磺酰脲类除草剂对土壤质量生物学指标的影响

微生物生物量碳、微生物生物量氮和土壤矿化氮是3个重要的表征土壤质量的生物学指标,本文通过实验室培养研究了3种磺酰脲类除草剂（氯磺隆、甲磺隆、苄嘧磺隆）对上述生物学指标的动态影响．研究结果表明,用量为1mg/kg的3种磺酰脲类除草剂均明显降低了微生物生物量和氮的矿化量,尤其是施用后最初10d降低幅度比较显著．此后随着时间的增加,除草剂的抑制效应逐步减小．氯磺隆对这些土壤生物学指标的影响明显大于甲磺隆和苄嘧磺隆．     

生物测试法应用于判别除草剂环境污染

在实验室条件下进行了阿特拉津、乙草胺、甲磺隆3种除草剂对玉米根长抑制试验.结果表明,受试玉米对3种除草剂的敏感顺序为甲磺隆＞乙草胺＞阿特拉津.将此结果应用于农药环境污染事故的调查与诊断工作中,对污染因子进行了初步的分析和判定.     

乙草胺与硫酸铜对黑土微生物的复合生态影响

为了探究2种不同类型农药联合施用对土壤微生物的复合生态影响,以除草剂乙草胺和杀菌剂硫酸铜为例,采用传统毒理学方法和BIOLOG法对其进行评价.结果表明,乙草胺和硫酸铜的联合施用对细菌、放线菌和真菌活菌量以及土壤脱氢酶活性基本呈现急性抑制效应,但随时间延长其作用逐渐减弱甚至发生逆转,而对土壤底物诱导呼吸强度表现为明显促进.利用Shannon、Simpson和McIntosh多样性指数模型和主成分分析法对BIOLOG数据进行分析,表明2种农药的联合施用显著破坏了黑土微生物群落物种多样性的丰富度和均一性,主成分分析法也表明土壤微生物群落碳源利用多样性发生了改变.     

重金属铜、锌、镉、铅复合污染对土壤环境微生物群落的影响

以铜锌冶炼厂附近的水稻土为例 ,研究了重金属复合污染对土壤微生物群落的影响 .结果表明 ,有效铜、锌、镉、铅与微生物生物量碳、微生物生物量氮、微生物商、微生物生物量氮 全氮均呈显著负相关 .重金属污染均能降低细菌、真菌和放线菌的数量 .用BIOLOG生态盘研究了重金属污染对微生物群落结构的影响 ,发现重金属污染明显影响了微生物群落结构 ,反映在典型变量 1(CV1)与重金属元素含量呈极显著正相关 ,因此认为典型变量 1是反映重金属污染程度的有效指标 .经逐步回归分析发现 ,有效铜是影响典型变量 1最主要的因素 .     

作物植株残体还田土壤对除草剂的截留作用

加入成熟作物植株残体还田的土壤（简称秸秆还田土壤）与自然土壤的土柱淋洗对比实验，研究了玉米秸秆还田土壤对除草剂乙草胺和阿特拉津的截留作用以及水稻秸秆还田土壤对丁草胺的截留作用。结果表明，作物秸秆还田土壤对所研究的三种除草剂有明显的截留作用，在土桩的最上部10cm内，秸秆还田土壤对乙草胺、丁草胺和阿特拉津的截留量分别是自然土壤对其截留量的1.33、1.77和1.88倍。     

浙江慈溪不同利用年限水稻土主要微生物过程强度的比较

测定了浙江慈溪5个不同利用年限水稻土(50～2000 a)的微生物功能多样性、呼吸作用强度、硝化作用强度及产甲烷势,比较分析了水稻土主要微生物过程强度与利用年限的相关性.结果发现,2000 a水稻土的单一碳源底物利用能力最高,而1000 a水稻土的短期利用能力也明显高于50～700 a的水稻土;随着利用年限的延长,水稻土微生物群落的Shannon指数、Simpson指数和McIntosh指数均趋于升高,利用年限相距500 a以上的水稻土的碳源利用特性在主成分PCA1或PCA2上有较好的分离;随着利用年限的延长,水稻土的呼吸强度显著降低,硝化强度和产甲烷势也趋于下降结果表明,水稻土在持续利用之后,微生物群落功能多样性得到一定加强,而一些调控温室气体排放的微生物过程强度明显减弱.     

