三峡库区不同沉积土微生物多样性分析

三峡库区微生物的变化影响淡水生态系统功能的发挥及人类健康,为探究三峡库区万州段不同沉积土微生物群落的多样性,于2018年3月对万州二桥两岸不同土样进行微生物调查,采用烘干法和重铬酸钾容量法对沉积土理化性质进行分析,采用平板稀释涂布法分析可培养微生物的数量,使用16S rDNA基因测序和构建系统进化树对沉积土微生物的群落...     

浙江北部海域春季浮游动物的群落结构研究

根据2007年春季在浙江北部海域所采集的浮游动物样品,对该调查海域浮游动物的种类组成、丰度、生物量和生物多样性进行了探讨,采用多元统计软件PRIMER 5分析了该海域浮游动物的群落结构。研究结果表明,调查海域共鉴定各类浮游动物62种、浮游幼虫12种,合计74种。经统计共有2种优势种,分别是中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)和五角水母(Muggiaea atlantica)。浮游动物生物量和丰度的平面分布比较相似,主要分布在调查海域的东部和东南部,并存在着向东南方向呈递增的趋势,而在杭州湾内的值比较小。调查海域浮游动物生物多样性比较低,平均值为1.54。根据对本次调查获得的浮游动物群落结构的聚类分析,主要存在着两个生态类群,群落Ⅰ为沿岸低盐群落,群落Ⅱ为暖温带近海群落。     

环境微生物多样性研究方法进展

本文对当前国内外环境微生物多样性研究的四种方法:传统微生物平板培养法、微生物标记物法(如PLFA法)、B IOLOG微平板法和微生物分子生物技术方法及其应用特点进行了简要的评述和分析。并指出在环境微生物多样性研究中,如果可能的话,需要将各种方法结合起来使用,从而获取关于环境微生物群落多样性的更多和更完整的信息和理解。相信传统的分析方法和现代分子生物学技术方法等多种方法相结合将是大力推动环境微生物多样性研究的有效方式。     

黄岛电厂温排水对大型底栖生物群落的影响

以黄岛电厂温排水邻近海域为研究对象,2010年9月调查了电厂温排水对该海域大型底栖生物群落结构的影响。在9个站点共采集到大型底栖生物76种,平均生物量5．79 g/m2,平均密度830 m-2。利用Bray-Curtis相似性聚类对各样本大型底栖生物分析得出,调查区域可划分为4个群落。各样点Shannon-Wiener多样性指数在2．42～4．25之间,平均指数为3．67,其中靠近温排水区域站位的生物多样性呈现下降的趋势。丰度生物量比较（Abundance/biomass comparison, ABC）曲线分析结果显示,靠近排水口处的大型底栖生物群落受到一定程度的干扰。冗余分析（ RDA）结果表明,水温是影响底栖生物群落变化的最主要因子,对调查区域大型底栖生物群落变化的解释量达到60．5％,影响范围为排水口附近温升在3℃以上的区域。     

椒江口海域沉积物微生物群落及其对环境因子的响应

微生物群落在有机污染物生物地球化学循环中起着十分关键的作用。微生物群落结构和多样性及其变化在一定程度上反映了土壤的质量。宏基因组学能够在整体水平解析微生物群落结构,真实地揭示原位环境中微生物群落的复杂性和多样性。应用Illumina Mi Seq宏基因组高通量测序技术,在椒江口海域沉积物中鉴定得到古菌和细菌共33门类,变形菌门为明显的优势门类,其序列数占总数的62.1%。其他较为丰富的门类包括绿弯菌门、放线菌门、拟杆菌门。采用mothur软件计算Ace、Chao、Shannon、Simpson指数,结果发现,Ace、Chao的均值分别为511、518,Shannon在5.0左右,Simpson接近于0.02,显示出海域沉积物中微生物多样性较高且差异较小。通过微生物门类多样性与环境因子的相关性分析发现,PCB101、盐度和γ-氯丹对微生物门水平的群落分布具有显著性影响。计算微生物门类组成与环境因子间Spearman相关系数并绘图分析,温度、盐度、pH与多个微生物门类的组成和分布呈现明显的相关关系。     

湖泊微生物群落构建机制及研究展望

湖泊微生物生态过程研究是深入了解湖泊生态系统结构与功能的关键。论述了湖泊微生物多样性时空分布规律及群落构建机制研究进展,总结了微生物群落构建机制的分析方法,介绍了微生物生态网络构建原理及应用。群落构建机制分析方法分为统计分析法、模型推断法和生态网络分析法。统计分析法包括群落结构差异分析、群落结构-环境因子关联分析和方差分解分析等,此类方法能够初步识别驱动群落组成与结构时空差异的影响因子,判别空间因素与已知环境变量对群落构建过程的相对贡献;模型推断法包括中性群落模型方法和零模型方法等,能够进一步实现对群落构建生态过程的区分,量化和比较随机性因素及确定性因素的相对重要性;生态网络分析法可用于揭示物种共现模式,探究作为确定性因素的生物相互作用,也可用于物种-环境响应关系的研究,探究环境选择过程对群落结构的影响。     

