Crater Wear Evolution in Multilayer Coated Carbides During Machining Using Confocal Microscopy

Steady-state turning experiments were carried out with multilayer coated inserts consisting of TiN/Al₂O₃/TiCN deposited on a carbide substrate. Confocal microscopy was used for the first time to observe the topography of crater wear evolution in multilayer coated inserts. A hump made of TiN coating next to a growing crater of Al₂O₃, traces of attached steel, and the maximum depth regions have been identified. Scoring marks were also detected in the TiN layer, indicating the presence of abrasion wear. Interestingly, the crater depth was stagnant once it reached the Al₂O₃ layer, and the wear progresses by broadening the area of exposed Al₂O₃. It was concluded that the effectiveness of multilayer coated tools comes from the dissolution resistance of the Al₂O₃ layer, which delays depth growth and develops the wear front into a wider area. Confocal microsocopy was found to be a valuable tool to obtain wear topography for multilayer coated tools.     

Preparation of MgO/B2O3 coatings by plasma spraying on SUS304 surface and effects of heat-resistant

This study mainly deals with the preparation of MgO/B₂O₃ coatings by plasma spraying on the SUS304 surface and the effects of heatresistant. The power materials of low thermal conductivity were selected to control the heat divergent performance of high temperature parts. The reticular micro-structure between the cover thermal layer and the substrate was prepared by using the plasma spraying method. The powder mixture of MgO and B₂O₃ were selected as spraying materials and the SUS304 was used as the substrate material. The MgO/B₂O₃ coating was prepared on the surface of the SUS304 to provide better cover thermal performance. The properties of the microstructures and the morphologies were studied by Optical Microscope, Scanning Electron Microscope, Electron Probe Microanalyzer, and X-ray Diffraction. The results showed that the cover thermal performance has been improved.     

Preparation of MgO/B2O3 coatings by plasma spraying on SUS304 surface and effects of heat-resistant

This study mainly deals with the preparation of MgO/B₂O₃ coatings by plasma spraying on the SUS304 surface and the effects of heat-resistant. The power materials of low thermal conductivity were selected to control the heat divergent performance of high temperature parts. The reticular micro-structure between the cover thermal layer and the substrate was prepared by using the plasma spraying method. The powder mixture of MgO and B₂O₃ were selected as spraying materials and the SUS304 was used as the substrate material. The MgO/B₂O₃ coating was prepared on the surface of the SUS304 to provide better cover thermal performance. The properties of the microstructures and the morphologies were studied by Optical Microscope, Scanning Electron Microscope, Electron Probe Microanalyzer, and X-ray Diffraction. The results showed that the cover thermal performance has been improved.     

Experimental investigation of turning AISI 1045 steel using cryogenic carbon dioxide as the cutting fluid

The intensive temperatures in high speed machining not only limit the tool life but also impair the machined surface by inducing tensile residual stresses, microcracks and thermal damage. This problem can be handled largely by reducing the cutting temperature. When the conventional coolant is applied to the cutting zone, it fails to remove the extent of the heat effectively. Hence, a cryogenic coolant is highly recommended for this purpose. In this paper, an attempt has been made to use cryogenic carbon dioxide (CO₂) as the cutting fluid. Experimental investigations are carried out by turning AISI 1045 steel in which the efficiency of cryogenic CO₂ is compared to that of dry and wet machining with respect to cutting temperature, cutting forces, chip disposal and surface roughness. The experimental results show that the application of cryogenic CO₂ as the cutting fluid is an efficient coolant for the turning operation as it reduced the cutting temperature by 5%–22% when compared with conventional machining.It is also observed that the surface finish is improved to an appreciable amount in the finished work piece on the application of cryogenic CO₂. The surface finish is improved by 5%–25% in the cryogenic condition compared with wet machining.     

