Adsorption of benzene and toluene from waste gas using activated carbon activated by ZnCl2

A series of activated carbons with high surface area were prepared from walnut shell using chemical activation with ZnCl2. In this research the carbonization stage was carried out at 500℃. The performance of the synthesized carbons evaluated in adsorption of benzene and toluene from waste gas. The influence of impregnation ratio on the characteristics of synthesized activated carbons as well as their adsorption capacity was investigated. The ratio of activation agent to walnut shell was selected in the range of 0.5-2.0 wt/wt. The synthesized activated carbons were characterized using XRD, SEM, BET and FTIR techniques. The highest activated carbon production yield was obtained at impregnation ratio of 1.5 wt/wt. The XRD analysis illustrated that peaks intensity decreased with increasing impregnation ratio showing that amorphous property of samples was increased. The SEM analysis revealed successful pore development in synthesized activated carbons obtained at high impregnation ratios. The surface area of the activated carbons increased with increasing impregnation ratio and its maximum value reached 2643 m2.g 1 at impregnation ratio of 2/1. FTIR analysis indicated that the relative amount of different acidic surface groups on synthesized carbons was a function of impregnation ratio. Experimental results for benzene and toluene adsorption showed a high potential of employing synthesized impregnated activated carbon for treatment of waste gas. Generally, the amount of VOC adsorbed on the surface was affected by physicochemical properties of synthesized activated carbons.     

Removal of Cu（ll） ions from aqueous solution by activated carbon impregnated with humic acid

Humic acid （HA） was impregnated onto powdered activated carbon to improve its Cu（II） adsorption capability. The optimum pH value for Cu（II） removal was 6. The maximum adsorption capacity of HAimpregnated activated carbon was up to 5.98mg.g-1, which is five times the capacity of virgin activated carbon. The adsorption processes were rapid and accompanied by changes in pH. In using a linear method, it was determined that the equilibrium experimental data were better represented by the Langmuir isotherm than by the Freundlich isotherm. Surface charges and surface functional groups were studied through zeta potential and FTIR measurements to explain the mechanism behind the humicacid modification that enhanced the Cu（II） adsorption capacity of activated carbon.     

Activated carbon adsorption,activated sludge and ozonation treatments evaluated by impact intensity based on acute toxicity test

A Toxicity Reduction Evaluation (TRE) conducted on various water treatments was successful in optimizing the acute toxicity of the final effluent. In particular, we found that the acute toxicity of the sample water treated by a water treatment process should not be correlated with the concentrations of the parent compounds still remaining in the water. Therefore, it was concluded that an acute toxicity test based on a bioassay must be performed in order to evaluate the efficiency of the water treatment process for various effluents containing environmental pollutants. In addition, the treatability and the resultant toxicity was evaluated as a simple scoring system. The scoring system ranked the treated water in three classes of toxicity with the calculation of several factors for the concerned toxicity. Using an impact evaluation based on the score of the characteristics, different water treatment processes could be directly compared. The new methodology presented here is specifically effective in listing possible unit operations for a water treatment process based on the impact, and thereby enables targeted and cost-effective water treatment.     

Removal of methylene blue by coupling black carbon adsorption with TiO2 photodegradation

In this study, the removal of methylene blue (MB) by the coupling of black carbon (BC) and TiO₂ was investigated. The effects of different parameters such as catalyst dose, sorbent, initial concentrations of dye, pH of the solutions, recycles on discoloration, and chemical oxidation demand (COD) reduction of MB were monitored to optimize the reaction conditions. The discoloration and COD conversation rate of MB obtained by the coupling process were 100% after 90?min irradiation. The synergistic effect of MB-adsorption on BC followed by degradation through TiO₂ photocatalysis was proved by FT–IR spectrophotometer. The BC as by-product of natural materials is a promising adsorbent for waste water treatment.     