美国水环境生物监测体系及对我国生物监测的建议

综合分析了美国水环境生物监测体系的框架,对相关法律法规、生物监测技术体系的构成,包括生物种群／群落调查、毒性试验、微生物测试、鱼组织污染物分析的主要内容与开展意义进行了较为系统的描述。对我国深入开展水环境生物监测提供了一些参考借鉴,建议完善法律法规;更新方法体系,完善质量标准;逐步拓展生物监测能力。     

美国水环境生物监测体系及对我国生物监测的建议（续）

综合分析了美国水环境生物监测体系的框架,对相关法律法规、生物监测技术体系的构成,包括生物种群/群落调查、毒性试验、微生物测试、鱼组织污染物分析的主要内容与开展意义进行了较为系统的描述。对我国深入开展水环境生物监测提供了一些参考借鉴,建议完善法律法规;更新方法体系,完善质量标准;逐步拓展生物监测能力。     

环境水系统中氯氟烃替代品降解产物TFA的测定

三氟乙酸为氯氟烃替代品的降解产物,对植物和土壤微生物群落的生长有一定抑制作用.建立测定TFA质量浓度的实验方法,将样品中的三氟乙酸与甲醇在硫酸溶液中衍生化为三氟乙酸甲酯(MTFA),利用三氟乙酸甲酯的易挥发性,以顶空进样进行富集浓缩.使用质谱定性手段确定出峰时间,再通过电子捕捉检测器ECD对实际样品进行分析.仪器检测限为30μg/L,方法检出限约为30ng/L,加标回收率60%～90%.     

养马岛后海区域秋季大型底栖动物群落特征

2010年9月在烟台养马岛后海海域开展了大型底栖动物调查,并进行了群落特征分析。结果表明,该海域内的大型底栖动物多毛类占绝对优势,群落间差异较小,可划分为4 个群落,长叶索沙蚕（Lumbrinereis longiforlia）、钩毛虫（Sigambra sp.）、中蚓虫（Mediomastus sp.）等多毛类生物的丰度高低是构成群落差异的主要因素。栖息环境的差异是造成群落间差异的主要原因,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数为1.17~2.92,平均值为2.13。人为扰动是影响多样性水平的主要因素,在航道通过、养殖区分布的影响下,群落受到不同程度的扰动,整体稳定性较弱。     

2019年连云港近岸海域水质环境分析与综合评价

于2019年春、夏、秋季对连云港近岸海域海水中营养盐、重金属等共19项指标进行3个航次采样监测.依照海水水质评价标准统计分析站点达标率,采用有机污染物指数法和富营养化指数法,对调查海域海水有机污染、营养水平等进行综合评价.结果表明:2019年连云港市海域站位全年达标率为86.4％,达标面积为6543 km2,占管辖海域...     

Habitat Conditions and Correlations of Sediment Quality Triad Indicators in Delaware Bay

This paper summarizes sampling results from NOAA's National Status and Trends (NS&T) Program for marine environmental quality in Delaware Bay. A stratified-random design was used to determine the spatial extent of sediment contamination and toxicity in Delaware Bay from offshore stations in the coastal zone, the lower estuary, the upper estuary, the fresh/salt mixing zone, and tidal fresh areas. Sediment samples were taken for chemical analyses of major classes of environmental contaminants, a suite of toxicity bioassays, and benthic macrofaunal community assessment to identify patterns of resident species. The tidal-fresh areas and portions of the mixing zone of the study area were heavily contaminated. Contaminant concentrations were frequently above the 90th percentile of EMAP Virginian Province levels. PAHs in the sediment were higher than previously documented, with a major component of PAHs being pyrogenic in origin. Bioassay results were highly variable. Toxicity and contaminant levels were correlated when aggregated into indices, but were only marginally correlated with benthic community impacts. High and low abundance stations were found in all zones. Most of the tidal fresh stations were dominated by pollution tolerant species. Species diversity and abundance were generally lowest in the fresh/salt mixing zone.     

