,Cd,Pb的浓度.土壤溶液TOC含量从第2天达最大后就随时间呈一阶指数衰减函数y=y0+Ae(x-X0)/t变化,衰减因子大小顺序为tEDTA>tNTA>tEDDS.土壤溶液中Cu,Zn,Cd和Pb浓度的动态变化也有与TOC相似的规律,并且两者呈显著线性正相关.结果还表明,螯合剂对重金属的活化能力与其相应金属螯合物的稳定常数lgKMe基本一致,为EDTA>EDDS>NTA,因此,在螯合诱导强化植物提取中NTA和EDDS的潜在环境风险比EDTA要小.     

The potential of Berkheya coddii for phytoextraction of nickel,platinum, and palladium contaminated sites

The study involved assessing the potential of the native plant species (Berkheya coddii) for the phytoextraction of nickel, palladium, and platinum contaminated sites. Plant and soil samples were randomly collected from Barberton area, near Agnes mine, Mpumalanga Province, South Africa. Samples were analysed for total nickel, palladium, and platinum concentrations together with other elements found in the soil and in the plants' roots, and leaves. Soil versus leaves and soil versus roots uptake of these metals by the plant were compared. The mean concentration of nickel in the leaves/canopy was found to be 13,980?±?10,780?mg?kg^?1?dry mass, in the roots it was 2046?±?789?mg?kg^?1 dry mass, and in the soil it was 1040?±?686?mg?kg^?1?dry mass. This resulted in a mean concentration ratio in the leaves to soil of 13.44. The platinum mean concentration in the leaves was 0.22?±?0.15?mg?kg^?1?dry mass, in the roots it was 0.14?±?0.04?mg?kg^?1?dry mass, and in the soil it was 0.04?±?0.03?mg?kg^?1?dry mass. This resulted in a mean concentration ratio in the leaves to soil of 5.5. Palladium was found to have a mean soil concentration of 0.07?±?0.045?mg?kg^?1?dry mass. The mean concentrations in the roots and in the leaves were 0.18?±?0.07 dry mass and 0.71?±?0.52?mg?kg^?1?dry mass, respectively. This gave a mean concentration ratio in the leaves to soil of 10.1 for palladium. Other elements that were found to have a mean concentration ratio in the leaves to soil of around 2.5 or above are sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, and sulfur. Berkheya coddii was found to be most efficient in accumulating nickel, palladium, and platinum from the soil. The results for the first time revealed that the plant may have the potential to uptake platinum and palladium; both metals are in the same group of the periodic table as nickel.     

三明铅锌矿区植物对重金属的富集特征

采用野外调查与室内分析相结合的方法,对福建三明典型矿区尤溪铅锌矿、大田铅锌矿以及尤溪铅锌矿冶炼厂等进行了调查,研究这些矿区重金属含量较高的区域如采矿区、尾砂库、洗矿排水沟以及铅锌矿冶炼厂厂区和排水沟冲积扇区域土壤中的Pb、Zn和Cd的含量,在此基础上,对在这些区域自然定居的16种优势植物体内的三种重金属元素的耐性、富集特性进行了分析。结果表明:该矿区的主要优势物种为禾本科和菊科植物,其中笔管草(Equisetum ramosissimum)、一年蓬(Erigeron annuus)和五节芒(Miscanthus floridulus)的地上部重金属富集量较大,对矿区周边污染土壤修复有潜在应用价值;乌蕨(Stenoloma chusana)、千金子(Bochloe dactyloides)、二歧飘拂草(Fimbristylis dichotoma)、柔枝莠竹(Microctegium Vimineum)、短叶水蜈蚣(Kyllinga brevifolia)、狗娃花(Heteropappus hispidus)适用于污染程度较高且植物萃取技术难以实施的重金属污染矿业废弃地。矿区植物地上部Zn含量平均值最高,为1225.74mg·kg-1,植物地上部Pb含量范围在52.78～2137.11mg·kg-1,平均为521.39mg·kg-1;一年蓬地上部Cd含量达到了119.51mg·kg-1,超过了超富集植物的临界值100mg·kg-1,转运系数为1.3,是潜在的Cd超富集植物。     

