脱水污泥热调质的特性

热调质方法是污泥深度脱水的有效办法之一。研究结果表明,污泥热调质过程中反应温度和反应时间对污泥热调质效果影响较大,搅拌速度影响较小。当反应温度从160℃升至180℃,反应时间从30 min增至60 min时,污泥溶液中挥发性悬浮固体(VSS)急剧溶解,释放出细胞里的结合水,表明污泥细胞破壁的温度条件为160～180℃,时间条件为45～60 min。热调质后污泥的比阻变化较大。随着反应温度的不断提高,比阻不断减小,污泥的脱水性能越来越好。实验确定了污泥热调质的最佳反应条件为:反应温度180℃,反应时间60 min,搅拌转速30 r/min。在此条件下,压滤后泥饼含水率约50%,滤液中COD浓度可达19 000 mg/L,有利于后续污泥的消化。     

Characteristics of biosolids in dimethyl ether dewatering method

In this study, a method for removing water from biosolids that uses dimethyl ether (DME) as an extractant was considered. This study evaluates the applicability of the DME dewatering method to biosolid cakes by using a DME flow-type experimental apparatus. It was found that a high dewatering ratio is clearly achieved by increasing the liquefied DME/biosolid ratio and lowering the liquefied DME linear velocity. As the liquefied DME/biosolid ratio was increased, the carbon content in dewatered biosolid showed a slight decrease and the TOC concentration in separated liquid increased significantly. Finally, the input energy Es to remove 1 kg of water from the biosolid cake, using both the DME dewatering method and the conventional drying method was estimated. The calculation shows that Es for the DME dewatering process is approximately a third of Es for the conventional thermal drying process.     

添加不同比例的石灰对污泥稳定化的模糊评价

在污泥处置策略中,污泥碱式干化被认同是一种安全可靠的处置方式。而我国由于大多采用较为原始的推送装置,不仅石灰消耗量大,而且污泥稳定化效果差,难以实现污泥性状的改善。利用自主研发的高效混合器,在脱水污泥中添加质量分数为5%、7%、10%、12%和15%的500目工业石灰后,分别测定添加后污泥的温度、pH、粪大肠菌值以及臭味强度的变化,并采用模糊数学法评价了添加不同比例的石灰对污泥的稳定化效果,结果表明:添加不同比例的工业用生石灰后,污泥的温度从原污泥的30℃分别升高到32.0、36.0、39.2、41.0和43.3℃;污泥中的pH从原污泥的6.5左右均升高到12以上;粪大肠菌值从原污泥的1.08×10-8 g/MPN均降为0.01 g/MPN以下;臭味强度从5级降为2级以下;污泥稳定化程度高,模糊综合评价结果都为一级。因此,添加5%的石灰即可实现污泥的稳定化。     

城市污水污泥发酵制园林营养土中微生物的变化分析

通过桶装发酵装置,进行城市污水污泥发酵制园林营养土过程中微生物的变化研究,测试不同好氧-厌氧交替组的发酵温度以及细菌、真菌、放线菌数量等的变化,探讨发酵温度与微生物变化的规律.结果表明,夏季不同发酵方式的发酵温度在50℃以上的持续时间均长于冬季,且夏季好氧-厌氧交替发酵的发酵温度在55℃以上的持续时间长于好氧发酵;冬季与夏季的好氧、好氧-厌氧交替发酵后,堆料中的粪大肠菌群数量均达到了《城镇污水处理厂污泥处置园林绿化用泥质》(CJ 248-2007)的卫生学指标要求;夏季好氧-厌氧交替发酵过程中,厌氧后发酵温度有所下降,好氧后发酵温度又有所回升;无论好氧还是好氧～厌氧交替发酵中,细菌均为优势种群,真菌、放线菌数量比细菌数量低2～6个数量级.     

