某导弹振动夹具设计及测试分析

目的 设计符合某导弹振动试验要求的夹具.方法 采用SolidWorks和Workbench两种软件协同分析的方法,对振动夹具进行设计.首先使用SolidWorks建立导弹振动夹具的实体模型,之后在Workbench中采用有限元方法对夹具进行模态分析.根据模态分析结果,在对夹具进行多次的结构修改和分析计算后,得到满足设计要求的夹具.将设计合格的夹具加工制作后,在振动台进行传递特性分析,以验证设计和分析结果.结果 根据振动夹具模态振型的变化趋势,可以通过增加夹具的底板和立板的厚度来提高夹具的固有频率.通过计算,将夹具底板和立板的厚度均增加到30.0 mm时,夹具的固有频率达到了311.68 Hz.将加工好的夹具按照实际试验方式固定在振动台,并进行动态响应测试,得到夹具一阶频率为410.0 Hz.结论 设计方法达到了振动夹具的基频大于被试品3～4倍的目标,满足了导弹振动夹具的动力学特性要求.     

An Approach to Theoretical Modeling and Simulation of Face Milling Forces

A new approach to theoretical modeling and simulation of face milling forces is presented. The present approach is based on a predictive machining theory in which machining characteristic factors in continuous cutting with a single-point cutting tool can be predicted from the workpiece material properties, tool geometry, and cutting conditions. The action of a milling cutter is considered as the simultaneous work of a number of single-point cutting tools, and the milling forces are predicted from input data of workpiece material properties, cutter parameters and tooth geometry, cutting condition, cutter and workpiece vibration structure parameters, and types of milling. A predictive force model for face milling is developed using this approach. In the model, the workpiece material properties are considered as functions of strain, strain rate, and temperature. The ratio of cutter tooth engagement over milling is taken into account for the determination of temperature in the cutting region. Cutter runout is included in the modeling for the chip load. The relative displacement between the cutter and workpiece due to the cutter and workpiece vibration is also included in the modeling to consider the effect on the undeformed chip thickness. A milling force simulation system has been developed using the model, and face milling experimental tests have been conducted to verify the simulation system. It is shown that the simulation results agree well with experimental results.     

多轴动态加速度试验夹具设计方法研究

目的针对多轴动态加速度试验的特点探索一种适合多轴动态加速度试验的夹具设计新方法。方法分别采用传统经验设计法和新方法对同一简单模型进行力学仿真分析,并进一步对比两种方法所得结果的差异。结果新方法所得结果更具全面性,在多轴动态加速度试验过程中更有利于保证夹具的安全性,适合推广应用。结论多轴动态加速度试验与传统的单一稳态加速度试验差异较大,在相应夹具设计时更应该注重试验的全过程。     

响应面法对PBGA封装元器件的有限元模型修正

目的利用特殊设计夹具来模仿PCB板的典型插入式固定方式,通过响应面法对安装有PBGA的菊花链PCB板有限元模型进行修正。方法有限元模型经过三次响应面修正,每一个修正阶段都计算仿真前三阶频率与相对应的模态试验结果相对比,建立两个目标函数,并利用多目标遗传算法来缩小仿真分析与模态试验结果。结果有限元模型得到了有效的改善。结论响应面法可以从实际出发来提升有限元模型准确度。     

An experimental technique to detect tool–workpiece contact in micromilling

There is a need for simple, accurate, and low-cost techniques to detect tool–workpiece contact (or tool touch-off) in micromilling operations. This paper presents a method that is based on monitoring changes in the power spectral characteristics of the spindle vibration signal. The accuracy of this contact detection method is evaluated under different conditions by measuring the overshoot of the tool into the workpiece surface. Specifically, the effects of tool geometry, workpiece surface roughness and hardness, tool wear, step size, and contact detection threshold on the overshoot are analyzed through experiments carried out on a 3-axis micromilling machine. The results show that the method is capable of sub-micron contact detection accuracy depending on the workpiece hardness, roughness, and contact detection threshold.     

