潮流·污流——全球时尚品牌有毒有害物质残留调查

绿色和平国际的一项最新调查发现:全球20家时尚品牌的服装在生产过程中使用了有毒有害物质。这些有毒有害物质有可能是作为服装原材料的一部分,也有可能是在生产过程中使用而残留在服装成品上。无论是哪一种可能,这次调查的结果都告诉我们,时装已经不再单纯是潮流,同时还是一股污流,而涤清污流需要政府、企业、消费者三方的共同行动。     

新潮服装病

“现代社会新潮服装更新速度惊人,时下,一些青年为了赶时髦,经常购买新潮服装。但在一些人中发现,当新款式时装穿上身时,有时会觉得全身有一种说不出的不适感,人们把这种不适症状称做“新潮服装病”。临床医生发现,时装致病的症状主要是眼脸发炎、咳嗽和皮肤发炎、瘙痒等。致病因素是某些时装衣料中残留着有害物质——甲醛。医学试验显示:衣服上的许多毒物甚至比通过饮食还快地侵入人体引起病变。据介绍,甲醛还是一种致癌物质,所以购买新衣服要清洗后再穿,或在外边晾一下再穿。     

电子制造企业的有害物质管理模式探讨

电子产品制造企业的管理工作必须要有相应的手段和实际的控制方法.本文总结了在电子制造企业中对有害物质的管理工作的体会和经验,阐述了电子制造企业应建立适应有害物质管理的组织机构和在企业内部应实施对有害物质控制的管理方法.对电子制造企业加强对有害物质的管理有一定的参考价值.     

化妆品中的有害物质及其防护

本文从化妆品的作用入手,分析化妆品中的有害物质,提出了化妆品中有害物质对人 体的危害及其防护措施。     

污染环境罪之“有害物质”的认定

污染环境罪的犯罪对象中,争议较大的是其他有害物质的认定。物质本身的复杂性、有害物质种类繁多、条文间的二次援引等,直接导致有害物质定义不清。为实现环境保护的目的,应当适当放宽"有害物质"的评判标准,扩大刑法规制的范围;明确行政标准仅具有参考价值,是否属于有害物质应当结合其他事实综合认定。     

汽车禁用物质控制方法研究与应用

本文分析了汽车禁用有害物质现状及相关法规和政策要求,探索汽车产品禁限用有害物控制方法,建立汽车产品绿色材料数据系统。企业通过实践,有效控制汽车产品禁限用有害物质的使用。     

微机计算烟、粉尘测量结果

以往气污染源有害物质的测定,通常是用采样管从烟道中抽取一定体积的烟气.再通过捕集装置将有害物质捕集下来,然后根据捕集的有害物量和抽取的烟气量,求出烟气中有害物质的浓度,再根据有害物质的浓度和烟气的流量计算其排放量.     

家里的灰霾——中国家庭室内灰尘中有毒有害物质抽样调查

家庭室内灰尘是考察室内污染情况的"晴雨表"。近期,针对目前国际国内关注度较高的四类有毒有害物质,绿色和平采集了中国五个城市十一个家庭的室内灰尘样本进行检测。结果显示全部样本中都存在上述四类有毒有害物质,且浓度范围与其他国家和地区的研究相一致。这表明中国公众可能通过室内灰尘暴露于多种有毒有害物质的复合影响之下。有此,绿色和平建议完善中国化学品管理体系,为公众创造一个"无毒"的未来。     

蓄势待发的服饰交明 环保时装

纯棉服饰愈来愈显珍贵了,这是棉花纤维的生态魅力。服饰是否给予人体呵护,已成为消费的理性要求。那些温暖的如云似锦的天然纤维,带来一片生命的柔媚,无限温馨,与肌肤有着天然的亲合力,无论棉、麻,还是丝绸,都无毒、无害无副作用。所以生态环保的生物纤维,在服装家族愈显珍贵。德国杜赛尔多夫服装展推出的时装环保奖,为时装界吹来更多绿色环保风。环保时装类似于绿色食品,其面料选用自然纤维,印染使用无害于人体的化学剂、色素;严格控制有害物质。pH值、染色牢度、甲醛残留、卤化染色载体、特殊气味、阻燃     

知食馆里长知识

正在黄岛区第二实验小学和黄岛区广播电视台的倡导和组织下,我和其他五位同学和六名家长,参观了黄岛区的知食馆。知食馆位于黄岛区食品有害物质监督检验中心一楼。在去的途中,妈妈告诉我,知食馆是国内首家以食品有毒有害物质为主题的食品安全科普教育基地,通过文字、图片、声光电、多媒体等方法,让参观者客观、科学地了解各种食品有害物质,认识检测工作在食品安全中     

Urban Australians using recycled water for domestic non-potable use--an evaluation of the attributes price, saltiness, colour and odour using conjoint analysis

