作物根系对干旱胁迫逆境的适应性研究进展

主要就作物根系的形态性状、根系提水作用、生理代谢、根系细胞壁蛋白及其生长性能与干旱胁迫间的关系作了综述;指出应加强对干旱逆境下根系发育及根系生长性状变化上的遗传机理研究。     

Ammonia and phosphorus removal from agricultural runoff using cash crop waste-derived biochars

• Orange tree residuals biochar had a better ability to adsorb ammonia. • Modified tea tree residuals biochar had a stronger ability to remove phosphorus. • Partially-modified biochar could remove ammonia and phosphorus at the same time. • The real runoff experiment showed an ammonia nitrogen removal rate of about 80%. • The removal rate of total phosphorus in real runoff experiment was about 95%. Adsorption of biochars (BC) produced from cash crop residuals is an economical and practical technology for removing nutrients from agricultural runoff. In this study, BC made of orange tree trunks and tea tree twigs from the Laoguanhe Basin were produced and modified by aluminum chloride (Al-modified) and ferric sulfate solutions (Fe-modified) under various pyrolysis temperatures (200°C–600°C) and residence times (2–5 h). All produced and modified BC were further analyzed for their abilities to adsorb ammonia and phosphorus with initial concentrations of 10–40 mg/L and 4–12 mg/L, respectively. Fe-modified Tea Tree BC 2h/400°C showed the highest phosphorus adsorption capacity of 0.56 mg/g. Al-modified Orange Tree BC 3h/500°C showed the best performance for ammonia removal with an adsorption capacity of 1.72 mg/g. FTIR characterization showed that P = O bonds were formed after the adsorption of phosphorus by modified BC, N-H bonds were formed after ammonia adsorption. XPS analysis revealed that the key process of ammonia adsorption was the ion exchange between K⁺ and NH₄⁺. Phosphorus adsorption was related to oxidation and interaction between PO₄^3– and Fe³⁺. According to XRD results, ammonia was found in the form of potassium amide, while phosphorus was found in the form of iron hydrogen phosphates. The sorption isotherms showed that the Freundlich equation fits better for phosphorus adsorption, while the Langmuir equation fits better for ammonia adsorption. The simulated runoff infiltration experiment showed that 97.3% of ammonia was removed by Al-modified Orange tree BC 3h/500°C, and 92.9% of phosphorus was removed by Fe-modified Tea tree BC 2h/400°C.     

Cd胁迫下As污染土壤对农作物生长及农产品安全性的影响

采用盆栽实验的方法研究了在Cd胁迫下As污染物对水稻(Oryze sativa L.)、大豆(Glycine mdx L .)生长发育及重金属吸收积累的影响,As-Cd污染土壤采用不同改性剂对农产品安全性的影响研究.研究结果表明:单元素As处理与对照相比水稻株高降低了10.3锄、产量下降了9.8%,而大豆株高、产量分别增加了6 cm、36.9%,在实验设计污染物浓度范围内,As对大豆生长发育有刺激作用.As-Cd处理与对照相比水稻的株高、产量分别下降了2.3 cm、1.75%,而大豆株高、产量下降了12 cm、5.6%,As-Cd污染处理抑制了作物的生长发育;As-Cd处理比单元素As处理其水稻籽实、茎叶、根中As含量分别多4.2倍、1.14倍、1.7倍,As-Cd处理比单元素As处理大豆籽实、茎叶、根中As含量分别多4.63倍、2.82倍、1.85倍,Cd元素的存在对水稻、大豆吸收As具有协同作用;采用腐殖酸4%、pH4处理改性措施使土壤中有效态As含量降低,降低了As对农作物的健康风险.     

Adjusting age and stage distributions for misclassification errors

Ecologists often use samples from the age or stage structure of a population to make inferences about population-level processes and to parameterize matrix models. Typically, researchers make a simplifying assumption that age and stage classes are determined without error, when in fact some level of misclassification often can be expected. If unaccounted for, misclassification will lead to overly optimistic levels of precision and can cause biased estimates of age or stage structure. Although several studies have used information from known-age individuals to quantify errors in age or stage distribution, the problem of estimating the age or stage structure in face of such errors has received comparably little attention. In this paper, we describe a general statistical framework for estimating the true stage distribution of a sample when misclassification rates can be estimated. The estimation process requires auxiliary information on misclassification rates, such as data from individuals of known age. We analyze age-structured harvest records from black bears in Pennsylvania to illustrate how incorporating misclassification errors leads to changes in point estimates and provides a measure of precision.     

