繁茂膜海绵滤食养殖水体中过剩饵料的研究

繁茂膜海绵(Hymeniacidon perleve)可滤食养殖水体中的残饵。对活体饵料新月菱形藻(Natzchia closterum),在无营养盐条件,5 g鲜重海绵处理300 mL,藻数量为1.62×106/mL的藻液240 h后,处理组藻的平均浓度仅为对照组的2.9%,为初始浓度的17.2%;在有营养盐条件,5g鲜重海绵处理300 mL,藻数量为0.87×106mL-1的藻液220 h后,对照组的藻仍处于指数生长期,此时处理组藻的平均浓度仅为对照组的0.05%,为初始浓度的64.4%。对死体海参饵料—藻粉和鱼粉蛋白等,由于海绵的滤食作用,海水中颗粒物的浓度随时间增加而呈指数曲线降低。1.5 g鲜重海绵处理200 mL,含200 mg/L海参饵料的海水,在第4d时,海绵已滤食72.6%的颗粒物,有机颗粒物的最大比截留速率为21.6×10-3/d.L。同时,海绵的生物量明显增加。     

工厂化养殖方斑东风螺消化道及养殖环境中细菌数量变动与理化因子的关系

为掌握秋冬季方斑东风螺养殖系统细菌数量变动情况及其与理化因子的关系,试验采用TCBS培养法分别检测方斑东风螺（Babylonia areolate）消化道及其养殖水体、底沙弧菌数量（Sediment Vibrio,SV）,用营养琼脂培养法检测螺消化道异养菌数量（Heterotrophic Bacteria of Alimentarytract,AHB）,用荧光显微镜法检测水体总细菌数量（Water Total Bacteria,WTB）,并对养殖理化因子（水温（T）、盐度（S）、pH、溶解氧（DO）、氨氮（AN）、亚硝酸盐氮（Nitrite））及底质营养盐（总氮（TN）、总磷（TP））进行监测。结果显示,消化道异养菌数量为4.3×104~5.9×106 CFU/g,弧菌（AlimentarytractVibrio,AV）为2.0×102~7.5×105 CFU/g;水体总细菌、水体弧菌（WaterVibrio,WV）数量分别为4.8×104~3.8×105 cells/mL、2.1×102~1.2×104 CFU/mL;底沙弧菌数量为6.0×104~1.9×106 CFU/g。消化道内异养菌及弧菌分别与亚硝酸盐氮呈极显著正相关（P < 0.01）,与pH、盐度均呈显著负相关（P < 0.05）;水体中总细菌数量与溶解氧呈显著负相关（P < 0.05）,弧菌与总磷呈显著负相关（P < 0.05）;底沙中弧菌数量与各理化因子无明显相关性。主成分分析（Principal component analysis,PCA）结果显示,东风螺消化道细菌、养殖水体总细菌及弧菌、底沙弧菌数量在秋季主要受温度、氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮的影响,而冬季受水体溶解氧的影响更多,在整个养殖期间,需加强对盐度及pH的监控。     

繁茂膜海绵对海参养殖水体中病原菌净化作用

研究繁茂膜海绵净化海参围堰养殖池水体中病原菌的效果。将繁茂膜海绵悬吊入海参围堰养殖池水体中,监测分析水体中粪大肠菌群、致病性弧菌和总细菌数量。研究发现,在43 d试验期内,繁茂膜海绵对水体中粪大肠菌群净化率为(59.45±8.18)%,对致病性弧菌净化率为(52.99±19.33)%,对总细菌净化率为(55.79±15.64)%。试验过程中,繁茂膜海绵持续保持健康状态。结果表明,繁茂膜海绵能够有效净化海参养殖水体中病原菌。     