工程机械不同工况下PM_(2.5)排放及其碳质组分特征

我国工程机械排放控制起步较晚.为研究实际工况下工程机械的PM2.5排放特性及其碳质组分构成,采用便携式颗粒物稀释采样系统,对3台工程机械(2台挖掘机和1台装载机)在不同典型工况(行驶、作业和怠速)下的PM2.5及其碳质组分〔OC(有机碳)和EC(元素碳)〕的现场排放特征进行了测试.结果表明:沃尔沃挖掘机、山河智能挖掘机的PM2.5排放因子(基于燃油)分别为1.85~3.26和1.56~2.62 g/kg,厦工装载机的PM2.5排放因子为0.98~1.48 g/kg.不同工况对PM2.5排放因子影响较大,怠速工况下PM2.5排放因子是行驶工况下的1.49~1.76倍.工程机械排放的PM2.5中,碳质组分是最主要的成分,其质量分数高达71.0%~84.5%.其中,w(OC)为44.6%~72.0%,在怠速工况下最高;w(EC)则为8.6%~30.9%,在行驶工况下较高.测试工程机械的PM2.5排放水平较高,因此应尽快加强工程机械排放的污染防治.     

Synthesis and characteristic of polyaniline/Dy2O3 composites: Thermal property and electrochemical performance

A simple route of in situ polymerization by the chemical oxidation method was successfully employed to synthesize polyaniline/dysprosium oxide (PANI/Dy₂O₃) composites. The synthesized materials were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectra and X-ray diffraction. The thermal stability of the composite was studied by thermogravimetry (TG). The electrochemical performance of the composites was investigated by cyclic voltammetry and alternating current impedance spectroscopy with a three-electrode system. TG results suggested that the thermal stability of PANI/Dy₂O₃ composites showed a tendency to first increase and then decrease with increasing Dy₂O₃ amount. Electrochemical experiments indicated that the composite electrodes showed a lower capacitance than that of pure PANI, which may be attributed to the interaction between PANI and Dy₂O₃ in the composites.     

Synthesis and characteristic of polyaniline/Dy2O3 composites：Thermal property and electrochemical performance

A simple route of in situ polymerization by the chemical oxidation method was successfully employed to synthesize polyaniline/dysprosium oxide (PANI/Dy₂O₃) composites. The synthesized materials were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectra and X-ray diffraction. The thermal stability of the composite was studied by thermogravimetry (TG). The electrochemical performance of the composites was investigated by cyclic voltammetry and alternating current impedance spectroscopy with a three-electrode system. TG results suggested that the thermal stability of PANI/Dy₂O₃ composites showed a tendency to first increase and then decrease with increasing Dy₂O₃ amount. Electrochemical experiments indicated that the composite electrodes showed a lower capacitance than that of pure PANI, which may be attributed to the interaction between PANI and Dy₂O₃ in the composites.     

Pd/CZ/Al2O3催化剂的制备、表征与三效催化性能

以共浸渍法制得的氧化铝负载铈锆固溶体为载体,并浸渍贵金属Pd得到了Pd/CZ/Al₂O₃催化剂.实验结果表明,该催化剂在老化前后都表现出良好的三效催化活性,新鲜样品Pd/CZ/Al₂O₃活性与Pd/CZ相当,老化后样品前者优于后者.结合XRD,BET,TPR等表征手段,讨论了Pd/CZ/Al₂O₃的催化活性特别是高温老化后活性与其组成结构之间的内在关系,揭示了其老化后仍具有较高活性的主要原因在于保持了Pd与CZ/Al₂O₃复合载体之间的强相互作用(SMSI).     