污泥脱水性能的关键影响因素研究

针对目前污泥脱水性能影响因素不明的问题,研究通过对SBR在7种运行工况条件下活性污泥胞外聚合物(extracellular polymeric substances,EPS)的提取和测试,并采用SPSS软件分析,探讨MLVSS/MLSS、胞外蛋白质/胞外多糖、胞外蛋白质含量、胞外多糖含量、EPS总含量对污泥脱水性能的影响。研究结果表明,MLVSS/MLSS、胞外蛋白质/胞外多糖是影响污泥脱水性能的关键因素,并建立了脱水污泥含水率和污泥结合水含量的影响因素模型:脱水污泥含水率=0.229×(MLVSS/MLSS)+0.023×(胞外蛋白质/胞外多糖)+0.539、污泥结合水含量=2.876×(MLVSS/MLSS)+0.335×(胞外蛋白质/胞外多糖)-0.012,通过对7个城市污水厂污泥脱水性能测试比较表明,模型对脱水污泥含水率和污泥结合水含量预测值相对误差分别在±1%和±5%以内,对污泥脱水性能预测效果良好。     

缺氧折流板反应器的流态及污泥颗粒运动分析

采用缺氧折流板反应器(ABR)处理印染废水,当HRT为8 h时,ABR内的下向导流室雷诺数(Re)为1.1,上向漉反应室Re为0.1,均为层流.污泥颗粒经绕流运动分析.下向导流室污泥颗粒受到的绕流阻力和重力均向下,只有浮力向上,由于污泥颗粒密度大于流体的密度,此时重力大于浮力,污泥颗粒不能在下向导流室内稳定停留,即没有污泥层,与观察到的试验现象一致.在上向流反应室的污泥颗粒受到的绕绕阻力向上,重力与绕漉阻力、浮力处于动态平衡时的污泥颗粒的临界粒径(dcr)为85 μm.     

Supercritical water oxidation of tannery sludge: Stabilization of chromium and destruction of organics

The supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) of industrial tannery sludge was investigated to understand the simultaneous destruction of organic pollutants and recovery of high content chromium. Experiments were performed in a batch reactor at temperatures of 350–500 °C, reaction time of 150–300 s and different oxygen ratios, to exhibit the effect of operation conditions. Results showed that removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (COD) increased with higher temperature, larger oxidant amount and reaction time; a maximum value of 96% was obtained. Meanwhile, destruction yield was much higher under supercritical conditions than that in subcritical water. In addition, removal efficiency of Cr from sludge reached more than 98% under all conditions; higher temperature played a positive role. Further, leaching toxicity tests of heavy metals in solid products were conducted based on toxicity characteristic leaching procedure. All heavy metals except nickel showed a greatly reduced leaching toxicity through their stabilization. The chromium oxide recovered in ash was amorphous below 550 °C, so that the structure of Cr could not be identified by X-ray diffraction pattern. Special attention should be paid on nickel as its leaching toxicity increased due to the corrosion of reactor surface under severe reaction conditions.     

油田采油污泥的热解动力学及其热解效果研究

以新疆克拉玛依油田采油污泥为对象,分别采用热重分析仪和小型流化床热解反应器研究了含油污泥的热解过程及其热解效果。结果表明,油泥热解主要经历了失水、轻质组分挥发、重组分快速热解失重和缓慢失重4个阶段,热解过程基本符合一级动力学方程,提高热解的升温速率,可使油泥的最大失重速率D_max、失重速率峰值温度θ_max、升温终点的最大失重率都随之增加,表现在动力学上,反映出表观活化能和碰撞频率因子的同时升高,即提高油泥热解转化率的同时也影响了热解效率。失水油泥用流化床热解,在热解温度600℃、反应时间3 min时,油泥回收率可达到87%。     

