固体废弃物渗滤液组分动态变化预测

渗滤液(Leachate)是城市固体废物填埋场(MSWLF)污染环境的主要来源之一，因此掌握其水质变化规律是研究填埋场对环境污染的首要问题。渗滤液的主要来源是大气降水，使用垃圾淋滤的方法模拟大气降水，利用实验结果建立模拟模型，揭示了渗滤液组分随降水的变化规律。可以预测垃圾填埋后渗滤液污染组分的浓度变化。为研究填埋场渗滤液组分变化及确定其处理对策提供了理论依据。     

广州市区植物叶片重金属元素含量及其大气污染评价

文章通过对广州市区植物叶片中重金属元素含量的分析,研究了植物大气环境污染指数,探讨了植物叶片重金属元素含量与城市大气环境污染之间的关系。结果表明,植物叶片中Cu,Pb,Cd,Cr元素污染都较严重,在重污染区这些元素的含量明显高于清洁对照区;用植物污染指数可以综合评价大气环境质量状况;利用植物叶片内的重金属含量变化,为大气污染生物监测和环境质量评价提供了科学依据。     

城市扩展下大气污染物浓度的空间格局变化趋势研究--以乌鲁木齐市为例

城市环境污染是由于人类的生产和生活活动造成,而不断的城市扩展势必导致环境污染物浓度的空间变化。乌鲁木齐市作为中国西部的内陆城市,由于特殊的地理位置和能源结构,在发展经济的同时也造成了严重的大气环境污染,也给人们的生产生活带来了严重的影响。为了治理污染当地政府采取了一系列措施。分析了2004-2009年城市3个不同区域（市南区、市中区和市北区）大气环境质量监测点位的数据,研究了在城市不断扩展的前提下,污染物浓度在空间上的迁徙变化趋势。结果表明,PM10、SO2和NO2污染最严重的时段均出现在冬季采暖期（12月至来年1月）,主要是因为采暖消耗大量原煤和高逆温频率所致。其峰值分别达到0.379、0.510、0.120 mg·m-3。随着城市空间结构的不断北扩,PM10和SO2的浓度呈现出向北迁徙的趋势,原本污染最严重的市南区浓度逐步下降,而市北区呈现出不断增加的态势。NO2浓度则表现出不断南迁的趋势,即原本 NO2浓度高的市北区变化不大,而市南区和市中区则呈现出快速增加的态势。说明大气环境中的污染物浓度随着城市空间结构的调整和人类活动频率的不断增加,正发生着空间上迁徙变化。由于污染排放源的差异性,导致大气污染物浓度在空间上的不同。通过分析得出,乌鲁木齐市的大气环境污染主要是“煤烟型”污染,随着产业的空间分布和城市的扩展,污染物浓度在空间上呈现出了不同的迁徙变化特征,是今后城市发展和环境治理值得关注的问题。     

北京四环公路两侧植物铅、镉污染现状调查

植物叶片可富集多种污染元素,其含量与植物所处的环境有密切的关系,因此,植物叶片含污量可以指示环境污染情况,利用植物叶片的这种指示作用可以评价环境质量.铅、镉是严重污染人类环境、损害人体健康的微量元素,对人体毒性很大.大气中的铅、镉主要来源于冶炼、采矿和汽车尾气,而城市以及公路两侧地区铅、镉污染则主要源于汽车尾气.近年来,有研究成果表明利用植物叶片铅、镉含量可以指示大气铅污染状况,而且进一步的研究证明大气污染地区植物叶片的铅、镉主要是吸收或者吸附了大气中的铅和镉.     

广州万顷沙大气中醛酮类化合物的污染特征与来源分析

对广州万顷沙大气中的醛酮类化合物进行了检测。实验方法是应用醛酮类化合物和2,4-二硝基苯肼（DNPH）迅速反应生成衍生物,产物在高效液相色谱上检测。结果表明,大气中可以检出12种醛酮类化合物,其中丙酮质量浓度最高,其次是甲醛、乙醛和丙醛。这4种化合物平均质量浓度分别是22.07、9.99、7.80和1.20μg·m-3。白天醛酮类化合物的质量浓度比夜晚的高。ρ（甲醛）/ρ（乙醛）、ρ（乙醛）/ρ（丙醛）的数值显示大气中醛酮类污染主要和人为来源有关。甲醛、乙醛、丙醛和丁醛的质量浓度具有良好的相关性。广州城区的污染物随风迁移到万顷沙,使万顷沙也具有城市环境污染特征。     

