太湖蓝藻水华的遥感监测研究

随着太湖蓝藻水华的日益严重,实现藻类的时空动态监测成为湖泊水质保护亟待解决的问题.利用遥感技术可以快速、直观地获取整个水域水质的时空变化情况,为实现藻类的动态监测提供了有效的途径.在太湖蓝藻水华遥感监测研究结果的基础上,总结分析了现有研究中所使用的遥感数据源、遥感监测方法以及遥感反演的水质参数,讨论了现有研究中存在的问题,并对将来的发展趋势进行了展望.     

遥感技术在水源侦察和水质监测中的应用

水源侦察是野战给水保障的重要组成部分。利用遥感技术对地下水、地表水的侦察及在水质监测中的应用从原理、相应的常用遥感数据到采用的方法分别进行了阐述，并对今后的发展进行了展望。随着现代战争的信息化发展运用遥感手段对作战区水资源情况预先侦察和监测是必然的趋势。     

城市黑臭水体遥感监测关键技术研究进展

城市黑臭水体泛滥是公众极为关切的城市环境问题,对其进行实时监测更是《水污染防治行动计划》的国家战略需求。遥感技术在生态环境监测领域表现出了不可替代的优势,可实现业务化大面积监测,而目前的研究主要集中在基于物理化学过程的黑臭水体监测技术方面,利用遥感技术监测黑臭水体的研究相对较少。在分析黑臭水体的实测光学性质和影像表观特征的基础上,重点归纳了黑臭水体遥感识别模型构建的研究进展,主要包括光学阈值法、基于典型遥感水质指标的识别法和色度法,并对未来黑臭水体遥感研究趋势进行了展望。     

美国水质监测发展历程及其对中国的启示

美国水质监测经历了一百多年的历史,其做法和经验长期处于国际领先地位。基于大量文献调研,从领导机构、监测项目、监测方法、质量保证/质量控制(QA/QC)和监测范围等方面系统研究了美国水质监测发展从初级阶段—发展阶段—过渡阶段—发达阶段整个过程。结果表明:美国水质监测的领导机构实现了由协会主导向政府主导的更迭;监测项目完成了由常规项目向优先控制污染物的重点转移;分析测试手段由化学分析为主逐步发展到以仪器分析为主的新格局;QA/QC越来越得到重视;监测范围由局部区域向全美范围逐步拓宽。借鉴美国水质监测的先进经验,结合中国的客观实际,提出了未来中国水质监测的若干建议。     

基于可调二极管激光技术的汽车尾气遥感监测系统

汽车尾气排放已成为最主要的城市污染源之一。汽车尾气的遥感监测系统作为一种高效实时监测汽车正常运行状况下的尾气排放方法已越来越受到人们的广泛关注。本文主要介绍基于可调二极管激光(TDL)技术的汽车尾气遥感监测系统。首先介绍遥感监测系统的产生与发展以及TDL技术的基本原理,其次阐述遥感监测系统的组成、关键技术以及系统的优点,并分析遥感监测系统在国内外的应用现状,最后提出目前应用中尚待解决的若干关键技术问题。     

湖泊蓝藻水华预警监测技术的应用研究

湖泊蓝藻水华已经成为社会公众和政府共同关注的重要环境问题之一。为确保湖泊生态安全以及其周边地区饮用水安全,提高政府应对蓝藻水华的能力,对湖泊蓝藻进行预警监测是判断蓝藻水华发展趋势以及制定相应对策的重要手段。文中从简单的人工观测到实验室分析技术,发展到综合运用多种现代科学技术进行卫星遥感、视频监控、在线监测和水质垂直剖面自动监测系统（无线浮标监测系统）等,全面阐述了蓝藻水华监测技术中的宏观观测和微观分析技术,初步研究了目前湖泊蓝藻预警监测技术的应用。     