南黄海2007—2017年浮游植物群落结构及多样性变化

在2007-2017年秋季,利用专业海洋调查船对整个南黄海海域开展了5个航次的浮游植物调查。结果发现：调查海域共有浮游植物371种,隶属4门108属。其中硅藻门有56属237种,甲藻门有24属98种,硅藻和甲藻是组成南黄海海域浮游植物最主要的两大类群。主要优势种有裸甲藻（Gymnodinium sp.）、柔弱拟菱形藻（Nitz.delicatissima）、蓝隐藻（Chroomonas sp.）、菱形海线藻（Thalassionema nitzschioides）、锥状施克里普藻（Scrippsiella trochoidea）和环沟藻（Gyrodinium spp.）等。2007年以来,南黄海浮游植物种类数呈明显上升趋势。浮游植物细胞密度平均为1.96×10⁴个/L,年际变化较大。将调查结果与众多文献比对,共发现9种藻类为中国新记录藻种,其中有4种硅藻和5种甲藻。     

Distribution and abundance of western gray whales off northeastern Sakhalin Island, Russia, 2001’003

In 2001–2003, >60,000 km of aerial surveys and 7,700 km of vessel surveys were conducted during June to November when critically endangered Korean–Okhotsk or western gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus) were present off the northeast coast of Sakhalin Island, Russia. Results of surveys in all years indicated gray whales occurred in predominantly two areas, (1) adjacent to Piltun Bay, and (2) offshore from Chayvo Bay, hereafter referred to as the Piltun and offshore feeding areas. In the Piltun feeding area, the majority of whales were observed in waters shallower than 20 m and were distributed from several hundred meters to ∼ 5 km from the shoreline. In the offshore feeding area during all years, the distribution of gray whales extended from southwest to northeast in waters 30–65 m in depth. During all years, the distribution and abundance of whales changed in both the Piltun and offshore feeding areas, and both north–south and inshore–offshore movements were documented within and between feeding seasons. The discovery of a significant number of whales feeding in the offshore area each year was a substantial finding of this study and raises questions regarding western gray whale abundance and population levels, feeding behavior and ecology, and individual site-fidelity. Fluctuations in the number of whales observed within the Piltun and offshore feeding areas and few sightings outside of these two areas indicate that gray whales move between the Piltun and offshore feeding areas during their summer–fall feeding season. Seasonal shifts in the distribution and abundance of gray whales between and within both the Piltun and offshore feeding areas are thought, in part, to be a response to seasonal changes in the distribution and abundance of prey. However, the mechanism driving the movements of whales along the northeast coast of Sakhalin Island is likely very complex and influenced by a multitude of factors. *Deceased     

Comparative studies on seasonal variations of metazooplankton in waters with different eutrophic states in Lake Taihu

A comparative study on the metazooplankton community was conducted in three different eutrophic areas, including Lake Wulihu, Meiliang Bay and the central open water area, in Lake Taihu from Oct. 2003 to Sep. 2004. Forty metazooplankton species were identified in Lake Wulihu, 37 in Meiliang Bay, and 34 in the central open water area. The annual average abundance of metazooplankton was 218 ind. l(-1) in the central open water area, 309 ind. l(-1) in Meiliang Bay, and 384 ind. l(-1) in Lake Wulihu. In Lake Wulihu, rotifers, Brachionus calyciflorus and Brachionus angularis, were the dominant species, which contributed 20.9% and 17.2% to the total metazooplankton abundance. Bosmina coregoni and Ceriodaphnia cornuta were the dominant species, contributing 20.4% and 11.3% of the total in Meiliang Bay, and contributing 21.6% and 16.2% of the total in the central open water area. There was a significant positive relationship between rotifers abundance and Secchi transparency. Cladoceran and copepod abundance were positively correlated with total phosphorus and water temperature. Our results show that structures of metazooplankton community differ between the three lake areas with different eutrophic states in Lake Taihu.     

Temporal variability of macrofauna from a disturbed habitat in Zuari estuary, west coast of India

Natural disturbances along with human interference make the tropical estuaries amongst the most disturbed areas globally. In spite of this, information on the seasonal variability of macrofauna from tropical estuaries is few. Temporal variability of macrofaunal community from Mormugao Bay, Zuari estuary, on the west coast of India was examined from 2003 to 2004 at seven stations. Environmental variability was assessed through physicochemical parameters of water and sediment. The changes in macrobenthic community were assessed using abundance, biomass and species diversity indices. The environmental parameters showed a significant seasonal variation influenced by monsoonal changes. The changes in the environmental conditions brought about variation in the macrobenthic community. Macrofaunal abundance, biomass and species diversity were the highest during post-monsoon influenced by recruitment. In monsoon, the macrobenthic community was dominated by polychaetes (92.17%), whereas bivalves dominated during the post-monsoon (57.7%). The macrofauna showed drastic decline during the stable pre-monsoon season, a period when the highest abundance of fauna is observed in the tropical estuary. Therefore, the macrobenthic community in the area did not follow the seasonal trend generally observed in a tropical estuary. Further, the community during pre-monsoon season was dominated by the opportunistic polychaete species indicating a possible influence of harbour activities in structuring the benthic community of the area.     