廊坊市大气污染特征与污染物排放源研究

通过廊坊市2014年12个监测站点的大气污染物监测数据,分析了廊坊市大气污染的主要特征,包括空气质量水平、大气污染的季节与空间分布.结果发现,虽然与2013年相比2014年空气质量有所改善,但12个站点空气质量超标均十分严重.秋季、冬季与春季PM_(2.5)为主要的空气污染物,夏季O3日最大8 h平均浓度频繁超标,需要引起重视.为实现廊坊市空气质量模拟,制定最优空气质量改善政策,基于污染源普查、环境统计数据,编制了廊坊市主要大气污染物排放清单.工业部门中,电力、热力生产和供应业、黑色金属冶炼及压延加工业是SO_2、NO_x和PM_(2.5)的重要来源.VOCs则主要来自于化学原料和化学制品制造业、黑色金属冶炼及压延加工业、食品制造业.另外,廊坊全市道路扬尘和建筑施工扬尘污染贡献了PM2.5的38.6%,但扬尘的管理十分薄弱.同时结果表明,廊坊市黄标车排放在交通源排放中比重较高.因此,需要对上述重点排放源进行有效控制,从而改善廊坊市空气质量.     

钢铁行业典型烧结机污染物排放特征对比研究

钢铁工业排放是引起空气污染的重要原因之一,烧结工序又是钢铁行业中的排放大户.鉴于此,选取了一台工艺相对落后但仍在我国中西部地区大量存在的90 m2小型步进式烧结机和一台工艺较为先进的450 m2大型带式烧结机,对两台烧结机不同点位的SO₂、NO_x、颗粒物以及烟气Hg等进行实测,并对颗粒物中的元素、水溶性离子、OC和EC进行分析,从而获取不同技术水平、不同污控措施下烧结机污染物排放特征以及与2019年生态环境部办公厅印发的《关于推进实施钢铁行业超低排放的意见》中的超低排放限值之间的差距.结果表明:①烧结机头SO₂、NO_x、CO、颗粒物和烟气Hg排放浓度分别为54.69~123.04 mg/m3、187.28~312.58 mg/m3、6 746.04~7 790.83 mg/m3、11.04~19.93 mg/m3和78.97~2 537.07 ng/m3,烧结机尾颗粒物排放浓度为0.76~16.22 mg/m3,机头颗粒物以PM_2.5为主,占比为81.02%~91.49%,机尾颗粒物主要为PM₁₀,占比为71.17%~73.01%.烧结机头SO₂、NO_x、颗粒物以及烧结机尾颗粒物还需分别减排36.00%~71.55%、73.30%~84.00%、9.40%~49.82%和0~38.35%才能满足超低排放限值.②烧结颗粒物主要成分为K、Ca、Na、Mg、Fe、Cl-、SO₄2-、NH₄+、OC和EC等,其占比与烧结机类型、烧结原辅料以及污染物控制措施等因素有关,石灰石-石膏法脱硫后SO₄2-占比增加28.12%,活性炭移动床脱硫后EC占比增加2.15%.③布袋除尘器对烧结机不同粒径颗粒物和烟气Hg的脱除能力比双室五电场静电除尘器分别高出1.25%~5.06%和9.51%,活性炭移动床系统对烧结不同粒径颗粒物以及烟气Hg的去除效果分别比石灰石-石膏法脱硫系统高出9.40%~11.38%和4.31%.研究显示,不同工艺、不同污控措施烧结机大气污染物排放特征存在一定差异,SO₂、NO_x排放浓度与超低排放限值差距较大,烟尘排放浓度与超低排放限值差距较小.      

Effect of oxide-based fluxes on mechanical and metallurgical properties of Dissimilar Activating Flux Assisted-Tungsten Inert Gas Welds

Present investigation is to study the “Effect of Activating Fluxes on Mechanical and Metallurgical Properties of Dissimilar Activated Flux-Tungsten Inert Gas Welds”. Effect of current, welding speed, joint gap and electrode diameter on weld bead dimensions on 6 mm thick dissimilar weld between carbon steel to stainless steel, was studied under Activated Flux-Tungsten Inert Gas Welding process. During this investigation three different types of oxide powders were used-TiO₂, ZnO and MnO₂. After welding samples were subject to mechanical testing, in addition to characterization via micro hardness and microstructures of Normal Tungsten Inert Gas Welds and Activated Flux-Tungsten Inert Gas Welds. Activating fluxes TiO₂ and ZnO are effective fluxes for Activated Flux-Tungsten Inert Gas Welding of dissimilar weld between CS to SS. Highest depth/width (D/W) ratio reported under TiO₂ and ZnO fluxes compare to Normal-Tungsten Inert Gas Welds. Lowest angular distortion was observed under TiO₂ flux compare to Normal-Tungsten Inert Gas Welds. Mechanical properties, Joint Efficiency of Activated Flux-Tungsten Inert Gas Welds are higher than normal-Normal Tungsten Inert Gas Welds. Tensile Test specimens of both the processes failed from the parent metal (carbon steel side). Carbon migration from CS to SS, had occurred which led to failure of weld joints from CS side.     