树木修复过程中微生物对酸化剂的响应

利用根箱开展了树木修复过程中不同酸化剂处理土壤微生物生物量的动态响应研究。结果表明较高浓度的阿特拉津对土壤微生物具有毒害作用,土壤微生物生物量随时间推移呈总体下降趋势;单纯的树木修复并不能显著提高土壤微生物生物量,酸碱调节剂的施用改变了根际微域的土壤环境,对微生物数量及群落结构产生刺激作用。酸碱调节剂对土壤中微生物活性及其利用氮源的能力具有促进作用:升华硫能在一定程度上减缓土壤微生物生物量碳的降低,氢氧化钙对土壤中微生物活性的恢复具有积极的促进作用。     

阿特拉津生态毒性与生物降解的研究

阿特拉津在世界范围内已经使用了40多年,目前仍然是应用广泛的化学除草剂之一.在许多国家及地区的地表水、地下水和土壤中都检测出了阿特拉津及其降解产生的中间产物.阿特拉津在土壤和水体中的持留期较长并具有生物蓄积性,不但对粮食和食品安全构成了潜在威胁,而且会扰乱和破坏生物活性,对生态环境的影响具有全球性.因此,深入研究阿特拉津的生态风险问题及其污染水体和土壤的生物修复,已成为目前研究的热点.从阿特拉津生态毒性、阿特拉津降解微生物及降解途径方面,对降解阿特拉津的酶学、遗传学和生物工程研究概况作简要介绍,为更好的利用生物技术修复阿特拉津的污染提供理论依据.     

雄黄矿区不同砷污染土壤中微生物群落结构及碳源利用特征

土壤砷污染是我国乃至世界范围内比较严重的环境问题.有关砷污染的生态毒理效应有很多研究,但对砷污染土壤中微生物群落的关注相对较少.本文以我国湖南省石门县雄黄矿地区长期砷污染土壤为例,采用PLFA及BIOLOG微平板技术考察了7个砷(As)污染程度不同的样点以及一个对照样点土壤微生物群落结构及碳源利用特征.结果发现,雄黄矿区存在多种重金属复合污染,除As含量较高以外,镉(Cd)和镍(Ni)的含量也超过了国家土壤环境质量三级标准.雄黄矿区土壤微生物的群落结构受到土壤有机碳(SOC)、有效磷(AP)、p H以及镁(Mg)、Cd、铁(Fe)、铜(Cu)含量的显著影响.各样点土壤微生物群落均以细菌为主,占微生物总量的71.54%~80.66%,真菌次之,放线菌最少.雄黄矿区土壤中的有效砷对微生物造成了较严重的胁迫.严重砷污染降低了微生物对于碳源利用的多样性以及均匀度.各样点微生物对于碳源的利用也表现出明显的差异.31种碳源中微生物利用较多的只有7类,分别属于糖类、胺类、羧酸类与多聚物,并且以糖类为主.     

一株类节杆菌协同还原六价铬和降解阿特拉津的研究

六价铬(Cr(Ⅵ))和阿特拉津复合污染在环境中普遍存在,给生态安全和人类健康带来严重危害.为了实现对Cr(Ⅵ)和阿特拉津复合污染的协同修复,本研究在复合污染场地筛选出一株同时具有阿特拉津降解能力和Cr(Ⅵ)还原能力的类节杆菌Paenarthrobacter sp. AT.在单一污染条件下,菌株AT可以在24 h内将初始浓度为400 mg·L^-1的阿特拉津完全降解,将初始浓度为10 mg·L^-1的Cr(VI)完全还原;同时,菌株还具有很强的阿特拉津和Cr(Ⅵ)耐受性.菌株AT被鉴定含有trz N、atz B和atz C阿特拉津降解功能基因,将阿特拉津降解为无毒终产物氰尿酸,同时生成乙胺和异丙胺两种代谢副产物,其中,乙胺在溶液中持续积累,而异丙胺则短暂积累再被降解.在复合污染条件下,菌株AT对初始浓度为200 mg·L^-1阿特拉津的降解率为100%,对初始浓度为10 mg·L^-1的Cr(Ⅵ)的还原率为44%.本研究证实了微生物可以利用有机污染物作为氮源实现对重金属的转化,为开发绿色低碳微生物修复技术提供...     