基于可调二极管激光技术的汽车尾气遥感监测系统

汽车尾气排放已成为最主要的城市污染源之一。汽车尾气的遥感监测系统作为一种高效实时监测汽车正常运行状况下的尾气排放方法已越来越受到人们的广泛关注。本文主要介绍基于可调二极管激光（TDL）技术的汽车尾气遥感监测系统。首先介绍遥感监测系统的产生与发展以及TDL技术的基本原理，其次阐述遥感监测系统的组成、关键技术以及系统的优点，并分析遥感监测系统在国内外的应用现状，最后提出目前应用中尚待解决的若干关键技术问题。     

基于TM数据和ANN的河流水质参数监测研究

以珠江水系广州河段为研究对象,联合使用遥感（RS）和人工神经网络（ANN）技术对珠江水质进行分析监测。这种技术主要是利用GIS对RS图像进行地理定位,然后利用RS专用软件提取定位点的RS数据,最后通过建立前馈误差反传人工神经网络（BP网络）,确定TM数据前5个波段在定位点的反射率与水质3个主要参数的映射关系,即建立RS数据与水质的映射模型。经过检验,该技术监测误差小于16%,基本能满足当前实际需要。     

阳澄湖水质总氮浓度时空变化特征及影响因子分析

为了解阳澄湖水质总氮浓度时空分布特征,2015—2019年对阳澄湖水质总氮进行了逐月监测,并利用地理信息系统和卫星遥感反演等技术,对社会经济、七浦塘引水、水产养殖、重点工程、气象条件和水生植物等影响因素与总氮的关系进行了分析.结果表明:阳澄湖湖体总氮年均值为1.26～1.54mg/L,时空分布不均,时间上总氮浓度表现为...     

全国政协委员徐旭东建议设置内陆水体遥感卫星

<正>"当前水色遥感传感器主要面向的是海洋环境,却没有一个专门面向内陆水体水色遥感的。"针对全球内陆水体共同面临的富营养化问题,全国政协委员、中科院水生所副所长徐旭东提出,建造和发射内陆水体水色遥感卫星。"卫星遥感技术具有监测范围广、频次高、成本较低的优势。"徐旭东解释说,这为实时大范围水体动态监测提供了有力工具。据悉,当前主要面对海洋环境的水色传感器虽然在光谱分辨率、时间分辨率以及信噪比方面具有优势,但空间分辨率普遍不高,限制了在内陆水体水色遥感中的应用。徐旭东分析说,内陆水体水色/水质遥感目前主要使用陆地卫星多光谱传感器,具有较高的空间分辨率,但时间分     

Optical remote measurement of toxic gases.

Enactment of the Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) of 1990 has resulted in increased ambient air monitoring needs for industry, some of which may be met efficiently using open-path optical remote sensing techniques. These techniques include Fourier transform spectroscopy, differential optical absorption spectroscopy, laser long-path absorption, differential absorption lidar, and gas cell correlation spectroscopy. With this regulatory impetus, it is an opportune time to consider applying these technologies to the remote and/or path-averaged measurement and monitoring of toxic gases covered by the CAAA. This article reviews the optical remote sensing technology and literature for that application.     

洪泽湖水域的环境演变遥感分析

针对传统水质监测的定点、定剖面采样分析时间及空间的局限性,为对湖泊水质进行全面系统的分析,在前人研究工作的基础上,建立了一种水域水质状况图像识别的主成分监督分类方法,通过对洪泽湖湖区的1991年12月15日和2000年1月7日,两个时相TM遥感图像数据,分别进行主成分变换,并依据不同类型水体的光学特性,分析各主成分图像的构成及其环境意义。研究表明：洪泽湖湖区的水质分布,具有从西向东,从北向南由清洁水（优）向一般水依次递减、逐年下降的特征。其清洁水体主要分布于洪泽湖西部的溧河洼、临淮头、西北部的安河洼和成子湖的北部。从1991--2000年,洪泽湖入湖的工业废水及生活污水量有所减少,湖水受污染程度明显减轻,相对“八五”期间水质污染日益加重的现象,“九五”以后水质逐渐改善。将其分类结果与所收集的洪泽湖历年水质资料对比分析表明：主成分监督分类结果与环境要素吻合较好,且基本反映了其水质环境的变化趋势。     

Use of satellite imagery to assess the trophic state of Miyun Reservoir, Beijing, China