Effect of Tool Edge Geometry on Workpiece Subsurface Deformation and Through-Thickness Residual Stresses for Hard Turning of AISI 52100 Steel

An experimental investigation was conducted to determine the effect of tool cutting edge geometry on workpiece subsurface deformation and through-thickness residual stresses for finish hard turning of through-hardened AISI 52100 steel. Polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PCBN) inserts with “up-sharp” edges, edge hones, and chamfers were used as the cutting tools in this study. Examination of the workpiece microstructure reveals that large edge hone tools produce substantial subsurface plastic flow. Flow is not observed when turning with small edge hone tools or chamfered tools, and the workpiece microstructure appears random for these cases. Examination of through-thickness residual stresses shows that large edge hone tools produce deeper, more compressive residual stresses than are produced by small edge hone tools or chamfered tools. Explanations for these effects are offered based on assumed contact conditions between the tool and workpiece.     

舰船摇摆对导弹发射出筒姿态的影响

目的确保发射安全性和为外弹道稳健性设计提供准确的初始出筒姿态参数。方法用发射动力学建模与仿真技术来研究舰船摇摆对导弹发射出筒姿态的影响。基于同心筒发射系统的拓扑结构,建立其刚柔耦合多体动力学虚拟样机模型。采用Craig-Bampton模态综合方法构建发射筒和导弹的柔性体模型,采用非线性弹簧阻尼模拟导弹与发射筒之间的接触碰撞,基于发动机试车试验数据,采用AKIMA插值方法构建发动机推力模型,根据舰船运动参数,采用正弦函数模拟舰船的横摇、纵摇和垂荡运动。结果基于建好的模型研究了多种舰船摇摆工况对同心筒发射导弹出筒姿态的影响,获得了相关难于测量的关键设计参数数值。结论合理的滑块间距和海浪等级可确保同心筒发射系统的发射安全。研究结果对同心筒发射系统设计具有重要的工程价值。     

Thermal Characterization of the Chip-Tool Interface When Using Coated Turning Inserts

This paper reports some results of extensive experimental investigations of the thermal interactions between the coating/substrate and the moving surface of the chip. Semi-orthogonal cutting when bar turning a medium carbon steel and an austenitic stainless steel was carried out. Both flat-faced and grooved inserts coated with TiC, TiC/TiN, and TiC/Al₂O₃/TiN were tested. A standard K-type thermocouple embedded in the workpiece was used to convert measured efm's to the interfacial temperatures. In addition, the chiprake contact length and the area of contact were determined by using computer processing of scanned contact images. The minimum steady-state temperature at the interface between the moving chip and the coating-substrate system was explained in terms of the heat flux intensity and the thermal properties of both components of a unique closed tribo-system.     

控制棒驱动机构与反应堆堆顶组合模型的抗震分析

目的获得控制棒驱动机构(CRDM)和反应堆堆顶组件(RHP)在地震作用下的动力学响应。方法建立控制棒驱动机构与反应堆堆顶组件的有限元组合模型,采用ANSYS软件对模型开展三维非线性抗震分析。分析模型中分别用梁单元、杆单元和弹簧单元等模拟堆顶的各个部件,考虑控制棒驱动机构抗震支承板之间、抗震支承板与抗震支承环之间的相互碰撞作用。此外,将电缆托架和电缆桥组件的梁模型也加入到组合模型,而不是简单地将其简化为集中质量,可减小该部分质量分配不真实对抗震分析结果带来的误差。结果利用ANSYS软件时程法中的直接积分法完成了组合模型的抗震分析,提取了控制棒驱动机构和反应堆堆顶组件各部位应力评定所需的载荷。结论较为准确地模拟了抗震板之间的碰撞作用,得到了各截面的载荷,可为设备应力分析提供输入。     

振动试验夹具设计的疲劳分析

根据动力学特性,振动试验往往要求夹具有较高的固有频率和阻尼;根据振动台的使用情况,要求夹具质量尽可能轻;制作工艺要求夹具尽可能地保持整体性。但是,对于影响试验安全的疲劳问题,一般都不进行夹具疲劳验算。通过实例,说明夹具会在振动试验中出现疲劳破坏。对于某些特殊情况下的振动试验,对夹具的疲劳验算是必不可少的。     