污泥热干化和燃烧特性试验研究

分别在桨叶式干化机和热重仪上进行污泥干化和燃烧试验,研究了污泥干化特性和污染物排放特性,并对污泥的燃烧特性进行分析。结果表明,污泥干化过程分为黏稠区、粘滞区和颗粒区3个阶段。干化过程排放的污染气体有氨气、氯化氢、氟化氢、氰化氢、甲烷和挥发性有机酸等,其中氨气为主要污染气体。经冷凝吸收和活性炭吸附处理后,各种污染气体浓度均显著降低,其中氨气去除率最高,达97.04%。污泥干化冷凝液的BOD5和COD质量浓度分别为4 040、8 510mg/L,氨氮的质量浓度为1 025mg/L,pH为9.84,属于高浓度有机废水。污泥的燃烧过程可以分为3个失重阶段:水分析出阶段(50～150℃),挥发分燃烧阶段(150～450℃),固定碳燃烧阶段(450～650℃)。分别用Kissinger法和Ozawa法计算挥发分燃烧阶段和固定碳燃烧阶段的活化能和动力学方程,挥发分燃烧阶段的活化能低于固定碳燃烧阶段,表明挥发分燃烧阶段污泥更易燃烧。污泥的燃烧过程在650℃时基本完成,因此实际工程应用中,设计干化污泥的焚烧温度在750℃比较合理。     

Effect of sludge-processing mode, soil texture and soil pH on metal mobility in undisturbed soil columns under accelerated loading

The effect of sludge processing (digested dewatered, pelletized, alkaline-stabilized, composted, and incinerated), soil type and initial soil pH on trace metal mobility was examined using undisturbed soil columns. Soils tested were Hudson silt loam (Glossaquic Hapludalf) and Arkport fine sandy loam (Lamellic Hapludalf), at initial pH levels of 5 and 7. Sludges were applied during four accelerated cropping cycles (215 tons/ha cumulative application for dewatered sludge; equivalent rates for other sludges), followed by four post-application cycles. Also examined (with no sludge applications) were Hudson soil columns from a field site that received a heavy loading of sludge in 1978. Romaine (Lactuca sativa) and oats (Avena sativa) were planted in alternate cycles, with oats later replaced by red clover (Trifolium pratense). Soil columns were watered with synthetic acid rainwater, and percolates were analyzed for trace metals (ICP spectroscopy), electrical conductivity and pH. Percolate metal concentrations varied with sludge and soil treatments. Composted sludge and ash had the lowest overall metal mobilities. Dewatered and pelletized sludge had notable leaching of Ni, Cd and Zn in Arkport soils, especially at low pH. Alkaline-stabilized sludge had the widest range of percolate metals (relatively insensitive to soils) including Cu, Ni, B and Mo. Old site column percolate concentrations showed good agreement with previous field data. Little leaching of P was observed in all cases. Cumulative percolate metal losses for all treatments were low relative to total applied metals. Leachate and soil pH were substantially depressed in dewatered and pelletized sludge soil columns and increased for alkaline-stabilized and ash treatments.     

常温下IC反应器启动过程中的颗粒污泥性能研究

在常温下用自配葡萄糖废水启动IC反应器,研究了厌氧颗粒污泥的形成过程和特性。IC反应器进水浓度为3 000 mg COD/L,水温为14.5～26℃,25 d内形成了颗粒污泥。结果表明,随着运行时间和容积负荷的增加,颗粒污泥粒径逐渐增大。反应器启动完成后,反应器中2 mm的颗粒污泥增加到6.6%,0.3 mm的颗粒从57.7%减少到39.4%;VSS浓度从24.7 g/L上升到48.2 g/L;VSS/SS从34.4%增加到72.8%。颗粒污泥的沉降速度与颗粒粒径成正比,0.3～3 mm的颗粒污泥的沉降速度介于34.05～109.75 m/h之间,具有良好的沉降性能。初始接种污泥几乎没有产甲烷活性,与第30 d的初期颗粒污泥相比,成熟的颗粒污泥的产甲烷活性提高了46.7%。     

Fractionation of heavy metals in liquefied chromated copper arsenate 9-treated wood sludge using a modified BCR-sequential extraction procedure