Policy relevance of three integrated assessment tools—A comparison with specific reference to agricultural policies

The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), a system of market support instruments, direct income transfers, and rural development measures, has been put through an ongoing reform process in recent decades. This paper introduces three policy impact assessment tools (SIAT, SEAMLESS-IF, MEA-Scope tool) and analyses how these tools have responded to a number of challenges for integrated assessment modelling as reported in the international literature. Significant progress has been made with regard to modelling linkages whereas other challenges, particularly those related to issues of scale and uncertainty management, require further efforts. It is also analysed which CAP instruments are represented and what kinds of effects can be analysed at different scales. Market instruments and direct payments are comparatively well represented, while the ability to model rural development measures is mostly beyond the scope of these tools. Because each tool has found a different solution for coping with the common challenges of integrated assessment modelling, the choice of one of the tools for a particular application depends strongly on the policy questions being asked. The SIAT provides the big picture via its ability to represent broad changes in policy instruments with EU-wide cross-sector impacts. The most comprehensive analysis of agricultural policy instruments can be obtained with SEAMLESS-IF. The MEA-Scope tool complements the other two approaches with detailed regional profiles.     

中国农业地质工作展望

农业地质学是20世纪80年代初兴起的一门以地质学的理论研究农业有关问题的边缘学科。研究农业地质对农业生产有重要意义。文章扼要地论述了研究农业地质的目的和内容,介绍了国内农业地质研究现状,并对中国农业地质工作的发展趋势作了展望。     

都市型农业土地利用面源污染环保意识和支付意愿研究

研究针对北京郊区农业集约化水平较高的顺义区蔬菜化肥和农药超量使用及大型养殖场废弃物排放给生态环境带来严重的不良影响问题，在大量农业面源污染研究的基础上，采用CVM方法，评估了顺义区公众对以上农业活动造成的地下水环境污染问题的环境意识和支付意愿，研究结果表明：首都郊区农民的环保意识在增强；家庭人均纯收入、受访者的受教育程度与支付意愿呈显著正相关；受访者的年龄与支付意愿则呈显著负相关。该研究还计算了顺义区2002年全区农民的平均支付意愿是49．18元/人，该年全区人民总支付意愿为2680．861万元人民币。该研究可为有关部门对农业面源污染进行治理提供参考依据。     

Soil management for sustainable crop disease control: a review

Excessive use of agrochemicals in conventional crop management has caused serious environmental and health problems including loss of biodiversity and human disorders. A number of chemical biocides have shown complex chronic effects such as change in endocrine functions and immune systems. Application of different chemical biocides to the soil and plants have increased substantially over the last five decades. Total consumption of chemical fertilizers worldwide increased tenfold from 1950 to 2000. This is also true for chemical biocides with its annual current use of 3 billion l and a value of 30 billion dollars. There are ample evidences indicating that plants which grow in rich soil associated with N-P-K availability are prone to pests and diseases. Managing and exploiting soil environmental conditions as part of an integrated control strategy can make a significant contribution to agricultural sustainability and environmental quality. Application of organic matter and practises which increase the total microbial activity in the soil might enhance general suppression of pathogens by increasing competition for nutrients. Choice of crops in rotation with plants less susceptible to specific pathogens causes a decline in population due to natural mortality and the antagonistic activities of co-existent root zone microorganisms. Plants growing in disease-suppressive soil resist diseases much better than in soils with low biological diversity. Understanding the effect of soil environmental factors on plant disease incidence and the best crop management strategies to prevent, avoid, escape and control diseases were the aims of this literature review. This article comprises the main topics on soil fertility associated with N-P-K and other macro- and micro nutrients, and also soil pH, structure and texture, organic matter and microbial reserves, describes the use of various crop management practises which reduce the incidence of plant diseases.     