Micro dimple milling on cylinder surfaces

The paper presents a micro dimple machining on a cylinder surface with a two-flutes ball end mill. When the cutter axis is inclined and the depth of cut is less than the tool radius, non-cutting time, during which neither of the two cutting edges contacts the workpiece, appears in a rotation of the cutter. The rotation of the workpiece and the feed of the tool are controlled so that the cutting areas do not overlap each other. In order to incline the tool with respect to the tangential direction on the cylinder surface, the tool is located at a position oriented at 45° from the top of the cylinder. An analytical model is presented to control the shapes of the dimples with the cutting parameters. The presented machining is verified in cutting tests with measuring the shape and the profile of the dimples. Pre-machining operations are conducted to have a high cylindricity of the workpiece in longitudinal turning and polishing. The cutter runout of the tool is also eliminated by adjusting the orientation and the position of the tool in the collet chuck with measuring the cutting force. The micro dimples are machined accurately as they are simulated.     

民用飞机机体连接结构动刚度计算分析及试验验证

目的通过分析和试验得到民用飞机机体连接结构动刚度。方法通过理论分析,得到动刚度的推导公式,并运用有限元分析软件进行频响分析,进而得到连接结构动刚度。运用锤击法得到动刚度试验数据,并进行试验验证。结果试验结果受信号衰减的影响,低频范围内较难得到静刚度结果,但可以通过分析模型得到。试验刚度结果开始波动较大,但在高频范围趋于稳定,最终稳定在分析刚度值左右。当动刚度分析结果受频率影响变化不大时,可以采用动刚度分析均值来作为不同频率下的刚度值。结论通过频响分析得到民用飞机某种结构的动刚度变化曲线,并通过动刚度试验进行了试验验证,分析对比结果表明,有限元分析可以较为准确地得到机体支持结构动刚度,并用于工程实际。     

环形件摆动辗压过程中接触区域轮廓的数值计算方法

摆动辗压过程中锥形摆头与坯料接触面积是一个十分重要的参数,此文从辗压过程中坯料螺旋式送进的事实出发,首次给出了环形坯料,接触区域轮廓坐标的数值求解过程,为正确计算接触面积提供了精确的计算方法。     

弹簧应力松弛载荷的在线测量新方法

目的 准确高效地测量弹簧在应力松弛试验过程中的载荷。方法 针对周期试验法中繁琐的拆装工作和连续试验法中测试效率偏低的难点问题，以周期试验法中可以让“弹簧的总形变量在短时间内发生变化”的事实为依据，通过驱使待测弹簧进一步发生少量变形，将待测弹簧承受的准不变载荷转换为缓冲弹簧的连续变化载荷进行测量。测量后分别对直线进行拟合，便可求得驱动力F0，进而可以计算出待测弹簧处于装夹状态时所承受的载荷。结果 得到了一种在应力松弛过程中测量弹簧载荷的新方法，并结合螺旋压缩弹簧的结构特点，介绍了该方法的2种实现方式。当置信度为0.95时，测试结果的置信区间在±2%内，说明测量结果具有较高的可信度。结论 实践应用表明，在周期试验法中，采用该方法能够避免繁琐的拆装过程，有利于降低人为误差；在连续试验法中，采用该方法可以提高测试效率，从而有效地解决应力松弛试验中的载荷测试难题。     

便携式拉伸应力腐蚀试验器的研制

介绍了一种可以用于研究材料在自然环境及特定环境(如有毒有害气氛、各种腐蚀介质等)下应力腐蚀性能的便携式拉伸应力腐蚀试验装置。该装置将试样通过上、下夹头安装在主承力框架内,利用弹簧对试样施加轴向载荷,使试样承受恒定的拉伸应力。该试验器的特点是载荷范围大且加载精确、结构简单、体积紧凑、重量轻、造价低,特别适宜于户外的自然环境暴露试验。     