Sulfur dioxide oxidation in laboratory clouds

SO₂ oxidation in the presence of NH₃ was studied in a mixing-type continuous-flow cloud chamber. NaCl and soot particles (∼5–15 μ m⁻³) were used as cloud condensation nuclei. Cloud liquid water content was varied between 0.2 and 3 g m⁻³. SO₂ and NH₃ concentrations were 0.6 and 1.1 ppm, respectively. The contact time between the SO₂ and the cloud drops was varied from 8 s to 3 min. Up to 80% of the input SO₂ can be oxidized within short contact times in the presence of NH₃ and when the water is in the condensed cloud-drop phase. Negligible sulfate formation was observed in the absence of the liquid phase regardless of the presence or absence of NH₃. No significant dependence of the oxidation on the cloud condensation nuclei type nor the contact time was found. This in-cloud SO₂ oxidation is much faster than predicted by S(IV) oxidation by molecular oxygen measured in bulk solutions.     

Influence of coating method on catalyst activity of AgCl/Al2O3/SUS304 composite plate

The γ-Al₂0₃ and AgCl/Al₂0₃ catalyst powder were coated on a stainless steel substrate by dip coating and electrophoretic deposition method. And AgCl/Al₂0₃ catalyst was produced by three kinds of methods, and the difference between the NOx reduction catalysis of the coated sample was compared. XRD and SEM were used to study the crystalline structure and cross-section of the coatings. The coating of γ-Al₂0₃ with the thickness of 3-5 μm and AgCl/Al₂0₃ catalyst with the thickness of 5-9 μrn were made on the surface of SUS304 plate without exfoliation. The NOx conversion of the coated sample with catalyst was about 70% at the maximum.     

Low-carbon transition of iron and steel industry in China: Carbon intensity, economic growth and policy intervention

As the biggest iron and steel producer in the world and one of the highest CO₂ emission sectors, China's iron and steel industry is undergoing a low-carbon transition accompanied by remarkable technological progress and investment adjustment, in response to the macroeconomic climate and policy intervention. Many drivers of the CO₂ emissions of the iron and steel industry have been explored, but the relationships between CO₂ abatement, investment and technological expenditure, and their connections with the economic growth and governmental policies in China, have not been conjointly and empirically examined. We proposed a concise conceptual model and an econometric model to investigate this crucial question. The results of regression, Granger causality test and impulse response analysis indicated that technological expenditure can significantly reduce CO₂ emissions, and that investment expansion showed a negative impact on CO₂ emission reduction. It was also argued with empirical evidence that a good economic situation favored CO₂ abatement in China's iron and steel industry, while achieving CO₂ emission reduction in this industrial sector did not necessarily threaten economic growth. This shed light on the dispute over balancing emission cutting and economic growth. Regarding the policy aspects, the year 2000 was found to be an important turning point for policy evolution and the development of the iron and steel industry in China. The subsequent command and control policies had a significant, positive effect on CO₂ abatement.     