夏季嘉兴电厂附近表层海水中细菌数量的分布

报道了2005年夏季(8月)杭州湾北侧嘉兴电厂附近表层海水中异养细菌、弧菌、粪大肠菌、石油降解菌的数量分布以及它们与水体理化因子之间的关系.测区异养细菌含量较高,在表层水体中的分布为1.3×106～2.1×107/L,最高值出现在强温升区的S4站位,电厂排水口处异养细菌数量则有所下降;弧菌数量的分布在170～1200/L,其数量与温度、COD、非离子氨、悬浮物间具有正相关性,在营养盐丰富的海域,温度的升高对弧菌的生长可能有一定的促进作用;石油降解菌同海水温度以及油分含量之间的相关性不明显,其数量分布状况是环境中许多因子共同影响的结果,同时也发现近岸海水表层粪大肠菌群数高于远离海岸海域,其数量主要受到陆源污染和人类活动的影响.     

辽河口粪便污染指示菌的时空分布特征

2013年分别于夏季和秋季对辽河口海域的粪便污染指示菌(总大肠菌群、粪大肠菌群和肠球菌)及环境、水化学要素进行分析,研究粪便污染指示菌在海水中的数量、分布特征及其与环境、水化学指标间的相关性,在此基础上,选取河口地区合适的粪便污染指示菌.结果表明:夏季总大肠菌群数量在1.7×105~6.2×106CFU·L-1之间,粪大肠菌群数量在5.0×102~8.7×104CFU·L-1之间,肠球菌数量在1.0×101~2.5×102CFU·L-1之间;秋季总大肠菌群数量在5.0×102~1.1×105CFU·L-1之间,粪大肠菌群数量在4.0×102~1.0×103CFU·L-1之间,肠球菌数量在3~95 CFU·L-1之间.总大肠菌群、粪大肠菌群和肠球菌的数量变化与环境指标之间有着密切联系,特别是与盐度存在显著相关性;粪大肠菌群、肠球菌与水化学指标Si O4-4-Si、NH+4-N、TP和COD之间均存在显著相关性;其中粪大肠菌群与SiO4-4-Si和TP的相关性系数均大于0.742(p0.01),肠球菌与TP和COD的相关性系数均大于0.742.实验结果表明,辽河口粪便污染指示菌的数量在夏季高于秋季,近岸高于远海,其中粪大肠菌群和肠球菌的数量、分布特征与陆源污染物特别是氮磷的输入量密切相关,而且两者之间呈显著正相关关系.粪大肠菌群与肠球菌在一定程度上可以反映河口粪便污染情况,建议采用粪大肠菌群与肠球菌作为河口粪便污染的指示菌.     

繁茂膜海绵间接清除养殖海水中营养盐的研究

以研究清除养殖海水中营养盐的技术方法为目的,借助微藻吸收海水中无机盐的属性和海绵泵入海水从中阻留消化微藻的能力,设计了潮间带海绵间接清除海水中营养盐的方法,即先用小球藻吸收海水中无机N、P营养盐,然后放入海绵用于阻留消化海水中的微藻,接着取出海绵以保持小球藻继续吸收无机N、P营养盐。在灭菌海水和养殖海水的体系(5 L)中,微藻初始密度分别为81×104/mL和77×104/mL、放入海绵的生物量约40 g(鲜重),在保持水体中小球藻密度与接种密度相同水平条件下,海水中无机N、P营养盐浓度分别减少约60%和90%,海绵生物量增加约5%~7%。繁茂膜海绵间接清除海水中无机N、P营养盐的技术方法在封闭海水养殖体系和工厂化海水养殖体系中具有很好的应用前景。     