浙江近岸海域春季表层溶解氧饱和度分布及影响因素

根据2014年春季对浙江省近岸海域溶解氧的调查结果,结合现场的温度和盐度,得出溶解氧饱和度的平面分布,并在此基础上探讨了饱和度与温度、盐度、化学需氧量、浮游植物丰度之间的关系。结果显示,浙江省近岸海域溶解氧饱和度范围为92.1%~120%,均值为100%。总体呈西部沿岸低,东部外海高的平面分布趋势。溶解氧饱和度高值区与浮游植物丰度的高值区一致。低饱和区域化学需氧量含量基本高于1 mg/L。陆源径流和有机物质耗氧分解是沿岸低饱和区域主要控制因素,外海水和浮游植物光合作用是高饱和区域主要控制因素。径流和外海水对有机物质分解和浮游植物光合作用有一定的调控作用。     

Biological responses to sediment remediation based on thin layer placement near a former pulp mill in Ward Cove, AK (USA)

In 2001, 28 acres of the bottom of Ward Cove, AK (USA) were remediated using thin layer placement, to enhance the natural recovery of contaminated sediments. The remediated areas were part of an 80-acre area of concern identified offshore from the site of a former sulfite pulp mill. The primary chemicals of concern were those commonly associated with organic enrichment near pulp mills: ammonia and 4-methylphenol. The primary remedial objectives were to reduce the toxicity of the contaminated sediments and to stimulate colonization of the remediated areas by benthic macroinvertebrates. In 2004, the initial monitoring event for the remediated areas was conducted, and included evaluations of physical/chemical sediment variables (i.e., total organic carbon, grain size distribution, ammonia, and 4-methylphenol), sediment toxicity (i.e., using the 10-day amphipod survival test with Eohaustorius estuarius), and in situ benthic macroinvertebrate communities. Results of the monitoring event showed that conditions in the remediated areas had improved considerably in the 3 years since thin layer placement had occurred. At most stations, concentrations of both ammonia and 4-methylphenol were very low, and amphipod survival was >or=90%. In addition, benthic macroinvertebrates appeared to be rapidly colonizing the remediated areas, based on evaluations of several community metrics (i.e., taxa richness, diversity, and dominance), as well as key indicator species of organic enrichment and associated transitional areas (i.e., primarily the polychaetes Capitella capitata and Nephtys cornuta, and the bivalve molluscs Axinopsida serricata and Parvilucina tenuisculpta). In general, colonization was consistent with the patterns identified for areas recovering from organic enrichment on the continental shelf of southern California and elsewhere. Based on these results, thin layer placement was considered successful in enhancing the natural recovery of the remediated sediments in Ward Cove.     

Use of pharmaceuticals and pesticides to constrain nutrient sources in coastal groundwater of northwestern Long Island, New York, USA

In developed, non-agricultural, unsewered areas, septic systems and fertilizer application to lawns and gardens represent two major sources of nitrogen to coastal groundwater, in addition to atmospheric input. This study was designed to distinguish between these two possible nitrogen sources by analyzing groundwater samples for pharmaceutical residuals, because fertilizers do not contain any of these pharmaceuticals, but domestic wastewater commonly does. In addition, several herbicides and insecticides used in lawn treatment were analyzed as indicators of nitrogen delivery to groundwater from fertilizers. Groundwater samples were taken through piezometres at shoreline sites in unsewered areas surrounding Northport Harbor and in sewered areas adjacent to Manhasset Bay (hereafter referred to as "Northport" and "Manhasset", respectively), both in northwestern Long Island, USA. Excessive nitrogen loading has led to reduced dissolved oxygen concentrations in Long Island Sound, and the groundwater contribution to the nitrogen budget is poorly constrained. The frequent detection of the anticonvulsant compound carbamazepine in groundwater samples of the Northport Harbor area (unsewered), together with the fact that few pesticides associated with lawn applications were detected, suggests that wastewater input and atmospheric input are the likely sources of nitrogen in the Northport groundwater. High concentrations of nitrogen were also detected in the Manhasset (sewered) groundwater. The low detection frequency and concentration of carbamazepine, however, suggest that the sewer system effectively intercepts nitrogen from wastewater there. The likely sources of nitrogen in the Manhasset groundwater are atmospheric deposition and lawn fertilizers, as this area is densely populated.