环境价值的多元不可比性及其字典式偏好研究

绝大多数环境物品属于非市场资源,没有市场价格,因此市场体制低估甚至忽视了环境的价值,这是产生全球环境问题的深刻根源。在环境经济学中被广泛采用的显示偏好或明示偏好等非市场价值导出方法尽管可以估计环境的经济价值,但这些方法仍以新古典经济学的一元价值论为基础,忽视了环境物品的价值多元性和不可估价性。近年来在环境伦理领域兴起的字典式偏好可以较好地描述环境多元价值,反映环境物品具有伦理属性、公共属性和政治属性。相对于新古典经济学的福利最大化和利益补偿原则而言,商议是一种可以发现和容纳环境多元价值的机制,也是现代市民社会解决环境争议的重要途径之一。     

Good Food,Good Intentions: Where Pro-sustainability Arguments Get Stale in US Food Documentaries

Focusing on recent documentaries about sustainable agriculture in the US—Food, Inc., The Garden, Fresh, and Farmageddon—this paper examines how pro-sustainable food arguments fail to merge environmentalism and environmental justice. By framing their approach to sustainable food production around the normative issue of “good food” for capitalist consumers, such documentaries ignore questions about community and cultural conceptions of farmers. In the process the films promote a problematic vision of the white family farm. As a consequence, these films limit a reimagining of alternative food systems, the roles for diverse actors within those systems, and possibilities for eaters beyond “voting with your fork.” Several exceptions, most notably The Garden, are used to suggest how cinema might radically re-envision participation in alternative forms of agriculture.     

社会环境道德价值观发展阶段与可持续发展

社会环境道德价值观是人们对人与自然环境道德关系的一种普遍的社会意识，它作为环境意识的核心内容，决定着人们的环境行为取向。当前我国社会环境道德价值观发展正处于从传统人类中心主义向现代人类中心主义的转变阶段。为实现我国可持续发展目标，社会环境道德价值观尚须由现代人类中心主义阶段向生存系统协调论阶段迈进。     

从社会排斥的视角分析中国公众环境权益的缺失

社会排斥是近年来社会学研究中的重要概念。本文在对社会排斥内涵进行简要述评的基础上．探讨将这一独特视角用于公众环境权益诠释的可能性,并具体分析中国公众在环境权益实现过程中所面临的社会文化排斥、社会体制排斥、自我认同排斥等社会排斥现象及其三者之间的关系。公众在环境权益实现中所遇到的社会排斥包括两个方面：一是由消极排斥到积极排斥再到消极排斥的作用与反作用过程;二是自为排斥与自在排斥相互交错融合的过程。消除各种社会排斥的可行对策是：建立公众参与环境制度．促进环境NGO发展,强化环保执法能力．推动环保机制从政府主导型向社会制衡型转变。     

Basic Environmental Requirements for EU Accession: An Impact Study on Hungary

It can be stated in general that (with the exception of agriculture) the Hungarian economy, because of its outdated technologies, is a bigger threat to the environment than countries of Western Europe. However, as the volume of economic output, per capita consumption and the number of motor vehicles is considerably lower than those in more advanced industrial nations, by most indicators low per capita figures put Hungary in a better position. Still, we must remember that the EU's environmental policy puts heavy emphasis on the efficient utilization of resources and environmental efficiency, calculated against pollution generated in the course of creating units of national wealth and the amount of energy and natural resources required to it. By these standards, Hungary lags far behind the West European model.The problem is compounded by the fact that, while nations of Western Europe had created environmental infrastructure (i.e., wastewater disposal and treatment, waste management) in an earlier phase of their economic development, Hungary is only now embarking on a similar project. Indeed, the existing gap between utility services of drinking water and sewage disposal and treatment, and large amounts of untreated and illegally dumped waste lead to serious environmental damage. Although the state of the country's natural environment is considered satisfactory, factors outlined above indicate there are many responsibilities ahead of us if we are to meet western environmental standards.     

