隐孢子虫和贾第鞭毛虫的危害及其控制技术

病原微生物对水体的污染以及在饮用水中的存在是一个重要的公共卫生问题.微小隐孢子虫和蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫(简称两虫)被认为是世界上最主要的导致人体腹泻的水源性原生动物寄生虫,隐孢子虫卵囊和贾第鞭毛虫孢囊具有个体微小,致病量低、抵抗环境选择性压力强、易于造成两虫病暴发流行等特点,对公共健康及公共安全具有潜在的风险.饮用水处理中,...     

污水再生处理系统中隐孢子虫和贾第鞭毛虫检测方法的优化

隐孢子虫和贾第鞭毛虫是2种严重危害水质安全的病原性原生动物.与USEPA1623方法相比,以膜过滤-洗脱法作为浓缩方式的检测流程回收率较高且成本较低.本研究通过对膜过滤-洗脱环节和免疫磁性分离(IMS)过程进行改进和参数优化,建立了适用于污水再生处理系统的两虫检测方法.研究发现,对滤膜进行刮擦处理后隔夜浸泡,以及洗脱前剧烈振荡等操作能够显著提高并稳定回收率.投加高岭土浊液提高水样的浊度至4NTU更加有效地提高了低浊水样的浓缩回收率.离心浓缩后洗涤沉淀并进行2次酸解离是降低IMS过程水质干扰的有效措施.采用该优化方法对不同来源水样进行检测,隐孢子虫回收率超过70%,贾第鞭毛虫回收率超过80%,明显高于1623方法的接受标准(>24%).     

Improvement of detection method of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in reclaimed water

Cryptosporidium and Giardia are two typical species of pathogenic protozoans that seriously endanger water quality. Previous works indicated that detection of Cryptosporidium and Giardia with modified United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) method-1623 using a membrane filtration-elution for sample concentration attained better recovery and lower cost compared to the USEPA method-1623. Several improvements of membrane filtration-elution step as well as immunomagnetic separation (IMS) steps were investigated and an optimized method for detection of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in wastewater reclamation system was recommended in this paper. The experimental results show that an overnight soak of the membrane after scraping and vortex agitation before elution could enhance and stabilize the recovery. Increasing turbidity to 4 NTU by adding kaolin clay before filtration could effectively improve the recovery of low-turbidity water. Washing the concentrate after centrifugation and twice acid dissociation both reduced the impact of water quality to protozoan recovery. Protozoans in different water samples were determined by this optimized method, and the recovery of Cryptosporidium and Giardia were above 70% and 80% respectively, much higher than the acceptance of method-1623. __________ Translated from Environmental Science, 2006, 27(12): 2547–2552 [译自: 环境科学]     

Land-use changes and natural reforestation in the Eastern Central Alps

In modern agriculture, only the cultivation of highly productive and easily accessible slopes remains profitable. As a consequence, inaccessible and steep areas are being increasingly abandoned. In this paper, the mechanisms of natural reforestation of abandoned areas are examined on three levels as a prelude to determine natural reforestation rates. The study sites selected on the municipality level (1:25,000) are situated in four agrarian structure regions in the Alps: ‘Innsbruck Land’, ‘Südtiroler Berggebiet’, ‘Unterland/Überetsch’ and ‘Carnia’. For more detailed data, studies on the level of a case study area (1:5000) and plot level (permanent plots) were carried out in the municipality of St. Leonhard in Passeier (‘Südtiroler Berggebiet’, South Tyrol, Italy). Data were collected through analysis of historic photographic material as well as by detailed field work. Significant explanatory variables of natural reforestation were determined using count data models. A zero-inflated negative binomial model was employed as analysing tool. Key findings are: (1) in the past 150 years, areas were abandoned in all analysed agrarian structure regions. Between 8 and 67% of the formerly used areas are now abandoned, and in the majority of these abandoned areas, forest re-growth is observed. (2) Seed dispersal and agricultural use are the most important variables influencing natural reforestation. The nearer an area is situated to old trees, the higher the reforestation rate. Grazing and mowing reduce reforestation. (3) The less intensively the land was formerly used and the longer the area was abandoned, the higher the tree density is. Whereby, the average sapling density is significantly higher in mixture communities than in grasslands or dwarf shrub communities. However, snow gliding and avalanches cause damage to trees that retard or hinder tree growth.     

东非地区的海洋保护区：它们取得了多大的成功?

本文探讨了东非地区海洋保护区(MPA)及其所包含的珊瑚礁的管理。这一地区包括科摩罗、肯尼亚、马达加斯加、毛里求斯、莫桑比克、坦桑尼亚以及塞舌尔。     

东非地区的海洋保护区：它们取得了多大的成功?