Recycled water use in urban areas is viewed as one part of the solution to Australia's water shortage. The effectiveness of policies designed to promote recycled water systems depends on the acceptance by the community of the price, colour, odour and salt content of the recycled water. In Australia and other countries, limited research has been conducted that investigates community attitudes to and willingness to pay for recycled water, especially in urban settings. Community acceptance of recycled water and the economic feasibility of such projects have not been widely evaluated, even though the long-term feasibility of many projects is dependent on such information. This paper examines the attitudes of an urban Australian community living at Mawson Lakes in South Australia, to using recycled water for non-potable domestic purposes. Conjoint analysis (CA) was used to evaluate participant's (n=136) preferences for various attributes of recycled water (colour, odour, salt content and price) for various uses (garden watering, toilet flushing and clothes washing). The analysis was used to estimate the respondent's willingness to pay (WTP) for quality increases for each of the attributes. Differences in WTP were investigated according to various demographic variables including income and education. Results indicate that for garden watering having 'low salt levels' is the most important attribute of recycled water, for clothes washing 'colourless' is the most important attribute, and for toilet flushing a 'low price' was the most important attribute. Respondents were willing to pay for increases in the quality of recycled water. The amount they were willing to pay varied depending on applied use and the attribute in question. Respondents were most willing to pay for an increase in quality of recycled water when used for clothes washing (willing to pay Australian dollars (A$) 0.07/cubic meter (m(3)) for removal of colour, A$0.065 per cubic meter for an increase in quality of recycled water from 'salty' to 'low salt,' and A$ 0.06/m(3) for removal of odour (1A$=0.75 US $ and 0.62 euro, August 24, 2005)). Segmentation of the price attribute by demographic sectors reveals that those in the higher income bracket, higher education sector, middle age group, and who are male, had a higher marginal valuation on price. The results of this study provide important information for recycled water retailers and water policy developers, helping achieve greater economic feasibility for future recycled water projects, to the satisfaction of the communities involved.     

Electricity price and Southern California’s water supply options

This paper evaluates the impact of fluctuating electricity prices on the cost of five options to increase the water supply to urban areas in Southern California—new surface storage, water purchases, desalination, wastewater recycling, and conservation.We show that the price of electricity required to produce and transport water influences the cost of water supply options and may alter the decision makers economic ranking of these options. When electricity prices are low, water purchase is the cost effective option. When prices exceed US$ 86/MWh, conservation of electricity and water through installation of high efficiency clothes washers is the most effective option.     

Quantifying the influence of environmental and water conservation attitudes on household end use water consumption

Within the research field of urban water demand management, understanding the link between environmental and water conservation attitudes and observed end use water consumption has been limited. Through a mixed method research design incorporating field-based smart metering technology and questionnaire surveys, this paper reveals the relationship between environmental and water conservation attitudes and a domestic water end use break down for 132 detached households located in Gold Coast city, Australia. Using confirmatory factor analysis, attitudinal factors were developed and refined; households were then categorised based on these factors through cluster analysis technique. Results indicated that residents with very positive environmental and water conservation attitudes consumed significantly less water in total and across the behaviourally influenced end uses of shower, clothes washer, irrigation and tap, than those with moderately positive attitudinal concern. The paper concluded with implications for urban water demand management planning, policy and practice.     

Responses of community to the possible use of recycled water for washing machines: A case study in Sydney, Australia

Recycled water is a valuable resource that has potential to free up potable water supplies and recharge systems while improving the environment. Recycled water for washing machine could be one of the options as new end use of recycled water to alleviate the demand on existing and limited water supplies. This paper summarizes the findings of a research survey in Sydney, Australia to explore the attitudes and opinions of community towards the use of recycled water for different purposes, especially for the washing machine. The survey showed that 97% of the respondents were aware of the persisting water shortage problem while more than 60% of the respondents supported the use of recycled water for washing clothes. This paper exposes the basic concern of participants for using recycled water in washing machine. Health issue was found as the most concerns of the community. The survey also presents the further conditions to be considered for using recycled water for washing machine according to the participants’ opinions. Correlation between knowledge and attitudes of respondents was also found in this survey.     

Life cycle assessment for reuse/recycling of donated waste textiles compared to use of virgin material: An UK energy saving perspective

In the UK, between 4 and 5% of the municipal solid waste stream is composed of clothes/textiles. Approximately 25% of this is recycled by companies such as the Salvation Army Trading Company Limited (SATCOL) who provide a collection and distribution infrastructure for ‘donated’ clothing and shoes. Textiles can be reused or undergo a processing stage and enter a recycling stream. Research was conducted in order to quantify the energy used by a reuse/recycling operation and whether this resulted in a net energy benefit. The energy footprint was quantified using a streamlined life cycle assessment (LCA), an LCA restricted in scope in order to target specific aspects of the footprint, in this case energy consumption. Taking into account extraction of resources, manufacture of materials, electricity generation, clothing collection, processing and distribution and final disposal of wastes it was demonstrated that for every kilogram of virgin cotton displaced by second hand clothing approximately 65 kWh is saved, and for every kilogram of polyester around 90 kWh is saved. Therefore, the reuse and recycling of the donated clothing results in a reduction in the environmental burden compared to purchasing new clothing made from virgin materials.     