环境刑事司法视域下生态修复制度的建构与运行

目前环境刑事司法中的生态修复责任落实不到位,存在修复措施与环境刑事司法割裂、生态修复碎片化、生态修复效果不佳等问题,原因在于：缺乏贯穿环境刑事司法全程的生态修复制度对于生态修复责任的全流程约束。因此,应当构建统一的生态修复制度以期问题的克服。生态修复制度立足于司法规律与生态规律的平衡,内含三种递进逻辑：“惩罚”与“修复”的权衡是其二元价值追求,即以生态修复责任的附加补强环境刑法威慑的不足,从而实现刑事司法与生态修复的良性互动;制度运行过程中的及时调整是对二元价值的递进实现,即以轻刑结果的激励与程序回流的威慑倒逼犯罪人积极、持续地承担生态修复义务,保证修复结果的最优化;制度运行过程中的全流程调整是对价值的再递进,即通过“事前、事中、事后”的全流程循环检视对生态修复过程全程跟进,实现制度的动态优化与修复措施的及时调整。生态修复制度的内在逻辑生成了制度架构,具象为整体架构中的三个主要机制：类别化机制是在环境犯罪科学分类的基础上,确定生态修复措施的着力点,实现生态修复的优化功能;预防机制着眼于生态修复责任增加犯罪人义务的法律属性,以生态修复过程的展示减少环境犯罪的发生,扩充环境法益增量;匹配机制在立足于环境刑事司法特殊性的基础上,实现生态修复效果的最优化,从而达到生态修复效果与刑事司法的高度匹配。生态修复制度外接三条路径：技术路径保证生态修复方案制定的科学性;资金路径保证生态修复方案在充足的财力支撑下不折不扣地落实;监督路径保证公众全程参与生态修复,倒逼第三方以最低成本博得最优修复效果。运行路径的科学稳固是保障制度落地的重要抓手,因此,只有依靠这样科学高效的生态修复制度,并以稳定的路径完成“应然—实然”的转换,才能形成修复措施的咬合力,进而稳步推进生态环境的优化修复。     

环境治理的社会规范路径

环境问题的根源在于人类的行为,引导个体实施环境友好行为是环境治理的基本思路。环境社会规范会对环境行为产生重要的影响,是环境治理的重要路径。本研究在阐述社会规范的种类及其作用机制的基础上,借鉴环境社会规范激活的相关理论,阐明环境社会规范激活的影响因素及环境社会规范作用于环境行为的基本机理,分析中国环境社会规范激活存在的障碍,提出政府通过促进环境社会规范的激活来治理环境所应当采取的措施。研究结论表明,整体环境社会规范的激活水平决定着环境社会规范对环境行为的作用力,其取决于相互影响的环境描述性规范、环境命令性规范、环境个人规范的激活水平以及外部约束条件。由于受到客观物质生活条件的制约,中国环境社会规范的激活存在一些障碍,导致环境社会规范激活处于较低的水平,这些主要的障碍包括环境消极描述性规范反向作用大、环境个人规范激活水平低和行为的成本、行为的技术障碍、行为的便利性等外部因素的制约突出。在此,提出的建议是政府相关部门可以采取积极措施,通过提高环境社会规范的激活水平来达到环境治理的目标。政府相关部门可通过描述性规范信息的传递提高环境描述性规范激活水平。环境宣传教育中通过生态价值观确立、环境污染行为不利后果的明确认知、环境不利后果避免的正确归因来提高环境个人规范的激活水平。通过降低遵守环境社会规范的难度和成本消除环境社会规范激活的外部制约因素。通过完善环境立法并强化环境法的实施可有效提高环境描述性规范、环境命令性规范、环境个人规范的激活水平,从而提高整体环境社会规范的激活水平。     

“绿色奥运”对提高北京公众环境意识的影响研究——世界城市环境教育机制与途径的思考

筹办绿色奥运的7年间,北京市公众的环境意识得到了前所未有的提高。2005-2009年,专业机构连续5年对北京城乡居民进行6次环境意识专项调查。结果显示:市民环境意识明显提高,公众环保认知水平日益提升,居民的环保习惯正在养成,83.3%的人认为绿色奥运提高了自己的环境意识,这种积极的影响还在持续。本文采用文献资料法、调查问卷法、数理统计法等从绿色奥运与提高公众环境知识水平、参与环保能力和促进大众传媒关注环保等4个方面分析绿色奥运对北京市公众环境意识的影响,并探讨环境教育在世界城市目标下面临的形势和挑战。     