机动车污染模拟和地理信息系统支持

机动车污染是城市大气污染物的重要来源,对街区机动车污染排放量的预测和排放模拟对了解城市街区环境污染状况有重要价值。文章中将ＣＡＲ模式的模拟计算和ＧＩＳ集成在一起,通过ＶｉｓｕａｌＢａｓｉｃ进行了一个样例开发,其中ＧＩＳ功能由ＭａｐＸ控件实现。     

我国环境化学研究的进展

本文综合介绍了二十年来我国环境化学研究的发展概况。在环境分析化学方面包括了环境分析监测方法、标准参考物质、环境分析方法、形态分析、采样技术与分析测试仪器化等方面。环境污染化学包括了有关大气、水体和土壤环境中化学问题的研究，着重对大气污染物表征、迁移和转化、化学模式和重金属、有机物的水环境化学、水环境中金属烷基化以及土壤中农药等环境化学研究。有关污染生态效应中的化学集中介绍了硒与地方病环境因素关系有     

城市大气污染物来源特征

以北京市为案例，介绍一种包括污染物排放清单建立、环境空气质量模拟及区域环境影响分析等方法在内的城市大气污染物来源特征分析的整体技术方法，从而确定城市大气污染物的排放分布及浓度分布特征、行业排放分担率及浓度贡献、地区排放分担率及浓度贡献以及区域污染对城市环境空气质量影响等多方面特征，为城市大气污染的控制决策提供必要的理论支持。对北京市的研究结果表明：对PM10，扬尘和工业为主要当地污染源；对SO2，采暖和工业为主要当地污染源；对NOx，交通和工业为主要当地污染源；对3种主要大气污染物，石景山、朝阳南等工业区以及老城区对北京市的大气环境造成重要影响，为需要优先控制的地区；北京市周边污染源对北京环境气质量有较大影响，其中RM10的影响最大(高达47．3％)，北京市应同时加强对局地污染与区域污染的控制。     

中国城市汞污染及防治对策

简要综述了当前中国城市的汞污染状况。中国许多工业城市大气中的汞含量是纽约市大气中汞含量的数倍，甚至上百倍，在采暖期城市大气的汞污染更加严重；城市土壤中的汞含量是土壤环境背景值的数倍；河流的城市河段河水中汞质量浓度普遍很高，水质多在Ⅲ-V类；城市中的植物均有不同程度地受到汞污染，其汞含量高于国外城市的植物的汞含量；城市居民膳食中鱼的汞含量很高，对城市居民的健康产生了危害；城市居民头发中的汞质量分数大多低于1rng~kg。分析了我国城市中汞的来源并提出了防治城市汞污染的对策。     

广州城区“雨水-雨水径流-河涌”污染链的特征

正在点源污染被逐步控制后,城市地面雨水径流已成为城市河流与湖泊等水体主要污染源.国内相关研究起步于20世纪80年代,之后在北京、上海、西安、珠海、澳门、天津、广州等城市开展.雨水、雨水径流及河涌的污染过程已经形成了一个完整的污染链,即雨水携带大气颗粒物降至地面,随之形成的雨水径流又携带地表污染物进入城市河涌,从而恶化河涌水质;然而,对"雨水-雨水径流-河涌"整个污染链的研究尚鲜见文献报道.     

漓江上游纳污最适总量及水质变化规律研究

为确保 2 0 0 0 - 2 0 10年桂林漓江上游进入城区水质能保持国家II类水质标准进行纳污总量控制及其水质变化规律研究。采用系数法对 2 0 0 0 - 2 0 10年陆源排污总量进行科学预测 ,按河流功能区划要求 ,首次利用动态数学模型计算河流在不同流量、不同纳污总量条件下保持II类水质的最适纳污值 ,探讨了漓江水质变化规律。为环境管理打下基础     

南亚热带丘陵土壤水分循环及其有效性的研究──Ⅵ.丘陵赤红壤-果树-大气连续体中能量的变化及其分布规律

依据田间实测资料,分析了南亚热带丘陵赤红壤-果树-大气连续体中的能量变化及其分布规律、结果表明,土壤基质势的年度变化特征说明南亚热带丘陵赤红壤存在明显的湿季和旱季．果树叶水势随土壤基质势、大气水势、气温及大气相对湿度的变化而变化,荔枝、龙眼叶水势的变化比芒果叶水势的变化大.以荔枝、芒果和龙眼作为供试植物,水分从土壤到达植物根表皮、进入根系并通过植物茎到达叶片,其能量降低分别约为0．9063～1.7428、0．2818～0．6979和0．2904～1．8707MPa;水分从叶部汽化扩散到大气中,其能量降低分别达15．1491～57．3669、15．4491～58．4036和14．5824～56．9536MPa,说明水流在南亚热带丘陵赤红壤-果树-大气连续体中运移时,其能量主要消耗在由叶部到大气这一环节上。     