A comparison of sediment deposition in two adjacent floodplains of the River Adour in southwest France

Two floodplains within the catchment of the River Adour (SW France) have been examined in order to analyse spatio-temporal variations in discharge and suspended matter flux. Both floodplain zones were found to be excellent sites for the interception of suspended sediment. The narrow riparian vegetative strips (RVS) within each zone were found to retain 92-98% of the sediment trapped within the floodplain during each of three separate flood events. The precise level of sediment deposited within the floodplain was found to be dependent on micro-topographical features and the nature of the vegetation: the wooded areas within the RVS being particularly effective at trapping sediment. Mean masses of sediment collected in the flood plains ranged from 75kgm(-2) in the RVS to 0.02kgm(-2) in the areas of the floodplain inundated by back-up flows. Using data on discharge and sediment fluxes within the catchment gathered over a period of 25 years it is possible to discern how hydroclimatic fluctuations have affected the watershed with periods of sediment retention within the floodplain zones alternating with periods of sediment export. Anthropogenic activity, involving river management, including the cutting of meanders, the construction of dykes for flood prevention and the use of water for agricultural purposes, has also had a major impact during this period, particularly in the downstream areas of the catchment.     

History and Ethics of Keeping Pets: Comparison with Farm Animals

Perhaps the commonest reasons for the keeping of pets are companionship and as a conduit for affection. Pets are, therefore, being “used” for human ends in much the same way as laboratory or farm animals. So shouldn’t the same arguments apply to the use of pets as to those used in other ways? In accepting the “rights” of farm animals to fully express their natural behavior, one must also accept the “right” of pets to express their intrinsic natural behavior. Dogs kept in houses for most of the day are being kept in an unnatural environment. So are rabbits kept in hutches, and guinea-pigs or birds in cages. These conditions infringe the animals’ telos. Dogs are naturally pack animals, so is a dog in isolation being denied its telos? Other actions more deliberately infringe telos and autonomy. Enforced shampooing – or even exercise; hair-cutting of poodles; putting animals in clothes; and tail-docking. If de-beaking of chickens is considered wrong, then the same must be true for tail-docking of dogs. One should also question the ethics of specialist breeding – especially when that results in physiological disadvantages (boxers with breathing troubles). There would appear to be no advantage to the animals in having such health problems and when these are the direct result of the breeders’ desire for specific cosmetic traits, we should question the ethics of the practice at least as much as when animals are bred for specific agricultural traits.     

Technological reviews of particulate matter and their source identification techniques

Particulate matter (PM) is one of the primary pollutants produced from mining operations. This paper summarizes the existing techniques used to identify sources of PM and their contribution to ambient air pollution. Human health studies indicate that there is an association between airborne PM and adverse health effects. Particularly in coal mining areas, the burning of coal and PM from machinery operations cause low air quality that is physically harmful. Thus, the sources of smoldering combustion, that are typical in coal mine burns, increase the risk to mine workers who are exposed to high concentrations of known toxicity associated with PM. Recent studies on the modeling of PM concentration profiles across various sources were reviewed for this paper.     

Current results and future perspectives for Japanese recycling of home electrical appliances

The Japanese system of recycling home electrical appliances has several unique aspects, including (1) a limited number of target appliances, (2) a recycling fee system that requires consumers to pay a recycling fee at the time of disposal, and (3) a direct recycling obligation for manufacturers, who have a physical, rather than a financial, responsibility for their end-of-life products. We studied data from 2001 to 2007 and found that the amount of four specified home electrical appliances and their materials that was recycled increased from about 319,249 tonnes in 2001 to about 447,262 tonnes—or 3.5 kg per inhabitant—in 2006. Recycling yield and development of recycling technologies have also improved. New recycling technologies have enabled a higher rate of material recycling of plastics (i.e., a closed-loop recycling). Improved eco-design, such as design for easier disassembly, has been promoted, and the higher quality of discarded appliances has enhanced the reuse market. Hazardous substances and fluorocarbons are being well managed. Problems with the recycling system include inelastic recycling fees, illegal dumping, illegal transfer by retailers, and the limited number of target appliances. Recycling fees could be reduced; this move might reduce the incidence of illegal dumping, as would engage stakeholders in collaborative efforts against illegal dumping. Illegal transfers could be reduced by improved traceability for retailers. Products such as liquid crystal displays, plasma display panels and clothes dryers have become increasingly common and should be also be targeted for recycling.     

饮用水中半挥发性有机物的定性检测

内江二水厂以沱江水为水源，本文通过对该水厂出厂水的液—液萃取，用色—质联机定性检测出９７种半挥发性有机物。结果表明：沱江水质的有机污染仍很严重