Removal of Eu3+, Ce3+, Sr2+, and Cs+ ions from radioactive waste solutions by modified activated carbon prepared from coconut shells

As a biomass agricultural waste material, coconut shells were used for the preparation of high-quality modified activated carbon. Chemical modification of the surface of the prepared activated carbon is done by oxidation using H₂O₂ and HNO₃, respectively. The surface area and pore volume of the coconut shells activated carbon are increased by the chemical modification, and followingly the removal of the metals is improved. The structural morphology and composition of the modified activated carbon coconut shells (MACCS) were evaluated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, thermogravimetric analysis–differential thermal analysis (TGA-DTA), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), surface area analysis (SAA), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur (CHNS) elemental analysis. The prepared MACCS has reasonably good chemical stability. The influence of solution pH, contact time, adsorbent dosage, adsorption temperature, initial metal concentrations, and interfering ions on the adsorption performance of the investigated ions onto the prepared sorbent was examined by a batch method. The selectivity sequence for sorption of Eu³⁺, Ce³⁺, Sr²⁺, and Cs⁺ ions on MACCS was found to be Eu^3+?>?Ce^3+?>?Sr^2+?>?Cs⁺. The saturation capacities of MACCS for the studied metal ions were found to be 136.84, 85.55, 69.85, and 60.00?mg?g^?1 for Eu³⁺, Ce³⁺, Sr²⁺, and Cs⁺ ions, respectively. The thermodynamic parameters, ΔH°, ΔS°, and ΔG° were also evaluated.     

磷酸活化活性炭对Cu~（2＋）的吸附特征研究

寻求廉价而高效的吸附材料为目的,研究向日葵秸杆基活性炭对铜离子的吸附性能。以向日葵秸秆为原料,经H3PO4活化制备活性炭,通过静态实验研究了其对水溶液中Cu2＋的吸附特性,考察了溶液pH值、吸附温度和离子强度对吸附的影响,探讨了吸附热力学、动力学和吸附机理。结果表明：溶液pH值为5～6时活性炭对Cu2＋的去除效果最好;向50 mL 170 mg·L-1的溶液中加入0.5 g活性炭,温度为45℃、吸附时间为1 h时,对Cu2＋的去除率可达98.3%;Langmuir方程能更好地描述Cu2＋在活性炭上的等温吸附特征,静态吸附容量可达41.03 mg·g-1;吸附过程符合拟二级动力学过程,且为吸热的化学吸附过程,膜扩散为速率控制步骤,离子交换可能在吸附过程中起了重要作用。     

Removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions using activated carbon prepared from Cicer arietinum

Removal of Cu²⁺, Cd²⁺, Pb²⁺, and Zn²⁺ from aqueous solutions by activated carbon prepared from stems and seed hulls of Cicer arietinum, an agricultural solid waste, has been studied. The influence of various parameters, such as pH, contact time, adsorbent dose, and initial concentration of metal ions on removal was evaluated. The activated carbon was characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and elemental analysis. Sorption isotherms were studied using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. All experimental sorption data were fitted to the sorption models using nonlinear least-squares regression. The maximum adsorption capacity values for activated carbon prepared from Cicer arietinum waste for metal ions were 18 mg g^?1 (Cu²⁺), 18 mg g^?1 (Cd²⁺), 20 mg g^?1 (Pb²⁺), and 20 mg g^?1 (Zn²⁺), respectively. The Freundlich isotherm model fit was best, followed by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Desorption studies were carried out with dilute hydrochloric acid for quantitative recovery of the metal ions and for regeneration of the adsorbent.     

磷酸活化活性炭对Cu2+的吸附特征研究

寻求廉价而高效的吸附材料为目的,研究向日葵秸杆基活性炭对铜离子的吸附性能。以向日葵秸秆为原料,经H3PO4活化制备活性炭,通过静态实验研究了其对水溶液中Cu2+的吸附特性,考察了溶液pH值、吸附温度和离子强度对吸附的影响,探讨了吸附热力学、动力学和吸附机理。结果表明:溶液pH值为5～6时活性炭对Cu2+的去除效果最好;向50 mL 170 mg·L-1的溶液中加入0.5 g活性炭,温度为45℃、吸附时间为1 h时,对Cu2+的去除率可达98.3%;Langmuir方程能更好地描述Cu2+在活性炭上的等温吸附特征,静态吸附容量可达41.03 mg·g-1;吸附过程符合拟二级动力学过程,且为吸热的化学吸附过程,膜扩散为速率控制步骤,离子交换可能在吸附过程中起了重要作用。     