Combined effects of two sulfonylurea herbicides on soil microbial biomass and N-mineralization

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莠去津对野生植物群落下土壤微生物功能多样性的影响

为探明亚致死剂量农药对土壤微生物多样性影响,基于大田控制试验,采用Biolog-ECO微平板技术分析喷施亚致死剂量的莠去津对野生植物群落下土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响.结果表明:① 莠去津的喷施浓度对土壤微生物群落利用全部碳源的能力无显著影响（P>0.05）,但与喷施处理后第30天相比,处理后第60天的土壤微生物群落利用全部碳源的能力有所降低,其中处理Ⅰ〔喷施浓度（以质量浓度计）为1 200 g/hm2〕、处理Ⅲ（喷施浓度为300 g/hm2）显著下降（P < 0.05）,而CK（对照组）、处理Ⅱ（喷施浓度为600 g/hm2）降低程度不显著（P>0.05）,并且其各处理间土壤微生物群落对全部碳源的利用能力大小为CK >处理Ⅲ >处理Ⅱ >处理Ⅰ.② 喷施处理后第30天土壤微生物群落对碳水化合物类碳源的利用能力最强,对羧酸类碳源的利用能力相对较弱;喷施处理后第60天土壤微生物群落对碳水化合物类碳源的利用能力降幅最大,处理Ⅰ、处理Ⅱ、处理Ⅲ分别下降了0.63、0.78、0.85、0.76.③ 喷施除草剂后第30天处理Ⅱ的Shannon-Wiener指数和Simpson指数显著低于其他处理（P < 0.05）,而第60天各处理间多样性指数无显著差异;与喷施处理后第30天相比,第60天各处理多样性指数都有所下降,但没有显著差异（P>0.05）.④ 对土壤微生物群落碳源利用能力进行主成分分析结果显示,提取的与土壤微生物碳源利用相关的主成分累积贡献率为86.6%,主成分1能够区分喷施处理后两个时期的土壤微生物群落特征.⑤ 冗余分析（RDA）表明,pH是土壤微生物利用碳源能力差异的重要影响因素之一.研究显示,除草剂莠去津的施用可在一定程度上降低野生植物群落下土壤微生物群落功能多样性.      

Effects of butachlor on microbial enzyme activities in paddy soil

This paper reports the influences of the herbicide butachlor(n-butoxymethl-chloro-2‘,6‘-diethylacetnilide)on microbial respiration,nitrogen fixation and nitrification,and on the activities of dehydrogenase and hydrogen peroxidase in paddy soil.The results showed that after application of butachlor with concentrations of 5.5μg/g dried soil,11.0μg/g dried soil and 22.0μg/g dried soil,the application of butachlor enhanced the activity of dehydrogenase at increasing concentrations.The soil dehydrogenase showed the highest activity on the 16th day after application of 22.0μg/g dried soil of butachlor.The hydrogen peroxidase could be stimulated by cutachlor.The soil respiration was depressed within a period from several days to more than 20 days,depending on concentrations of butachlor applied.Both the nitrogen fixation and nitrification were stimulated in the beginning but reduced greatly afterwards in paddy soil.     

Biodegradation of acetanilide herbicides acetochlor and butachlor in soil

The biodegradation of two acetanilide herbicides, acetochlor and butachlor in soil after other environmental organic matters addition were measured during 35 days lal)oratory incubations. The herbicides were applied to soil alone, soiI-SDBS (sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate) mixtures and soil-HA (humic acid) mixtures. Herbicide biodegradation kinetics were compared in the different treatment. Biodegradation products of herbicides in soil alone samples were identified by GC/MS at the end of incubation. Addition of SDBS and HA to soil decreased acetochlor biodegradation, but increased butachlor biodegradation. The biodegradation half-life of acetochlor and butachlor in soil alone, soilSDBS mixtures and soil-HA mixtures were 4.6d, 6, ld and 5.4d and 5.3d, 4.9d and 5.3d respectively. The biodegradation products were hydroxyacetochlor and 2-melhvl-6-ethvlaniline for acetochlor, and hvdroxvbutachlor and 2,6-diethvlaniline for butachlor.     

Responses of butachlor degradation and microbial properties in a riparian soil to the cultivation of three different plants