Chromated copper arsenate (CCA)-treated wood was liquefied with polyethylene glycol/glycerin and sulfuric acid. After liquefaction, most CCA metals (98% As, 92% Cr, and 83% Cu) were removed from liquefied CCA-treated wood by precipitation with calcium hydroxide. The original CCA-treated wood and liquefied CCA-treated wood sludge were fractionated by a modified Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) sequential extraction procedure. The purpose of the BCR-sequential extraction used in this study was to examine the availability of CCA metals in treated wood for reuse. Both As and Cr had a slightly higher concentration in the sludge sample than in original CCA-treated wood. The sequential extraction showed that As and Cr were principally existed in an oxidizable fraction (As, 67%; Cr, 88%) in original CCA-treated wood. Only 1% of both As and Cr were extracted by hot nitric acid with the last extraction step. The distribution of As and Cr changed markedly in liquefied CCA-treated wood sludge.The amount of As in the exchangeable/acid extractable fraction increased from 16% to 85% while the amount of Cr increased from 3% to 54%. Only about 3% of As was present in the oxidizable fraction. However, there was still about 34% of Cr in the same fraction. Based on these results from sequential extraction procedures, it can be concluded that the accessibilities of CCA metals increase markedly by the liquefaction–precipitation process.     

ASBR厌氧氨氧化反应器的快速启动及脱氮原理分析

以城市生活污水为基本水质进行配水,采用ASBR研究了厌氧氨氧化反应器的快速启动过程及脱氮性能。实验条件如下:T为(35±1)℃、HRT为24 h、pH为7.2～7.5,进水NH4+-N、NO2--N浓度为40～160 mg/L,TN负荷为0.08～0.34 kg TN/(m3.d),按2∶1比例混合接种好氧短程硝化污泥和厌氧氨氧化污泥,经49 d运行成功启动厌氧氨氧化反应器,并实现稳定运行。实验结果表明:稳定运行期NH4+-N、NO2--N去除率分别达96%和98%;NH4+-N、NO2--N去除量与NO3--N生成量比值为1∶1.05∶0.29,较为接近理论值;成功启动的反应器出水pH高于进水;系统TN去除率平均值为79.7%;反应器内存在反硝化与厌氧氨氧化的协同作用,实现了部分COD去除;污泥由深棕色絮状变成红褐色颗粒状,经SEM扫描电镜观察污泥菌群种类单一,多为球状菌,有漏斗状缺口,具有典型氨氧化菌形态特征。     

连续流改进A2/O反应器去污效果及分相培养研究

以生活污水为原水,在常温（25-33℃）条件下采用连续流改进A2/O反应器进行脱氮除磷实验研究。系统内COD降解,TN与TP去除主要在活性污泥段完成,而NH4＋-N去除基本在生物接触氧化区完成。从中沉池出水硝态氮影响因素分析可知,选用较高的有机负荷有利于实现系统内分相培养。泥龄对实现系统内微生物异养菌和自养菌的分相培养具有关键影响。当泥龄〈10 d,可实现系统内异养菌与自养菌的分相培养。     

聚乙烯醇在超临界水氧化中降解

以H2O2为氧化剂用间歇式超临界水氧化装置对聚乙烯醇(PVA)废水进行降解研究。通过正交实验,考察了反应温度、压力、时间及氧化剂过氧倍数对降解效果的影响,并且采用GC/MS对液相降解产物进行表征推测其可能降解途径。结果表明:PVA在SCWO体系中能完全降解,反应温度440℃、压力28 MPa、氧化剂过氧倍数4、反应40 min时,COD去除率为99.03%,出水COD=89.09 mg/L。PVA在SCWO体系中降解为烯烃、烯酮、醇和羧酸类中间产物、最终降解为小分子的饱和直链烷烃类液相产物。     

Enhanced excess sludge hydrolysis and acidification in an activated sludge side-stream reactor process with single-stage sludge alkaline treatment: a pilot scale study

A pilot-scale side-stream reactor process with single-stage sludge alkaline treatment was employed to systematically investigate characteristics of excess sludge hydrolysis and acidification with alkaline treatment and evaluate feasibility of recovering a carbon source (C-source) from excess sludge to enhance nutrient removal at ambient temperature. The resulting C-source and volatile fatty acid specific yields reached 349.19 mg chemical oxygen demand (COD)/g volatile suspended solids (VSS) d⁻¹ and 121.3 mg COD/g VSS d⁻¹, respectively, the process had excellent C-source recovery potential. The propionic-to-acetic acid ratio of the recovered C-source was 3.0 times that in the influent, which beneficially enhanced biological phosphorus removal. Large populations and varieties of hydrolytic acid producing bacteria cooperated with alkaline treatment to accelerate sludge hydrolysis and acidification. Physicochemical characteristics indicated that recovered C-source was derived primarily from extracellular polymeric substances hydrolysis rather than from cells disruption during alkaline treatment. This study showed that excess sludge as carbon source was successfully recycled by alkaline treatment in the process.