Exploring the future of European crop production in a liberalised market, with specific consideration of climate change and the regional competitiveness

Long-term future development of European agriculture within the global market is highly uncertain, but can potentially have large impacts on the future of agricultural businesses, rural communities and amenities such as traditional landscapes and biodiversity. Despite great uncertainties it is of interest to explore the extent of these potential changes. This paper provides an explorative scenario of the European crop production in a liberalised world without European Union (EU) market interventions. The results do not form a prediction or a business as usual scenario, but rather a plausible and salient thought-experiment of a possible future based on the consistent integration of current conceptual and quantitative models.Future scenarios for climate, demography, technology and global demand for agricultural commodities are used to assess the competitiveness of European agriculture. Regional economic competitiveness is determined by combining indicators for the economic strength of farms in a region and population pressure on agricultural land, and subsequently used to determine where agricultural production is likely to sustain under the market liberalisation scenario. The method is illustrated for the 27 EU member state countries for three commodities: wheat, potato and milk (relying on grass).Results include maps of the dominant wheat, potato and milk producing regions across Europe as projected for 2050. They show that due to increased agricultural productivity, less agricultural land will be needed to supply the European demand for food and feed. In addition, production will concentrate in those regions which have a comparative advantage. This potentially leads to a strong polarisation between north-western Europe and southern Europe, which faces negative impacts of climate change and central and northern Europe where agricultural businesses lag in economic strength and farm size. A contrasting policy intervention scenario illustrates how differences in demand and productivity result in an expansion of the agricultural area, especially for the production of wheat.Although the complete liberalisation scenario may seem unlikely, and the underlying assumptions have great uncertainty, the results help identify and map market pressures on agricultural land use across regions in Europe. As such, it stimulates policy debate on the desired future for the European agricultural sector and the trade-offs between economic competitiveness under global market conditions and policy intervention. In addition, it provides a basis for the planning of alternative economic strategies for agriculturally less competitive regions.     

Traditional crop diversity for sustainable development of Central Himalayan agroecosystems

SUMMARY

A rich diversity of traditional crops occurs generally in the Himalaya and more particularly in Central Himalaya. Over forty species of food grains are grown in traditional agroecosystems of Central Himalaya, which have been managed by the local farming communities since time immemorial. These traditional crop varieties have evolved over centuries and are well adapted to the particular area. A number of edaphic, topographic and climatic factors associated with different selection pressures over centuries of cultivation resulted in immense variations in the crop species.

The grain and by-product yield of the majority of the traditional crops cultivated across an altitudinal gradient were worked out and compared with common food crops (paddy, wheat, mustard) at two points in time (1970-74, 1990–94) and it was found that almost all the traditional crops had slightly higher yields during 1970–74 than between 1990–94. However, common food crops grown during the Kharif season had higher yields during 1990–94 whereas, Rabi season crops exhibited higher yield during 1970–74. The yield of rainfed paddy remained static over the years across the altitudinal gradient. Among the traditional crops cultivated during the Kharif and Rabi seasons in mixed and pure forms at different altitudes were Macrotyloma uniforum (at higher altitude), Parilla frutescens and Vigna mungo (at middle altitude) and Panicum miliaceum (at lower altitude) which were found to be eco-energetically efficient. Avena sativa (oat) and mixed cropping of Fagopyrum esculentum and potato had higher energy efficiency ratios whereas the latter also exhibited a higher monetary output/input ratio. Crops like paddy and wheat with mustard, grown in irrigated land were found to be more eco-energetically efficient than the same crops grown in the rainfed land. In general, traditional crops possess higher nutritive value than the common food crops. The contribution of traditional crops to the local diet (kg/capita/year) and their energy and protein equivalents were higher during both time periods. It was observed that while exporting these traditional crops, the locals of the region are highly exploited by middlemen. Despite having huge potential, traditional crop diversity of this region has been reduced to a great extent during the last two decades. Besides, the area under cultivation with these crops has been declining rapidly. However, many of these crops possess immense potential to meet the growing food demand and ensure food security of an increasing population. Therefore, a comprehensive programme of conservation through various means and improvement of agronomic yield in their natural habitats is urgently needed.     