上市企业环保信息披露与股票投资者社会环境偏好

本文分析了2008—2014年A股市场对强制披露的企业社会责任报告中环保信息的反应,展示了我国股票投资者社会环境偏好的变化过程。虽然近年来我国人均收入已经处于环境库兹涅茨曲线的排放拐点附近,但是目前鲜有国内研究对公众的社会环境偏好变化过程进行分析。本文分三个部分对股票市场投资者的社会环境偏好进行检验:首先,利用事件分析法展示了7年间股票投资者的整体态度,发现由环保信息披露引起的累积超额回报率显著大于零,说明投资者平均持积极态度。其次,使用倾向得分匹配双重差分法检验环境监管政策加强带来的影响,一方面《大气污染防治行动计划》的实施使得投资者态度从负面向正面转变,说明投资者环境偏好受政策影响显著;另一方面《大气污染防治行动计划》的实施显著提高了国有企业环保行为的水平。最后,通过对政策效应的形成机制进行检验发现,我国上市公司的环保行为在投资者眼中并不只是为了完成社会责任信息披露的政策指令而实施,而是股票投资者已经形成社会环境偏好,使得企业具有构建"绿色企业形象"的需求。另外,由于本文的研究对象是强制披露的企业社会责任报告,所以有效规避了西方相关研究中自愿披露导致的自我选择问题,但同时西方学者普遍对我国强制披露的企业社会责任报告所包含的信息持怀疑态度,因此本文通过利用情绪分析程序对环保信息的信息有效性进行检验,结果显示文本情绪的强弱与股票价格波动幅度有正相关关系,说明企业环保信息是投资者决策信息集的一部分,即强制披露的企业社会责任报告包含有效信息。     

海岛居民环境友好行为及其影响因素研究--以长岛县为例

海岛是海洋生态系统的重要组成部分,保护海岛生态环境是推进海洋生态文明建设、保护海洋生态环境的重要方面。海岛居民是保护海岛生态环境的主体之一,研究海岛居民环境友好行为的影响因素,引导和鼓励海岛居民主动采取环境友好行为是改善海岛生态环境的有效途径。本研究在梳理国内外相关文献的基础上,对海岛居民环境友好行为的概念、类型及影响因素进行理论分析,建立包含生态管理行为、消费行为、说服行为、公民行为四个环境友好行为变量,环境态度、环境保护知识、环境经历、社会政策、行为约束五个影响因素变量在内的理论模型。结合海岛生态环境和海岛居民的特点,设计海岛居民版环境友好行为测量量表,并在长岛县进行问卷调查,运用描述性统计分析、结构方程模型分析探究海岛居民环境友好行为的影响因素及影响因素间的内在关系。研究发现:①海岛居民环境友好行为总体水平差异较大,难度较低的环境友好行为实施较好,而难度较高的实施较差;影响因素变量中,环境态度积极,环境经历丰富,环境保护知识掌握较好,相关社会政策较为不利,行为约束偏中性。②环境态度、环境经历、社会政策对海岛居民环境友好行为具有显著正向影响。③环境保护知识对环境态度具有显著正向影响,但对海岛居民环境友好行为无显著影响,存在“知易行难”现象。行为约束对海岛居民环境友好行为无显著影响。④环境经历不仅直接影响海岛居民环境友好行为,而且通过环境态度对海岛居民环境友好行为施加间接影响。基于研究结论,提出了改善海岛居民环境友好行为的对策建议。     

气候正义视域下的气候变化损失与损害救济路径分析

气候变化对生态环境和人类健康造成的影响一直受科学家和国际组织的广泛关注。在现有的科学技术无法确切论证气候变化对环境的总体影响及对小岛和低地国家带来损害情况下,该议题自提出至今的进展都举步维艰。本文对议题谈判进展及各方立场进行梳理,提出未来谈判和规则的制定应以全球气候正义为价值衡量标准,树立整体观上的气候正义理念。并对气候正义内涵进行具体解读:一是以人权保护为维度,指出保护小岛和低地国家的基本人权是实现气候正义的逻辑前提;二是指出应当基于分配正义与矫正正义的传统分析视角,将共同但有区别责任原则作为设定权利与义务分配机制时的基础标准;三是气候正义要求一国在行使权利时应遵循领土无害使用原则,负有不污染和破坏他国环境和生态的义务,如违反便可能引发国家责任或惩戒。本文进而以气候正义为价值指引提出三种救济路径:一是国家责任路径,以国际人权法、国际环境法的规则或原则为法律依据,根据一定的规则,来判断当事国的损害行为或结果是否构成国际法上的国家责任;二是国际环境规制路径,即在《联合国气候变化框架公约》(以下简称《公约》)所确立的遵约与履约机制下解决问题,利用市场机制和激励手段如基金和保险支持制度来救济或补偿损失与损害;三是国际环境争端解决路径,主要以磋商、协商、和解、谈判等非强制性方式及国际仲裁、国际司法的法律手段解决气候争端。在救济路径上,应以全球规制路径为主,以国家责任路径为补充,以环境争端解决方式为程序性保障。中国基于全球气候治理的积极推动者,应表明立场,以共同但有区别责任原则为谈判基础,加强南南合作,履行国际气候承诺,发展低碳经济,积极推进该议题的国际谈判。     