中国钢铁行业大气环境影响

本研究基于2015年在线监测等数据,分析中国钢铁行业主要工序(烧结和球团)排口烟气浓度情况,自下而上建立了2015年中国高时空分辨率钢铁行业大气污染物排放清单(HSEC, 2015),使用CAMx模型,定量模拟钢铁行业排放对区域大气污染物浓度贡献.结果表明, 2015年中国钢铁行业共排放SO_2、NO_x、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、PCDD/Fs、VOCs、CO、BC、OC、EC和F分别为37.48万t、 72.05万t、 33.48万t、 15.03万t、 1.91 kg、 84.29万t、 3 478.85万t、 0.64万t、 0.83万t、 0.08万t和0.77万t.从区域角度:上海和天津钢铁行业单位面积污染排放强度最大,对区域大气污染贡献比例较高.从工序角度:2015年烧结和球团烟气排口月平均浓度降低.从污染物角度:2015年钢铁行业排放NO_x对区域污染物浓度贡献最大,NO_x具有较大的减排潜力.     

A contact sex pheromone component of the emerald ash borer Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)

Analyses of the elytral hydrocarbons from male and female emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire, that were freshly emerged vs. sexually mature (>10 days old) revealed a female-specific compound, 9-methyl-pentacosane (9-Me-C₂₅), only present in sexually mature females. This material was synthesized by the Wittig reaction of 2-decanone with (n-hexadecyl)-triphenylphosphonium bromide followed by catalytic reduction to yield racemic 9-Me C₂₅, which matched the natural compound by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (retention time and EI mass spectrum). In field bioassays with freeze-killed sexually mature A. planipennis females, feral males spent significantly more time in contact and attempting copulation with unwashed females than with females that had been washed in n-hexane to remove the cuticular lipids. Hexane-washed females to which 9-Me-C₂₅ had been reapplied elicited similar contact time and percentage of time attempting copulation as unwashed females, indicating that 9-methyl-pentacosane is a contact sex pheromone component of A. planipennis. This is the first contact sex pheromone identified in the Buprestidae.     

我国典型燃煤源和工业过程源排放PM2.5成分谱特征

鉴于我国本地化源谱（源成分谱）数量不足的现状,采用稀释通道系统对燃煤源和工业过程源进行采样,建立了4类燃煤锅炉（链条炉、流化床、往复炉和煤粉炉）和6类工业过程源（炼铁、铝焙烧、铝煅烧、砖瓦炉、水泥窑头和窑尾）的PM_2.5成分谱,并对源谱特征进行研究.结果表明:① 不同源谱组分特征差异明显.水泥窑炉排放的PM_2.5中,w（Ca）、w（Si）、w（OC）、w（SO₄2-）较高,分别为8.51%~14.18%、5.69%~11.80%、3.47%~15.56%、8.67%~16.85%;燃煤锅炉中Al（4.50%~8.67%,质量分数,余同）、OC（6.44%~15.33%）、SO₄2-（9.85%~22.87%）组分贡献较大;炼铁和铝冶炼工艺源谱中主导化学组分分别为Fe（8.57%~9.88%）和Al（11.81%~16.58%）;砖瓦炉颗粒物源谱中主要组分为SO₄2-、NH₄+、Si等.② 不同污染源PM_2.5成分谱的分歧系数结果显示,流化床和煤粉炉、水泥窑头和窑尾源谱较为相似,其分歧系数分别为0.26和0.28,其余源谱间均存在一定差异.进一步计算组分差异权重（R/U）发现,往复炉源谱中组分Zn、Sn与其他3类锅炉有明显不同.流化床/煤粉炉源谱中的Si、Ni,窑头/窑尾源谱中的K、Mn、OC组分差异显著,可以作为区分相似源谱的标识组分.与其他研究建立的源谱相比,燃煤源谱中w（EC）和w（SO₄2-）偏高.钢铁源谱中w（EC）和w（NH₄+）较其他地区偏高,w（Pb）偏低;工业过程源谱中,w（Cl-）较SPECIATE相关源谱偏低,而w（Ⅴ）和w（Cr）偏高.鉴于颗粒物源谱受到不同燃料种类、燃烧方式和烟气控制设施等影响而存在差异,源谱的准确性和代表性还需进一步测试和验证.      