Space-time statistics for environmental and agricultural related phenomena

This paper presents an overview of space-time statistical procedures to analyse agricultural and environmental related phenomena. It starts with an application on root-rot development in cotton. Dependence modelling in space and time is done with the space-time variogram. Various kriging interpolators are presented for making predictions in space and time. Simulated annealing is used to design an optimal monitoring network for estimation of space-time variograms. In the application no clear indication was found for anisotropy, although strong evidence exists that the disease not only proceeds within rows but also jumps between rows. The optimal sampling scheme showed a spatial clustering of observations at the first and the last monitoring day and less observations at intermediate times.     

Combining payment for crop damages and reward for productivity to address wildlife conflict

Conflict caused by wild herbivores damaging crops is an almost universal problem in conservation. We designed and implemented a game-theory-based system for supporting farmers whose crops were being heavily damaged by wild herbivores. In this community-operated system, farmers self-report their production, which is endorsed by neighboring farmers. The average deficit in production is compensated for by a payment that is directly proportional to the average deficit in production of the group and to the individual farmer's productivity. As a result, farmers are compensated for the average damage (support) and rewarded for individual productivity (reward) (i.e., support cum reward [SuR]). The design of the game is such that only honest reporting gives maximum returns. Farmers who underreport receive less payment because the SuR amount is proportionate to their self-reported productivity. The endorsing farmers, in their own self-interest, prevent overreporting. The system involves multiple game situations, the combined result of which is a stable strategy based on honesty and hard work. In 2 villages along the western boundary of Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve in central India, we tested the system with 75 farmers over 6 crop seasons. After a few initial attempts to cheat, honesty prevailed throughout the group. Average crop productivity increased 2.5-fold, in spite of damage, owing to increased effort by farmers. Apart from wildlife conflict resolution, the model offers a promising alternative to crop insurance and a potential behavioral green revolution in agriculture.     

Rethinking assessment of success of mitigation strategies for elephant-induced crop damage

Crop damage is the most common impact of negative interactions between people and elephants and poses a significant threat to rural livelihoods and conservation efforts. Numerous approaches to mitigate and prevent crop damage have been implemented throughout Africa and Asia. Despite the documented high efficacy of many approaches, losses remain common, and in many areas, damage is intensifying. We examined the literature on effectiveness of crop-damage-mitigation strategies and identified key gaps in evaluations. We determined there is a need to better understand existing solutions within affected communities and to extend evaluations of effectiveness beyond measurement of efficacy to include rates of and barriers to adoption. We devised a conceptual framework for evaluating effectiveness that incorporates the need for increased emphasis on adoption and can be used to inform the design of future crop-damage mitigation assessments for elephants and conflict species more widely. The ability to prevent crop loss in practice is affected by both the efficacy of a given approach and rates of uptake among target users. We identified the primary factors that influence uptake as local attitudes, sustainability, and scalability and examined each of these factors in detail. We argue that even moderately efficacious interventions may make significant progress in preventing damage if widely employed and recommend that wherever possible scientists and practitioners engage with communities to build on and strengthen existing solutions and expertise. When new approaches are required, they should align with local attitudes and fit within limitations on labor, financial requirements, and technical capacity.     

基于综合气象干旱指数（CI）的干旱时空动态格局分析——以甘肃省黄土高原区为例

借助ArcGIS9．3和SPSS数据软件平台,根据甘肃省黄土高原区33个气象站1962-2010实测气象资料,利用综合气象干旱指数（CI）对甘肃省黄土高原区近50年的干旱特征进行了时空分析。首先计算了各站历年逐日的CI指数,统计近50年各站点出现的干旱过程、各时段的干旱事件,在此基础上分析了甘肃省黄土高原区历年各地区干旱发生的覆盖范围、频率和不同等级干旱发生的多年平均天数,揭示了甘肃省黄土高原区干旱发生的时空差异和动态格局。分析结果表明,（1）甘肃省黄土高原区有大范围干旱发生的年份,夏季和秋季较多分别有13、8a,冬季最少,只有3a。（2）从空间尺度来看,甘肃省黄土高原区中兰州一榆中一靖远一带和庆阳北部属于高值区,而岷县、渭源一带属于低值区;106°E以西“临洮．通渭．天水”一带和庆阳东南部是干旱变幅最大的地方。（3）从季节尺度来看,夏季干旱频率和持续日数最多,春季、秋季次之,冬季最少。     