三明铅锌矿区植物对重金属的富集特征

采用野外调查与室内分析相结合的方法,对福建三明典型矿区尤溪铅锌矿、大田铅锌矿以及尤溪铅锌矿冶炼厂等进行了调查,研究这些矿区重金属含量较高的区域如采矿区、尾砂库、洗矿排水沟以及铅锌矿冶炼厂厂区和排水沟冲积扇区域土壤中的Pb、Zn和Cd的含量,在此基础上,对在这些区域自然定居的16种优势植物体内的三种重金属元素的耐性、富集特性进行了分析。结果表明：该矿区的主要优势物种为禾本科和菊科植物,其中笔管草（Equisetum ramosissimum）、一年蓬（Erigeron annuus）和五节芒（Miscanthus floridulus）的地上部重金属富集量较大,对矿区周边污染土壤修复有潜在应用价值;乌蕨（Stenolomachusana）、千金子（Bochloe dactyloides）、二歧飘拂草（Fimbristylis dichotoma）、柔枝莠竹（Microctegium Vimineum）、短叶水蜈蚣（Kyllingabrevifolta）、狗娃花（Heteropappushispidus）适用于污染程度较高且植物萃取技术难以实施的重金属污染矿业废弃地。矿区植物地上部zn含量平均值最高,为1225．74mg·kg-1,植物地上部Pb含量范围在52．78-2137．11mg·kg-1,平均为521．39mg·kg-1;一年蓬地上部cd含量达到了119．51mg·kg-1,超过了超富集植物的临界值100mg·kg-1,转运系数为1．3,是潜在的Cd超富集植物。     

丛枝菌根-植物修复重金属污染土壤研究中的热点

随着菌根研究和植物修复技术的发展,利用丛枝菌根强化重金属污染土壤的植物修复逐渐受到人们的重视。本文系统综述了当前的几个研究热点:(1)菌根植物吸收和转运重金属的分子机制;(2)AM真菌对超富集植物重金属吸收的影响及其机制;(3)AM真菌对转基因植物重金属吸收的影响及其机制;(4)AM真菌与其他土壤生物在植物修复中的复合作用;(5)丛枝菌根与化学螯合剂在植物修复中的复合作用;(6)重金属复合污染土壤的丛枝菌根-植物修复;(7)放射性污染土壤的枝菌根-植物修复;(8)丛枝菌根-植物修复的田间试验研究。在未来的丛枝菌根-植物修复研究中,要筛选优良的宿主植物和与之高效共生的AM真菌,加强相关理论和应用基础研究,并构建高效基因工程菌。     

Tracking the metal distribution in the tropical Valencia lake catchment: Soil, rivers and lake

In tropical areas, the relations between soil, rivers, and lakes are poorly understood as regard to the physicochemical transformation that occurs when solid materials are transferred among them. In order to ascertain the natural dynamics of Na, K, Mg, Ca, Al, Fe, Mn, Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni, Cr, and Co, as well as the perturbations by human activity, soils and sediments from a tropical catchment were studied. To accomplish the above mentioned objective, the Valencia Lake catchment was subdivided into three systems, i.e. soils, rivers and lakes. Original data and those previously published by Mogolló;n and Bifano (1994), and Mogolló;n et al. (1995, 1996) were used to establish the numerical relation between the average concentration in the three systems. The percentage labile fraction and metal distribution in different particle size fractions were studied in selected samples. A total of 410 samples was analysed.Lithology and topography are the main factors that differentiate the physicochemical characteristics of soils and sediments. Processes coupled with solid material transport from the upland to lowland area cause the increase of the HNO₃ (1M) extractable metal concentration, and of the percentage labile fraction, metal redistribution towards fine particle fraction. In spite of the tropical climate, the pedogenesis of exposed sediments and the transport along the river courses, have very low influence. Most of the transformations seem to occur during the soils – river transfer of materials. The carbonate precipitation in the lake causes further increase of metal concentration and the percentage labile fraction. The pollutant input increases metal concentration, the percentage labile fraction and the trend of accumulation toward fine particles.     

矿区周围土壤中重金属危害性评估研究

分别用总量法和连续萃取法对广东大宝山矿周围土壤、植物和沉积物中重金属的总量和化学形态进行了详细分析。结果发现,矿山废水流入的横石河沉积物中Pb、Zn、Cu和Cd的质量分数分别为1841．02、2326．28、1522．61和10.33mg／kg;经此河水灌溉的稻田中重金属(Cu、Cd、Pb和Zn)的质量分数也远远超出了土壤环境二级标准值,其中Cu、Cd超标倍数分别为14．01和4．17倍。结果还表明,生长在矿区周围的植物也受到不同程度重金属的污染且不同植物吸收和积累重金属的能力相差很大。用Tessier连续法对土壤中重金属进行萃取发现,虽然重金属主要存在于残余态中,但在Fe-Mn氧化态、有机结合态中的质量分数也很高．说明这些土壤确实受到了有毒有害重金属元素的严重污染。     

施用污泥的土壤重金属元素有效性的影响因素

污泥农用是解决城市污泥出路较为合理的途径.但由于含较高量的重金属,它的应用受到限制.研究发现,进入土壤的重金属在不同的土壤类型、不同的土壤条件下,形态分布各不相同,而不同形态的重金属对植物的有效性和毒性也不相同,本文试图对土壤中影响重金属形态分布的因素及机制作一综述.     