典型表层岩溶水系统降水量与泉流量的交叉小波分析

利用2002年3月至2008年12月龙怀表层岩溶水系统降水量与2个表层岩溶泉泉流量资料,采用连续小波变换、交叉小波变换与小波相干方法,对龙怀表层岩溶水系统降水量及表层岩溶泉泉流量多时间尺度特征及相关关系进行了分析。结果表明:龙怀表层岩溶水系统降水量主振荡周期为0.77～1.16a,布洋1号泉与龙何下泉泉流量的主振荡周期均为0.82～1.23a,而其高频部分周期变化均不连续,其动态特征均以年际变化为主;交叉小波变换揭示COI区域外降水量与布洋1号、龙何下泉泉流量的主共振周期均为0.77～1.23a,且涵盖全部时域,2个表层岩溶泉对降水的响应是显著和稳定的;表层岩溶泉泉流量存在稳定的落后于降水量的相位变化,布洋1号、龙何下泉分别落后于降水量0.61d、2.63d左右,表层岩溶泉径流过程为其泉域特征所制约;小波相干谱表明降水量与布洋1号泉流量在0.17～2.45a的全频域均显著共振,与龙何下泉在0.17～1.55a的周期上显著共振,且二者均涵盖了大部分时域,降水量与泉流量动态高度相关。     

基于模态分析的某振动试验方法改进

目的对该试验夹具进行改进设计,使试验夹具首阶模态频率大于60 Hz。方法基于模态分析方法,分别采取改进夹具结构形式和改变夹具边界条件两种改进方式进行优化设计。结果根据模态分析结果发现,夹具结构形式改进对模态频率提高的效果不明显,改变边界条件能够显著提高夹具频率。改进后试验夹具首阶模态频率为69.5 Hz,大于试验输入载荷频率范围。结论试验夹具的固有频率应避开振动试验输入载荷频率范围,避免对试验结果造成影响。     

某异型结构振动夹具的设计及试验验证

目的完成某异型飞行器的振动夹具设计。方法对初步设计的夹具进行有限元模态仿真计算、传递均匀性仿真计算,结合仿真计算结果,有针对性地对夹具进行设计改进。经仿真计算,设计改进后夹具满足设计固有频率及均匀性要求。结果夹具固有频率的试验结果与仿真计算误差约为7%,均匀性也较吻合。结论验证了仿真计算结果的正确性、设计的合理性,该异型飞行器振动试验进一步验证了该夹具传递特性也较好。     

Selection of Optimal Superfinishing Parameters

This paper is concerned with the selection of optimal superfinishing conditions. During superfinishing of cylindrical surfaces, an axially oscillating abrasive stone is pressed against a rotating workpiece. Experimental results are presented that show the effect of contact pressure, process kinematics, and grit size on superfinishing behavior. An optimal contact pressure is found at which the removal rate is maximized. The ratio of axial oscillation frequency to workpiece rotational frequency should be selected so as to avoid integer values, which result in low stock removal, and half values, which can lead to lobe formation. Finer grit stones provide smoother surface finishes but less stock removal; therefore, the grit size selected should be only fine enough to generate the required surface roughness.     

振动离心复合环境下结构响应试验研究

目的研究振动离心试验系统复合功能下的振动台体、吊篮连接装置、离心机机臂端头及机臂中部的结构振动响应特性及传递规律。方法根据复合振动激振系统在不同工况下,测量离心机机臂、连接装置等部位的加速度响应,以振动台体为基准,计算被测部位相对于台体的振动加速度传递比。结果在振动离心复合功能运行时,振动响应沿台体、吊篮连接装置、机臂端头到机臂中部逐级衰减,机臂中部处振动响应最小,响应传递比呈衰减规律;振动复合试验中机臂沿径向传递比为2.3%、沿切向传递比为2.6%;在正弦拍波试验中,机臂沿垂向传递比为2.3%,沿切向传递比为3.1%,传递比随拍波频率增大而变化;地震波试验中机臂沿垂向传递比为9.4%,切向传递比为2.9%。结论通过试验分析得到振动离心复合下离心机结构连接装置、机臂等位置的振动响应和传递规律,结果可为大型复杂离心机结构设计及模型修改等提供数据支持。