Low-carbon transition of iron and steel industry in China: Carbon intensity,economic growth and policy intervention

As the biggest iron and steel producer in the world and one of the highest CO₂ emission sectors, China's iron and steel industry is undergoing a low-carbon transition accompanied by remarkable technological progress and investment adjustment, in response to the macroeconomic climate and policy intervention. Many drivers of the CO₂ emissions of the iron and steel industry have been explored, but the relationships between CO₂ abatement, investment and technological expenditure, and their connections with the economic growth and governmental policies in China, have not been conjointly and empirically examined. We proposed a concise conceptual model and an econometric model to investigate this crucial question. The results of regression, Granger causality test and impulse response analysis indicated that technological expenditure can significantly reduce CO₂ emissions, and that investment expansion showed a negative impact on CO₂ emission reduction. It was also argued with empirical evidence that a good economic situation favored CO₂ abatement in China's iron and steel industry, while achieving CO₂ emission reduction in this industrial sector did not necessarily threaten economic growth. This shed light on the dispute over balancing emission cutting and economic growth. Regarding the policy aspects, the year 2000 was found to be an important turning point for policy evolution and the development of the iron and steel industry in China. The subsequent command and control policies had a significant, positive effect on CO₂ abatement.     

Enhanced CO2 adsorptive performance of PEI/SBA-15 adsorbent using phosphate ester based surfactants as additives

In this study,a series of polyetherimide/SBA-15: 2-D hexagonal P6 mm,Santa Barbara USA(PEI/SBA-15) adsorbents modified by phosphoric ester based surfactants(including tri(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate(TEP),bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate(BEP) and trimethyl phosphonoacetate(TMPA))were prepared for CO_2 adsorption.Experimental results indicated that the addition of TEP and BEP had positive effects on CO_2 adsorption capacity over PEI/SBA-15.In particular,the CO_2 adsorption amount could be improved by around 20% for 45PEI–5TEP/SBA-15 compared to the additive-free adsorbent.This could be attributed to the decrease of CO_2 diffusion resistance in the PEI bulk network due to the interactions between TEP and loaded PEI molecules,which was further confirmed by adsorption kinetics results.In addition,it was also found that the cyclic performance of the TEP-modified adsorbent was better than the surfactant-free one.This could be due to two main reasons,based on the results of in situ DRIFT and TG-DSC tests.First and more importantly,adsorbed CO_2 species could be desorbed more rapidly over TEP-modified adsorbent during the thermal desorption process.Furthermore,the enhanced thermal stability after TEP addition ensured lower degradation of amine groups during adsorption/desorption cycles.     

京津冀地区钢铁行业污染物排放清单及对PM2.5影响

以京津冀地区为研究区域,采取自下而上的方法,建立京津冀地区钢铁行业细化至焦化、烧结和球团、炼铁、炼钢、轧钢等工序的多污染物排放清单.清单估算结果显示,2015年京津冀地区钢铁行业SO₂、NO_x、TSP、PM₁₀、PM_2.5、CO、VOC的排放量分别为38.82、27.23、79.19、53.15、38.68、823.38、26.53万t,其中烧结和球团工序是最主要的污染物排放工序（17.0%~72.0%）,其次为炼铁工序（4.6%~42.4%）和轧钢工序（3.5%~35.7%）.采用具有污染物来源示踪功能的双层嵌套气象-空气质量模型系统（WRF-CAMx）耦合模型模拟京津冀地区钢铁行业污染物排放对区域大气PM_2.5浓度的影响.模拟结果显示：钢铁行业在春夏秋冬这4个季节对京津冀地区PM_2.5浓度贡献率分别达到14.0%、15.9%、12.3%、8.7%.各地市中,钢铁行业对唐山市PM_2.5影响最大,年均PM_2.5浓度贡献率高达41.2%,其次为秦皇岛市、石家庄市、邯郸市,年均PM_2.5浓度贡献率分别达到19.3%、15.3%、15.1%.