Nitrogen export from an agriculture watershed in the Taihu Lake area, China

Temporal changes in nitrogen concentrations and stream discharge, as well as sediment and nitrogen losses from erosion plots with different land uses, were studied in an agricultural watershed in the Taihu Lake area in eastern China. The highest overland runoff loads and nitrogen losses were measured under the upland at a convergent footslope. Much higher runoff, sediment and nitrogen losses were observed under upland cropping and vegetable fields than that under chestnut orchard and bamboo forest. Sediment associated nitrogen losses accounted for 8-43.5% of total nitrogen export via overland runoff. N lost in dissolved inorganic nitrogen forms (NO(3-)-N + NH4+-N) accounted for less than 50% of total water associated nitrogen export. Agricultural practices and weather-driven fluctuation in discharge were main reasons for the temporal variations in nutrient losses via stream discharge. Significant correlation between the total nitrogen concentration and stream discharge load was observed. Simple regression models could give satisfactory results for prediction of the total nitrogen concentrations in stream water and can be used for better quantifying nitrogen losses from arable land. Nitrogen losses from the studied watershed via stream discharge during rice season in the year 2002 were estimated to be 10.5 kg N/ha using these simple models.     

湿地生态系统甲烷排放研究进展

湿地是大气CH4的主要自然来源。天然湿地每年向大气中排放的CH4占全球CH4排放总量的15％～30％。在厌氧环境条件下，CH4通过甲烷产生菌的作用而产生；在氧化条件下，CH4通过土壤中微生物的作用而被氧化和迁移。CH4从土壤中的排放和吸收经过几个生物和物理过程。湿地中CH4通量在时空两个方面都有较大变化，这种在空间上的变化与CH4产生、氧化和迁移过程有关，同时受不同地域的特殊因素如水文状况、植物群落、土壤温度等的影响。湿地水文条件是决定CH4排放的关键控制因子，表层土壤温度与CH4排放通量成正相关关系，土壤中氮含量也对CH4排放通量起作用。环境因子与CH4排放间的交互作用是非常复杂的，与CO2相比，CH4的产生在时空两方面更易于变化。目前关于湿地CH4排放的模型多为一维模型，主要模拟CH4在土壤中的产生过程，以及从上覆土壤、植被和水体进入大气的迁移过程；模型一般涉及不同深度的土壤温度、水位和净初级生产力。     

天津市“蓝天工程”实施前、后大气污染源污染物排放趋势

通过建立天津市2002—2004年大气污染源动态数据库,研究了“蓝天工程”实施前、后大气污染源污染物排放变化趋势,得出了“蓝天工程”实施后天津市在燃煤量增加的情况下,烟尘、SO2排放量逐年减少,环境空气质量明显改善的结论。     

Temporal dimension and water quality control in an emission trading scheme based on water environmental functional zone

Emission trading is one of the most effective alternatives to controlling water pollution. Water environmental functional zone (WEFZ) is used to determine the water quality standard and identify the zone boundary for each river or reach. In this study, a new emission trading scheme was addressed based on WEFZ, accounting for both the temporal dimension and water quality control. A temporal factor of emission trading was proposed based on variations in the environmental capacity within a year by dividing the year into three periods, including high, normal, and low periods of environmental capacity. During each period, emission trading was implemented exclusively. A water quality-control scheme was suggested based on the water quality requirement in the water functional zone, in which the water quality at the downstream boundary of the zone was required to meet the water standard following auto-purification in the stream. Two methods of calculating water quality control are addressed for point-source pollution and non-point-source pollution. The calculated temporal dimension and water quality control were located in Dongxi River of the Daning Watershed in the Three Gorges Watershed. The high period was during June, July, and August, the normal period was during April, May, September, and October, and the low period was during January, February, March, November, and December. The results from the water quality calculation demonstrated that the discharge of point-source and non-point-source pollutions led to an excess of common contaminants at the downstream boundary of WEFZ. The temporal and spatial factors above should be incorporated into the emission trading scheme based on WEFZ.     