Remedies for loss and damage caused by climate change from the dimension of climate justice

Adverse consequences to the ecological system and human health caused by impacts potentially attributable to climate change have already drawn great and widespread concern of many scientists and international organizations. However, we still have a hard time determining exactly the impact of climate change on the environment or the damage that climate change inflicts on countries comprising small islands or low-lying lands in light of today’s science and technology. The progress for dealing with the issue of loss and damage has been struggling for a long time from the beginning to the present. In this paper, the author begins by summarizing talks on the concept and the positions of commentators. The author is proposing that the development of future climate negotiations and rule-making process be based on global climate justice as a standard for measuring value. Also, the author proposes that a holistic view of climate justice be established. Generally, three aspects of climate justice can be derived. First, the dimension of human rights protection shows that protection of fundamental human rights is a logical precondition if small-island and low-lying countries are able to achieve climate justice. Second, the definite and traditional concepts of distributive justice and corrective justice hold the view that the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities should be upheld as a basic standard of allocating rights and duties associated with climate change. Third, climate justice requires that any state follow the “no-harm principle,” which is regarded as an international customary rule. According to the principle, the obligation of states to prevent the use of their territory for causing trans-boundary harm to the environment shall be a violation of state responsibility, which incurs international punishment. Then we put forward three remedial approaches in light of climate justice, including the approach of State Responsibility (SR) based on the principles and rules of international human rights law and international environmental law. Based on clear rules, the judge can determine whether the damaging behavior or the damage perpetrated by a state party constitutes a state responsibility. The International Environmental Regulation (IEB), which means solving the problems within the framework established by the Conventions on Climate Change, takes advantage of the market mechanisms and incentives such as fund and insurance support system to relieve or compensate the loss and damage. International Environmental Dispute Settlement Mechanism (IEDSM), which includes the means such as consultations, negotiations, nonmandatory ways and international arbitration, international judicial ways to solve these disputes, functions as a procedural safeguard. As an active promoter of global climate governance, China should no doubt stand by the principle of Common But Differentiated Responsibility (CBDR) and take it as a basis for negotiations, actively strengthen the work of South-South cooperation, fulfill her international climate commitments without reservation, vigorously develop a low-carbon economy, and actively promote international negotiations on the subject of loss and damage.     

A Survey of Perception, Knowledge, Awareness, and attitude in Regard to Environmental Problems in a Sample of two Different Social Groups in Jakarta, Indonesia

A quantitative study was conducted in 1998 to investigate differences in perception, knowledge, awareness, and attitude with regard to environmental problems between educated and community groups and to identify human-dimension factors to improve public perception, knowledge, awareness, and attitude in relation to global environmental conservation concerns in developing countries. Educated and community groups in Jakarta were interviewed, and data obtained from a total of 537 males aged 30-49 years were analyzed. The data were evaluated by the chi-squared test and logistic regression was applied after factor analysis. The results show that: (1) The perception, knowledge, awareness, and attitude of educated subjects in regard to regional and global environmental problems were much better than those of subjects in the community group; (2) The highest 'yes' response in the community group was in regard to perception of AIDS (82.9%). Few subjects in the community group knew the effects and the cause or source of environmental problems, however, they were well informed about AIDS (86.4% for effects and 93.9% for cause or source). The conclusions are: (1) subjects in the educated group had better perception, more detailed knowledge, were more aware, and had better attitudes in regard to regional and global environmental problems than those in the community group; (2) more education is needed to develop environmental actions and ethics in developing countries; (3) non-formal environmental education through popular mass media should be used more widely and frequently, and more detailed information on the environment should be provided to literate people by newspapers and other means.