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the biodegradation dynamics and related microbial ecophysiological responses to butachlor addition in a riparian soil planted with different plants such as Phragmites australis, Zizania aquatica, and Acorus calamus. The results showed that there were significant differences in microbial degradation dynamics of butachlor in the rhizosphere soils among the three riparian plants. A. calamus displays a significantly higher degradation efficiency of butachlor in the rhizosphere soils, as compared with Z aquatica and P. australis. Half-life time of butachlor degradation in the rhizospheric soils of P. australis, Z aquatica, and A. calamus were 7.5, 9.8 and 5.4 days, respectively. Residual butachlor concentration in A. calamus rhizosphere soil was 35.2% and 21.7% lower than that in Z aquatica and P. australis rhizosphere soils, respectively, indicating that A. calamus showed a greater improvement effect on biodegradation of butachlor in rhizosphere soils than the other two riparian plant. In general, microbial biomass and biochemical activities in rhizosphere soils were depressed by butachlor addition, despite the riparian plant types. However, rhizospheric soil microbial ecophysiological responses to butachlor addition significantly (P < 0.05) differed between riparian plant species. Compared to Z aquatica and P. australis, A. calamus showed significantly larger microbial number, higher enzyme activities and soil respiration rates in the rhizosphere soils. The results indicated that A. calamus have a better alleviative effect on inhibition of microbial growth due to butachlor addition and can be used as a suitable riparian plant for detoxifying and remediating butachlor contamination from agricultural nonpoint pollution.     

Changes in enzymes activity, substrate utilization pattern and diversity of soil microbial communities under cadmium pollution

Heavy metal pollution has received increasing attention in recent years mainly because of the public awareness of environmental issues. In this study we have evaluated the effect of cadmium （Cd） on enzymes activity, substrate utilization pattern and diversity of microbial communities in soil spiked with 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 mg/kg Cd, during 60 d of incubation at 25℃. Enzyme activities determined at 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 d after heavy metal application（DAA） showed marked declines for various Cd treatments, and up to 60 DAA, 100 mg/kg Cd resulted in 50.1%, 47.4%, and 39.8% decreases in soil urease, acid phosphatase and dehydrogenase activities, respectively to control. At 60 DAA, substrate utilization pattern of soil microbial communities determined by inoculating Biolog ECO plates indicated that Cd addition had markedly inhibited the functional activity of soil microbial communities and multivariate analysis of sole carbon source utilization showed significantly different utilization patterns for 80 and 100 mg/kg Cd treatments. The structural diversity of soil microbial communities assessed by PCR-DGGE method at 60 DAA, illustrated that DGGE patterns in soil simplified with increasing Cd concentration, and clustering of DGGE profiles for various Cd treatments revealed that they had more than 50% difference with that of control.     

四种酰胺类除草剂对土壤酶活性的影响

在实验室控制条件下,研究了酰胺类除草剂丁草胺、乙草胺、丙草胺和异丙甲草胺在田间推荐用量下,对土壤过氧化氢酶活性和脱氢酶活性的影响.结果表明,培养初期,4种除草剂对2种酶活性有不同程度的抑制作用,土壤过氧化氢酶活性于第7d就很快恢复,而脱氢酶活性在13d后得以逐渐恢复.添加稻秆可使土壤酶活性提高,土壤脱氢酶比过氧化氢酶活性变化大.4种除草剂对土壤生态环境影响不大,稻秆还田有利于提高土壤中生化过程的活性,缓冲外来污染物对土壤生态的影响.     

Soil microbial response to herbicides applied to glyphosate-resistant canola

Adoption of glyphosate-resistant canola (Brassica napus L.) has increased glyphosate applications to this crop, and concerns have been raised about unintended consequences of these multiple applications. A field trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of pre-seed and in-crop glyphosate and alternative herbicides on soil microbial community functional structure, diversity and biomass. Pre-seed treatments were 2,4-D, glyphosate and 2,4-D + glyphosate, and in-crop treatments were glyphosate applied once, glyphosate applied twice, ethalfluralin, ethalfluralin + sethoxydim + ethametsulfuron + clopyralid, and sethoxydim + ethametsulfuron. Rhizosphere and bulk soil was collected at flowering stage of canola and analyzed for bacterial community-level substrate utilization patterns and microbial biomass C (MBC). Where differences were significant, pre-seed application of both 2,4-D and glyphosate altered the functional structure and reduced the functional diversity of soil bacteria, but increased MBC. These effects were not necessarily concurrent. The reduction in functional diversity was due to reduction in evenness, which means that the soil where both pre-seed herbicides had been applied was dominated by only few functional groups. In 1 year, two in-crop applications of glyphosate also reduced the functional diversity of soil bacteria when applied after pre-seed 2,4-D, as did in-crop sethoxydim + ethametsulfuron following pre-seed glyphosate. Even though significant differences between herbicides were fewer than non-significant differences, i.e., there were no changes in soil microbial community structure, diversity or biomass in response to glyphosate or alternative herbicides applied to glyphosate-resistant canola in most cases, the observed changes in soil microbial communities could affect soil food webs and biological processes.     

Determination of herbicides atrazine and butachlor in soil by high performance liquid chromatography

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