二氧化钛改性油页岩渣对水溶液中亚甲基蓝和六价铬的吸附

以油页岩渣及其二氧化钛改性材料为吸附剂,探究它们去除水溶液中亚甲基蓝和六价铬的能力.通过实验,控制溶液的pH值、温度、初始浓度和接触时间,观察吸附效果变化特征,研究其动力学和热力学性能.实验表明,改性油页岩渣吸附亚甲基蓝和六价铬的吸附率是未改性的2—3倍,且改性油页岩渣对亚甲基蓝的吸附率可达97%,对六价铬的吸附率不到25%.吸附亚甲基蓝时,pH值越大,吸附效果越好;而吸附六价铬时,最适pH值为4.改性油页岩渣吸附亚甲基蓝实验符合准二阶动力学方程,计算得反应活化能为13.29 kJ.mol-1,表明此过程主要是物理吸附.在热力学方面,由范特霍夫方程计算得ΔG〈0、ΔH〉0,表明此过程自发吸热,可见此过程还伴有化学吸附.Langmuir和Freundlich等温模型拟合结果表明,Langmuir模型数据拟合甚佳,R2=0.9999,说明改性油页岩渣吸附亚甲基蓝是单分子层吸附.二氧化钛改性油页岩渣经7次回收利用后,对亚甲基蓝的吸附效果仅减少约1.5%.     

Fe3O4/C纳米粒子的制备及其对水中罗丹明B的去除

采用溶剂热-水热法合成了碳覆盖的Fe3O4纳米粒子Fe3O4/C,利用扫描电镜(SEM)与红外光谱(FT-IR)对其进行了表征,并研究了其对水中罗丹明B的吸附性能.系统考察了吸附动力学、吸附等温线、吸附剂用量对吸附性能的影响.Fe3O4/C对罗丹明B的吸附在3 h内即可达到平衡,最大吸附量可达13.23 mg.g-1.分别用Langmuir和Freundlich吸附模型解释了Fe3O4/C对罗丹明B的作用机理,吸附反应过程符合准二级动力学方程.结果表明,该吸附剂具有良好的磁效应和吸附性能,可快速去除罗丹明B,去除率高达90%以上;吸附剂可重复利用,成本低,具有环境友好的优势.     

Equilibrium,kinetics and thermodynamics of hexavalent chromium biosorption on pristine and zinc chloride activated Senna siamea seed pods

Hexavalent chromium contamination in water is an issue of huge concern due to its use at a high scale, toxicity and non-biodegradability. Biosorption is a cost effective and unconventional strategy for the elimination of Cr(VI). Here, a novel biosorbent Senna siamea seed pod biomass and its chemically activated form have been investigated for the elimination of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solution. The biosorbent was characterized by using BET, FTIR, FESEM-EDX and TGA techniques. Parameters controlling the biosorption process were optimized as pH 2.0, temperature 30°C, initial Cr(VI) concentration 500?mg/L, biosorbent dose 0.5?g/L. Optimized contact time was 210 and 180 min for pristine biomass and activated carbon, respectively. Langmuir isotherm correlated well with experimental data revealing that the biosorption occurred in monolayer pattern. Maximum biosorption capacity calculated by Langmuir biosorption isotherm was 119.18 and 139.86?mg/g for S. siamea pristine biomass and activated carbon, respectively. Pseudo-second order kinetic model correlated well with experimental data. Thermodynamic studies suggested that the biosorption process occurs in a non-spontaneous, stable and endothermic manner. These interesting findings on Cr(VI) biosorption by S. siamea seed pod biomass and S. siamea zinc chloride activated carbon vouches for its potential application as an unconventional biosorbent.     

Neutron activation and atomic absorption analysis of Ulva Lactuca and Gracilaria Verrucosa from Thermaikos Gulf,Greece

NAA and AAS have been applied to determine the content of As, Br, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, La, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sc, Sm and Zn in Ulva lactuca and Gracilaria verrucosa from Thermaikos Gulf, Greece. The analytical data has been subjected to cluster and stepwise discriminant analysis. Thus the influence of some industrial sources on the pollution of water in the Gulf is detected and correlation between Zn‐Co‐Cr‐La; Br‐K; Cu‐Ni; Cd‐Sb‐Mn in the investigated algae is established.