     

气封壁高浓度有机污染物超临界水氧化处理系统

利用干燥空气替换亚临界水作为蒸发壁流体,对传统蒸发壁超临界水氧化反应器进行了改进,即将干燥空气用作污染物超临界水氧化反应氧化剂的同时,又作为该超临界水氧化反应体系的密封介质,避免其与反应器内壁的直接接触,以改善超临界水氧化反应器的耐腐蚀性能。通过对采用城市活性污泥和异丙醇配制的高浓度难降解污染物悬浮液进行超临界水氧化处理后,发现反应器内衬陶瓷管在实验前后无论是外观形貌,还是结构组成均未发生明显变化;处理后液体COD降至80 mg/L以下,去除率达到99.6%以上,固体残渣量约为污染物总量的1%,且体系运行过程中压力和温度控制准确,可操作性强。进一步验证了将干燥空气作为超临界水氧化体系的密封介质具有可行性,同时表明,该气封壁超临界水氧化反应系统可用于高浓度难降解有机污染物的环境处理。     

污水污泥有机调质浓缩和无机调质脱水工艺研究

介绍了一种污水污泥有机调质浓缩和无机调质脱水工艺,它可有效提高污泥浓缩和脱水效率。含水率99％以上的剩余污泥经过有机调质后可快速浓缩至含水率93％左右,去除污泥中的间隙水和表面吸附水。浓缩污泥经过无机调质后可板框压滤脱水至含水率60％左右,脱除污泥中的毛细结合水和部分细胞水,而且实现了污泥重金属的稳定化。     

3种污泥对磺胺二甲基嘧啶的吸附性能

研究了厌氧颗粒污泥、厌氧污泥及好氧污泥对磺胺二甲基嘧啶(SM2)的吸附性能。当SM2初始浓度为50μg/L时,采用活性污泥灭活吸附,考察了吸附平衡时间、吸附等温线及温度对污泥吸附的影响,并比较了失活污泥与活性污泥的吸附性能。结果表明,3种污泥对SM2的吸附均在1 h内达到吸附平衡;3种失活污泥对SM2的吸附都可用Freundl-ich和Langmuir吸附模型来描述,并且Freundlich吸附模型的拟合效果要好于Langmuir模型(R2F>R2L);温度对3种污泥吸附影响规律一致,并且吸附常数KF(15℃)>KF(25℃)>KF(35℃),这说明吸附为放热反应,低温有利于吸附反应的进行。活性污泥对SM2的吸附与失活污泥吸附规律一致,都符合Freundlich模型。3种活性污泥对SM2的去除是吸附和降解的共同作用,并且都是降解占主导地位,降解效率为厌氧污泥>好氧污泥>厌氧颗粒污泥。     

NaCl盐度波动对处于污泥膨胀的耐盐脱氮污泥沉降性能的影响

以处于污泥膨胀的耐盐脱氮污泥为研究对象,分别采用有效容积为2和240L的SBR装置（编号1#和2#）,在进水NH3-N浓度为40—100mg／L,pH为7．45～8．0,溶解氧为3～5mg／L,温度为28～30℃的条件下,分别研究不同NaCl盐度（0、10、20和30g／L）对污泥沉降性的影响。实验结果表明,在NaCl盐度条件下,可以明显改善耐盐脱氮污泥的沉降性。NaCl盐度越高,污泥絮凝体体积减小、丝状菌及原生动物减少趋势越明显,污泥沉降性效果越好。在30g／L盐度时,1#和2#SBR的SV30分别从95％和80％降至53％和30％,SVI分别从185．5和170．8mL／g降至127．3和78．4mL／g。