本文探讨了东非地区海洋保护区(MPA)及其所包含的珊瑚礁的管理。这一地区包括科摩罗、肯尼亚、马达加斯加、毛里求斯、莫桑比克、坦桑尼亚以及塞舌尔。     

小流域大气氮干湿沉降特征

大气氮沉降是陆源污染物和营养物质向水生生态系统传输的重要途径之一.在人类活动影响较大的流域,大量氮素通过大气沉降的形式输入到水体中,能够对地表水体的营养结构、水生生物的生存环境等造成严重的负面生态效应.本文以密云水库石匣小流域为例,采集并分析了研究区大气氮沉降(颗粒态干沉降与湿沉降)样品,探讨了该流域大气氮沉降通量的变化特征及其主要影响因子,进而明确了大气氮沉降对流域氮输入的贡献程度.结果表明:(1)石匣流域大气氮总沉降(颗粒态干沉降与湿沉降之和)呈现出明显的季节变化特征;对湿沉降而言,总氮、氨氮在夏季沉降通量最大,溶解性有机氮沉降通量在春季最大,而硝态氮季节变化并不明显;对颗粒态干沉降而言,总氮和氨氮的沉降通量在冬季最高;硝态氮在不同季节变化不明显,但其沉降趋势与总氮基本一致;溶解性有机氮在秋季出现最高值.(2)该流域氮沉降通量为43. 14 kg·hm-2,其中湿沉降通量占39. 85%,颗粒态干沉降通量占60. 15%.(3)降雨和风速条件是影响大气氮沉降的重要影响因子,其中雨量和雨强与氮湿沉降浓度均呈明显的负相关关系;对颗粒态干沉降而言,监测期内平均风速是影响颗粒态氨氮干沉降通量的重要因子.(4)大气氮沉降占该流域总的氮素输入量的15. 09%,是仅次于畜禽养殖和农村生活的重要污染源.本研究结果可为密云水库上游流域氮素综合管理提供科学参考.     

四川中东部地区2009年大气硫沉降模拟

采用第三代公共多尺度空气质量模型Models-3/CMAQ,对四川中东部地区2009年1月、4月、7月和10月SO₂排放所产生的硫沉降分布进行数值模拟研究,并且将该模型输出的ρ(SO₂)、SO₄2-湿沉降量分别与地面层的ρ(SO₂)、降水中SO₄2-湿沉降量实测值进行相关分析,探讨硫沉降的季节、区域分布特征及湿沉降变化. 结果表明:ρ(SO₂)模拟值与实测值的R(相关系数)为0.445,SO₄2-湿沉降量模拟值与实测值的R为0.510;四川中东部地区夏季硫沉降量为2.2×104 t,高于其他三季,冬季最小,为1.0×104 t;硫沉降呈三大片区分布,宜宾、乐山、泸州为高值分布区,资阳、遂宁、南充、广安和达州均属于硫沉降低值区,成都、德阳、绵阳片区属硫沉降次高值区;干沉降中SO₂沉降量在各季所占比例均在85%以上,湿沉降中各季SO₄2-沉降量所占比例均在99%以上.      

Arsenic and major cation hydrogeochemistry of the Central Victorian (Australia) surface waters

This paper reports on the major cations（Ca, Mg, Na and K） and arsenic（As） compositions of surface waters collected from major creeks, rivers and lakes in Central Victoria （Australia）. The surface waters were found to be neutral to alkaline （pH 6.7-9.4）, oxidised （average redox potential （Eh） about 130 mV） and showed variable concentrations of dissolved ions （EC, about 51-4386 /μS/cm）. The concen- trations of dissolved major cations in surface waters were found to be in the order of Na〉〉Mg〉Ca〉K and in soils the contents of metals followed an order of abundance as： Ca〉Mg〉〉K〉Na. While Na was the least abundant in soils, it registered the highest dissolved cation in surface waters. Of the four major cations, the average concentration ofNa（98.7 mg/L） was attributed to the weathering of feldspars and atmospheric input. Relatively highly dissolved concentrations of Na and Mg compared with the world average values of rivers reflected the weathering of rock and soil minerals within the catchments. The As soil level is naturally high（linked to lithology） as reflected by high background soil values and mining operations are also considered to be a contributory factor. Under relatively alkaline-oxidative conditions low mobility of dissolved As （average about 7.9 μg/L） was observed in most of the surface waters with a few higher values（〉15 μg/L） around a sewage disposal site and mine railings. Arsenic in soils is slowly released into water under alkaline and/or lower Eh conditions. The efficient sink of Fe, AI and Mn oxides acts as a barrier against the As release under near neutral-oxidising conditions. High As content （average about 28.3 mg/kg） in soils was found to be associated with Fe-hydroxides as revealed by XRD and SEM analysis. The dissolved As concentration was found to be below the recommended maximum levels for recreational water in all surface waters（lakes and rivers） in the study area. Catchment lithology exerted the fundamental control on surface water chemistry. Sites impacted by mining waste dumps showed a decline in water quality.     

基于OMI数据的中国中东部臭氧及前体物的时空分布

基于OMI卫星资料,分析了2005—2014年中国中东部地区对流层低层ρ(O₃)、对流层NO₂柱浓度及甲醛总柱浓度的时空演变趋势及相互关系. 结果表明:近10年来,中国中东部地区对流层低层ρ(O₃)呈上升趋势,2005年及2014年分别为60.64、69.43 μg/m3,年均增长率为1.6%;对流层低层ρ(O₃)增长的区域面积不断扩大,部分地区增长超23 μg/m3;呈春夏季高,冬季最低的分布趋势. 2005—2012年,对流层NO₂柱浓度呈上升趋势,2005年及2012年分别为4.41×1015、5.90×1015 mol/cm2,年均增长率为4.8%;2012年后呈下降趋势,下降的区域面积逐步扩大,部分地区降低约 15×1014 mol/cm2;呈冬季最高、夏季最低的分布特征;2005—2010年甲醛总柱浓度呈上升趋势,2005年及2010年分别为9.74×1015、1.59×1016 mol/cm2,年均增长率为12.6%,2010年后呈下降趋势;呈夏季最高、冬季最低的分布特征;甲醛总柱浓度增长的区域面积逐渐扩大. 利用甲醛与NO₂柱浓度比值探讨臭氧控制区的空间分布特征,表明鲁豫晋、京津冀、长三角及珠三角地区中心城市属于VOCs控制区,周围城市属于VOCs-NO_x协同控制区,其他地区属于NO_x控制区.