Effects of wind-driven circulation on river intrusion in Lake Tegel: modeling study with projection on transport of pollutants

Prediction of mixing intensity of water masses in riverine Lake Tegel (Berlin, Germany) can be used to trace the fate of pollutants that enter the lake through several inflows. Because the contributions of each inflow have not yet been quantified and because the lake features complex bathymetry and numerous islands, a hydrodynamic circulation model with high spatial resolution and dynamic wind forcing is useful. We applied the two-dimensional version of the Princeton Ocean Model to separate the influences of wind and river discharge on the currents and mass transport in Lake Tegel. For model validation, we compared the simulation results with 1?year of electrical conductivity data, which was used as a conservative tracer to distinguish between water from the River Havel and water supplied by a smaller second inflow. Calculation of currents alone is insufficient to investigate water exchanges between rivers and lakes, especially when several islands create multiple pathways for river intrusion. Therefore, mass transport simulations are applied. Our calculations based on archetypical scenarios indicate that the proportion of (polluted) water from the River Havel in the main basin of Lake Tegel fluctuates with river discharge and wind, which either amplify or neutralize each other.     

1985年以来我国重大水体突发污染事件及在线生物监测的必要性分析

通过查阅和检索公开报道的期刊、报纸和网络,统计分析我国1985以来水体突发污染事件。1985—2015年间,我国水体突发污染事件年均发生数量总体变化呈现先动态增长后逐渐下降的趋势,其中2006年为水体突发性污染事件发生频次的转折点。导致水体突发性污染的主要原因包括企业违规排放、企业事故性泄漏、交通事故、自然因素和人为投毒等,污染方式多样。水体突发性污染的污染物种类包括化学品、污水(工业废水和生活污水)、油类、农药、重金属、生物污染物和其他不明污染物。鉴于水体突发性污染事件污染方式的多样性和污染物的复杂性,采用在线生物监测技术可实现对水体突发性污染事件在线监测与分析预警,已成为当前监测和评价水体突发污染事件有效手段。     

Nitrogen Export from an Agriculture Watershed in the Taihu Lake Area, China

Temporal changes in nitrogen concentrations and stream discharge, as well as sediment and nitrogen losses from erosion plots with different land uses, were studied in an agricultural watershed in the Taihu Lake area in eastern China. The highest overland runoff loads and nitrogen losses were measured under the upland at a convergent footslope. Much higher runoff, sediment and nitrogen losses were observed under upland cropping and vegetable fields than that under chestnut orchard and bamboo forest. Sediment associated nitrogen losses accounted for 8–43.5% of total nitrogen export via overland runoff. N lost in dissolved inorganic nitrogen forms (NO ₃ ^– -N + NH ₄ ⁺ -N) accounted for less than 50% of total water associated nitrogen export. Agricultural practices and weather-driven fluctuation in discharge were main reasons for the temporal variations in nutrient losses via stream discharge. Significant correlation between the total nitrogen concentration and stream discharge load was observed. Simple regression models could give satisfactory results for prediction of the total nitrogen concentrations in stream water and can be used for better quantifying nitrogen losses from arable land. Nitrogen losses from the studied watershed via stream discharge during rice season in the year 2002 were estimated to be 10.5 kg N/ha using these simple models.     

Willingness to pay to improve domestic water supply in rural areas of Central Tanzania: Implications for policy

This analysis estimates willingness to pay to improve community-based rural water utilities in the Dodoma and Singida Regions of Central Tanzania, using Multinomial Logit functions. An estimate of willingness to pay provides an indication of the demand for improved services and potential for them being sustainable. Surveys were conducted in a total of 30 villages in the two regions. In the Dodoma Region, about 14% of respondents indicated that they were satisfied with the status quo, 64% suggested increasing water discharge and watering points, and 22% proposed other improvements relating to water quality. In the Singida Region, 31% of the respondents were satisfied with the status quo, 59% wanted deeper boreholes and watering points, and 10% indicated other types of improvement relating to water quality. The Multinomial Logit functions indicated that the interaction between the water quality variable and proposed bids were important in making choices with reference to the type of improvement desired. Respondents who wanted to increase water supply in Dodoma Region were willing to pay 32 Tsh above the existing tariff of 20 Tsh/bucket. In the Singida Region, the analogous amount was 91 Tsh per household per year above the existing user fee of 508 Tsh per household per year. If the tariff or user fees have to be increased, the estimated average potential revenue for the surveyed villages was 252 million Tsh/year (US$265 263) in the Dodoma Region, and 5.2 million Tsh/year (US$5474) in the Singida Region. In the future, strategic planning is needed to ensure that improvements proposed potentially improve cost recovery initiatives and increase the level of consumer satisfaction. Also, care will be needed to ensure that more disadvantaged community members do not suffer unduly from increases in tariff or user fees.