我国现代农业发展路线与发展战略

在当前,我国现代农业发展背负着重大包袱,面临着日益激烈的国际竞争,大力发展现代农业成为迫切需要.世界农业形势出现了新的变化,集中体现在理念创新、科技创新和制度创新.结合我围发展现代农业的国情,构建一个以产业理念创新为核心,以科技创新为动力,以组织保障制度创新为支撑的现代农业发展战略框架,描绘一个30年跨度的我国农业发展路线图,具有积极的理论意义与现实意义.     

基于能值方法的广东省农业系统分析

采用能值理论和方法对广东省农业系统的能值投入结构和产出特征进行分析,以期弥补单纯经济分析中出现的自然环境投入价值缺失的不足,并尝试加入农业基本建设投资和农业保险的计量,完善系统投入结构的能值计算。同时,引入Y*/Y指标使广东省农业系统的生产水平与全球平均水平相比较,以利于评价广东省农业系统的生产力及其发展水平,并为其优化发展提供理论依据和现实指导。研究结果:广东省农业系统2003年的能值投资率(3.12)、环境负载率(1.70)、能值/货币比率(4.26E 12sej.$-1)、净能值产出率(1.25)和Y*/Y(0.96)。上述结果与中国平均水平、中国其他省份以及一些发达国家(如意大利和日本)的相应指标比较,表明广东农业系统发展水平高于全国平均水平,低于发达国家。系统能值投入产出结构分析发现,不可更新的工业辅助能值占系统投入总能值的61.92%。为此,应进一步提高农业的可更新能值投入和优化投入结构。     

The importance of agricultural lands for Himalayan birds in winter

The impacts of land‐use change on biodiversity in the Himalayas are poorly known, notwithstanding widespread deforestation and agricultural intensification in this highly biodiverse region. Although intact primary forests harbor many Himalayan birds during breeding, a large number of bird species use agricultural lands during winter. We assessed how Himalayan bird species richness, abundance, and composition during winter are affected by forest loss stemming from agriculture and grazing. Bird surveys along 12 elevational transects within primary forest, low‐intensity agriculture, mixed subsistence agriculture, and intensively grazed pastures in winter revealed that bird species richness and abundance were greatest in low‐intensity and mixed agriculture, intermediate in grazed pastures, and lowest in primary forest at both local and landscape scales; over twice as many species and individuals were recorded in low‐intensity agriculture than in primary forest. Bird communities in primary forests were distinct from those in all other land‐use classes, but only 4 species were unique to primary forests. Low‐, medium‐, and high‐intensity agriculture harbored 32 unique species. Of the species observed in primary forest, 80% had equal or greater abundance in low‐intensity agricultural lands, underscoring the value of these lands in retaining diverse community assemblages at high densities in winter. Among disturbed landscapes, bird species richness and abundance declined as land‐use intensity increased, especially in high‐intensity pastures. Our results suggest that agricultural landscapes are important for most Himalayan bird species in winter. But agricultural intensification—especially increased grazing—will likely result in biodiversity losses. Given that forest reserves alone may inadequately conserve Himalayan birds in winter, comprehensive conservation strategies in the region must go beyond protecting intact primary forests and ensure that low‐intensity agricultural lands are not extensively converted to high‐intensity pastures.     

延边地区水稻稳产高产施肥体系的探讨

采用二次饱和D-最优设计,建立了有机肥、氮肥、磷肥和钾肥配合施用对水稻产量影响的数学模型.研究表明有机肥施用量的过多或过少均使水稻产量下降,化肥的施用也有相似的影响;有机肥与氮肥、磷肥、钾肥只有施用量在适宜的范围内,交互作用较大,产量最高.提出了延边地区水稻获得稳产、高产的施肥体系.