电催化还原脱毒预处理丙烯酸盐废水

丙烯酸盐生物降解性好,但毒性较高,为解决含丙烯酸盐废水难以进行高负荷厌氧生物处理的问题,采用电催化还原技术预处理高浓度丙烯酸盐废水,考察了初始ρ(丙烯酸盐)、电流、废水pH、温度、ρ(对甲基苯磺酸盐)等对丙烯酸盐转化的影响. 结果表明:初始ρ(丙烯酸盐)、废水pH、电流对丙烯酸盐电催化还原为丙酸盐的过程影响较大,而废水温度和ρ(对甲基苯磺酸盐)的影响较小. 当废水初始ρ(丙烯酸盐)由5.0 g/L升至20.0～60.0 g/L时,丙烯酸盐转化速率由30.1 g/(L·h)升至51.9～54.6 g/(L·h),能耗下降近50%;随着操作电流从0.25 A升至2.00 A,丙烯酸盐转化速率由9.5 g/(L·h)线性增至85.1 g/(L·h),电流效率略有降低,能耗由2.0 W·h/g增至5.2 W·h/g;pH由2升至4时,能耗由6.6 W·h/g降至3.4 W·h/g;废水温度在30~50 ℃范围内、ρ(对甲基苯磺酸盐)在0~8.0 g/L范围内时,对丙烯酸盐的转化影响较小. 研究显示,在优化工艺条件(电流为1.00 A、废水pH为5、温度为30 ℃)下,电催化还原处理实际丙烯酸丁酯废水,电流效率达90%以上.      

江苏如东滩涂环境中细菌总数和大肠菌群分布特征及污染评价

按照<海洋监测规范>相关方法要求,分别于2010年3月、5月对江苏如东滩涂文蛤产地环境中大肠菌群和细菌总数以及各环境因子进行调查检测,分析研究该环境中细菌总数和大肠菌群的分布特征、污染程度以及与各环境因子的相关性,并用单因子污染指数法评价其受大肠菌群污染状况.结果表明,表层海水细菌总数范围10～4.8×104/mL,平...     

低温域湿地植物根际硝化强度及氨氧化微生物研究

以低温域(0~15 ℃)下黄菖蒲(Iris pseudacorus)、菖蒲(Acorus calamus)和香蒲(Typha orientalis)3种湿地植物为研究对象,分别取其根际土壤测定硝化强度,并采用FISH(荧光原位杂交)技术,考察植物根际AOB(氨氧化细菌)、AOA(氨氧化古菌)的数量变化规律. 结果表明:低温条件下,香蒲根际土壤的硝化强度最高,平均值为1.40 mg/(kg·h),黄菖蒲和菖蒲的平均值均为0.96 mg/(kg·h). 湿地植物根际土壤中的细菌数量(数量级为1010)远高于古菌(数量级为108),其中AOB为优势菌种,3种湿地植物的AOA数量分别约占总古菌数量的46.0%、47.9%和49.7%. 3种湿地植物根际AOB的数量(以湿土计,下同)排序为香蒲(2.57×109 g-1)>黄菖蒲(1.23×109 g-1)≈菖蒲(1.14×109 g-1),AOA的数量(以湿土计)排序为黄菖蒲(2.78×108 g-1)>香蒲(2.57×108 g-1)>菖蒲(1.15×108 g-1). 微生物分布特性和硝化作用效果均表明,不同植物根际氨氧化过程的主要作用微生物具有一定差异,AOA和AOB对于湿地土壤氮转化均具有不可忽视的作用,并与植物本体、土壤硝化过程微环境之间有一定的耦合关系.      

贫营养条件下生物除铁除锰滤池生态稳定性研究

采用将反冲洗排水回流至生物除铁除锰滤池的方式补给滤层细菌数量、回流可利用营养物质.试验从滤池整体除铁除锰效果、微生态特性及优势细菌数量分布3方面考察滤池的生态稳定性.结果表明,在高滤速(10～13.9 m/h)、高锰浓度(3.5～4.5 mg/L)条件下生物滤池对铁锰的去除率达98.9%以上,滤池具有较强的抗负荷冲击能力.铁、锰氧化细菌为滤层的优势菌群,数量达106数量级,它们既附着在滤料表面上(4.3×106个/mL)形成致密的生物膜,又存在于滤料间(6.5×106个/mL)形成以细菌为主体的悬浮絮体,此絮体对铁锰的彻底去除至关重要.经过近5年的连续运行,在不投加营养盐的前提下生物滤池实现了稳定运行,保持了高除铁除锰效率.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.