小球藻吸附重金属离子的试验研究

分析了影响小球藻吸附Cu2+,Cd2+和Zn2+三种重金属离子的主要因素,并对不同金属离子之间的吸附抑制开展了初步试验研究.结果显示,小球藻吸附重金属离子的速度快,吸附容量大,适宜的pH值在3.0-5.0之间,其吸附等温线与Freundlich方程拟合良好.另外,小球藻对Cd2+的吸附性能明显高于其它离子.由于电子云分布和轨道杂化等结构因素,三种金属离子在小球藻上的吸附选择顺序为:Cu2+＞Cd2+＞Zn2+.     

Contamination status of arsenic,lead, and cadmium of different wetland waters

The present investigation was conducted to determine the contamination status of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) in the wetland waters of Bhaluka in Bangladesh. Water samples were collected from 15 selected wetlands of Bhaluka region and analyzed using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Estimated results of three metals detected were As (7–80?µg?L^?1), Pb (0–86?µg?L^?1) and Cd (0–70?µg?L^?1) in water samples in all wetlands. The level of As in all investigated wetlands (93%) was higher than that of WHO recommended permissible limit of drinking water except Alanga wetland. However, As levels were higher than that recommended for livestock water quality levels. Eighty-seven percent of the investigated wetlands showed lower content of Pb than WHO recommended permissible limit of drinking water, but two wetland waters (Dohuria-1 and Chowdhuri) were polluted with higher Pb levels. Sixty-seven percent of the investigated wetlands displayed higher levels of Cd than WHO recommended permissible limit in drinking water. Dissolved organic material showed no significant difference among the 15 investigated wetlands water, but total dissolved solids was significantly greater. The condition of the water of all wetlands was basic pH. All water samples were applied to linear regression equation and correlation coefficients where values showed no significant differences. Data demonstrate that the estimated high metal concentrations of these ponds may contribute to bioaccumulation within plants, food grains and shrimp.     

Analysis of Cd,Cu, Pb,Zn, Hg and Mn in kidneys and liver from human cadavers – A case study in South Western Nigeria

In this study, autopsy tissue samples from human liver and kidneys were analysed for Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, Hg and Mn in 25 subjects (16 males and 9 females) ranging in age from 2 to 70 years. Tissue samples that were pathologically normal were obtained at postmortem and concentrations of metals were determined. In both kidneys and liver, the concentrations of metals followed the order Cd > Hg > Pb > Zn > Mn > Cu irrespective of gender and age group, except in female kidneys where the order was Cd > Pb > Hg > Zn > Mn > Cu. Generally, males had higher concentrations of metals in both the kidneys and liver. Significant correlations of the metals were found in kidney and liver tissues.     

Biotransformation rates of xenobiotic compounds in relation to enzymes activities: A critical review

Many biotransformation reactions and many activities of enzymes involved in the biotransformation of xenobiotics in fish have been described. Therefore, the prediction of biotransformation of (other) xenobiotics through literature data seems to be possible. However, very few data allow correlation of in vitro enzyme activities with in vivo biotransformation rates. This is mainly due to a lack of quantitative data. Suggestions are made for future research, which may help to relate enzyme activities and biotransformation in fish.     

广州市菜园土主要蔬菜重金属背景含量的研究

研究了广州市几个主要的蔬菜生产基地种植的白菜、芥蓝、芥菜、菜薹、萝卜、大白菜、豆瓣菜、结球甘蓝、芹菜、菜豆、豌豆、结球莴苣、尖叶莴苣、菠菜、番茄等15种蔬菜中Pb、Hg、Cd、Cr和As等5种重金属的背景质量分数。其背景质量分数为：Pb 0．002～0．148mg/kg；Hg ND-0．006mg/kg；Cd 0．001～0．034mg/kg；Cr 0．002～0．150mg/kg；As 0.001～0．070mg／kg。由于不同种类蔬菜的吸收特性和遗传特性有所不同，其重金属背景质量分数也有很大差异。蔬菜中元素水平还与土壤条件等因素有关。     

大气沉降对土壤重金属累积的影响

选择大气污染严重的太原市为研究区,通过定点监测,分析了不同类型区大气TSP和降尘的污染状况及周年内的月变化趋势,测定了大气干湿沉降中Hg、Cd、Pb三种重金属元素的含量,并计算出大气干湿沉降对土壤系统重金属的年输入量分别为Hg4.48g/(hm2×a),Cd6.34g/(hm2×a),Pb349.4g/(hm2×a);不同类型区大气污染状况与大气沉降输入土壤中重金属累积顺序一致均为工矿区＞城区和近郊区＞风景区＞远郊区。     

重金属污染土壤的微生物生态效应及其修复研究进展

污染土壤微生物生物修复技术是一项非常有应用前景的环保新技术。本文综述了近年来重金属对土壤微生物生物量、种群及生化过程的影响以及微生物对重金属污染土壤的修复机理和修复研究进展,较全面的分析了重金属对土壤微生物的生态效应。