The objective of this research is to explore an appropriate way of monitoring and assessing water quality by satellite remote sensing techniques in the Miyun reservoir of Beijing, China. Two scene Thematic Mapper images in May and October of 2003 were acquired and simultaneous in situ measurements, sampling and analysis were conducted. Statistical analysis indicates that satellite-based normalized ratio vegetation index (NRVI) and in situ measured water chlorophyll a (Chl-a) concentration have very high correlation. Two linear regression models with high determination coefficients were constructed for NRVI and Chl-a of sample points. According to the modified trophic state index map, water quality in the western section of Miyun reservoir was consistently higher than in the eastern section during the two months tested. The trophic grade of the eastern reservoir remained mesotrophic with a tendency for eutrophication.     

The application of satellite remote sensing to coastal management in Singapore

This paper reviews the application of satellite remote sensing to management of Singapore's coastal environment. Remotely sensed data have been used for marine habitat mapping, water quality monitoring, ship and ship-wake detection, oil spill detection, red tide monitoring, and mapping of reclamation activities. While these applications clearly cover most of the range of opportunities for use of remotely sensed data in the coastal zone, there is still a need for more complete baseline studies of natural resources and habitats, and monitoring of the impacts of development on the coastal and marine environment. There is also a requirement for more management-oriented research and continued development and revision of the available datasets. Integration and exchange of information between management agencies and research groups is also an important aspect of sustainable management of Singapore's coastal environment and marine resources.     

多元统计分析对再生水河流水质特征分析

对以再生水为补给水源的通惠河进行水质监测,采用模糊综合评价的方法总体评价了通惠河的水质状况,综合评价结果表明,高碑店污水处理厂处理排放人河道的水质达到Ⅱ类水平,对通惠河的污染起到了一定的缓解作用。引入多元统计分析的方法：（1）空间聚类模型将通惠河水质类型分为两类,并具体分析了两种类型的水质18个参数的差别。分析发现第1类水体的主要污染物为硝态氮、亚硝态氮引起的氮污染、磷污染等工业污染,而第2类水体的污染主要以生活污水带来的有机污染为主。（2）运用因子分析解析通惠河的污染来源——主要来源于点源排放的污水产生的氨氮、硝态氮和有机污染。为保持再生水水质,需要对水质差的污染区设立重点监测点并控制偷排现象。     

Investigation of land use changes in rural areas using MCDM and CA-Markov chain and their effects on water quality and soil fertility in south of Iran

The purpose of the study is to predict drought changes in Dariun, Fars Province, and their impact on water and soil quality. To prepare drought, water, and soil quality zoning maps, Landsat satellite images and the kriging method were used. The fuzzy maps and weights for each parameter were then determined using fuzzy and analytic hierarchy process (AHP) methods. Additionally, cellular automata (CA)-Markov chains were used in order to predict the impact of drought changes on water and soil quality. Using the fuzzy-AHP method, water quality and soil fertility in 2020 were lower compared to previous years, mainly because of land use changes that increased pollution. Based on results of the Markov and CA-Markov chains, approximately 31% of the region will have very poor levels of soil fertility and water quality in 2050. Further, based on remote sensing indicators, it is determined that about 25% of the region will be at high risk of drought in 2050. Thus, if adequate management of the region is not done, the possibility of living in these areas may diminish in the coming years due to drought and deteriorated water and soil quality.

     

Developments In Sampling And Analysis Instrumentation For Stationary Sources

The body of information presented in this paper is provided as an orientation to instrument developers and users, and those individuals concerned with the measurement of pollutant emissions from stationary sources.

A system concept is presented and shows six unit operations comprising a complete measurement system. These operations include sample site selection, sample transport, sample treatment, sample analysis, data reduction and display, and data interpretation.

Five measurement approaches are discussed. The first two involve sample extraction from within the stack. The remaining three are new techniques using conventional and advanced electro-optical methods. The new approaches include in situ monitoring, remote sensing, and long-path sensing.

Attention is focused on the performance requirements of interface systems required to couple analyzers to sources for sample extraction. Current status of instrumentation is summarized in terms of commercially available systems, research and prototype developments, and feasibility studies for each of the five approaches.