Case study I: application of the divalent cation bridging theory to improve biofloc properties and industrial activated sludge system performance-direct addition of divalent cations.

The objectives of this study were to examine the application of the divalent cation bridging theory (DCBT) to improve settling, dewatering, and effluent quality in pilot-scale reactors and a full-scale system treating an industrial wastewater. This was accomplished by lowering the monovalent-to-divalent (M/D) cation ratio by direct divalent cation addition. Research has shown that the M/D ratio is a potential indicator for settling and dewatering problems at wastewater treatment plants, and M/D ratios above 2 have been associated with poor settling, dewatering, and effluent quality. The M/D ratio of the wastewater in this study ranged from 6 to 20. The cations studied were calcium and magnesium. Results showed that the addition of calcium improved floc properties compared to control reactors with no calcium addition. The reductions in sludge volume index, effluent chemical oxygen demand (COD), and effluent total suspended solids (TSS) were approximately 35, 34, and 55%, respectively, when the M/D ratio was decreased to approximately 2:1. In addition, the cake solids from a belt filter press simulator increased by 72% and the optimum polymer dose required for conditioning was reduced by 70% in the reactor fed the highest calcium concentration when compared to control reactors with no calcium addition. The addition of calcium also decreased the negative effect of high filamentous organism numbers. In general, the addition of magnesium (Mg2+) had similar effects on effluent quality and dewatering properties, although some differences were measured. A full-scale test using calcium addition was performed. Measurements of effluent quality and floc properties were performed before, during, and after the calcium (Ca2+) addition period. The average M/D ratio during these periods was 6.2, 4.6, and 14.0, respectively. The addition of Ca2+ decreased the effluent five-day biochemical oxygen demand, effluent TSS, and effluent COD. The increased Ca2+ concentration also improved dewatering measured by a decrease in specific resistance to filtration and capillary suction time. Overall, the addition of divalent cations to the pilot- and full-scale activated sludge systems improved floc properties and the data fit well with the DCBT.     

铁基污泥炭活化过硫酸盐调理污泥脱水

利用给水厂含铁污泥和污水厂污泥混合热解制备铁基污泥炭 (Iron-SBC) ,作为过硫酸盐活化剂,用于调理污泥脱水。研究了Iron-SBC的最佳制备条件及其活化PDS调理污泥脱水的效果,并探究其活化机制。结果表明,Iron-SBC最佳制备条件为给水厂含铁污泥和污水厂污泥比例3∶1、热解温度800 ℃、热解时间1 h。XRD、FT-IR及BET分析结果表明,与原混合污泥相比,Iron-SBC比表面积和孔容增大,表面负载了Fe⁰和FeO、Fe₂O₃、Fe₃O₄等铁的氧化物,并含有大量官能团。在活化PDS过程中,Iron-SBC表面的Fe⁰、铁的氧化物及官能团等均能有效活化PDS,产生SO₄⁻·和·OH自由基。XPS分析结果表明,Iron-SBC表面部分Fe²⁺被氧化为Fe³⁺,官能团C-C、C-OH和C=O等被氧化,并有Fe-O键生成。经Iron-SBC/PDS调理污泥后,CST、SRF和W_c分别由原泥的19.1 s、14.9×10¹² m·kg⁻¹和85.06%下降到8.4 s、5.4×10¹² m·kg⁻¹和73.48%。本研究结果可为含铁污泥和剩余污泥资源化及污泥深度脱水提供参考。     

过氧乙酸和亚铁联用调质强化活性污泥过滤脱水性能

尝试采用过氧乙酸和亚铁联用来改善活性污泥过滤脱水干化效率,分析了调理过程中污泥比阻(SRF)和泥饼含水率、絮体粒径分布以及胞外聚合物(EPS)组成和分布的变化特征,深入研究了过氧乙酸(peracetic acid, PAA)和亚铁离子联合调理污泥对其脱水性能的作用机制。研究表明,投加适量PAA后,污泥pH降至2.5~4,加入亚铁离子会与PAA解离后产生的H2O2形成Fenton氧化体系,从而有效地氧化裂解污泥,降解EPS中蛋白质和多糖,促使其中结合水的释放。当亚铁与过氧化氢摩尔比和PAA投加量分别为2:1和0.1 g/gTSS时,污泥脱水性能达到最佳。最后,将污泥pH值调为中性后,由于反应过程中原位形成的三价铁的混凝作用,污泥脱水性进一步改善。本研究说明过氧乙酸和亚铁组合调理可以有效提高污泥的过滤和干化效能。     

Effects of sludge properties on the thickening and dewatering of waste activated sludge.

The thickening and dewatering of waste activated sludge, from a pilot-scale submerged membrane bioreactor and two bench-scale, complete-mix activated sludge reactors (high-shear and low-shear aeration) treating the same municipal primary effluent, were investigated. Solids settling and compaction were measured using the diluted sludge volume index (DSVI) analysis and a batch centrifugation analysis, respectively. Elevated levels of filamentous microorganisms resulted in higher DSVI values and lower centrifuged pellet concentration. Elevated levels of nocardioform bacteria resulted in lower solids float concentrations, and higher colloidal material reduced solids recovery in batch flotation experiments. Sludge filterability, measured as time-to-filter, was shown to be a function of extracelluar polymeric substances and colloidal material, where higher levels of either reduced sludge filterability. Additional research is necessary to confirm these results using full- or demonstration-scale thickening and dewatering units.     

软水树脂再生废液提高印染污泥脱水性能的研究

研究了软水树脂再生废液和热处理对印染污泥脱水性能的影响。以污泥比阻（SRF）和毛细吸水时间（CST）作为评价污泥脱水性能的指标,通过测定污泥Zeta电位和FT-IR光谱来阐述污泥脱水机理。实验确定的最佳污泥脱水条件为：加热温度70℃,100 mL污泥添加30 mL软水树脂再生废液（软水树脂再生废液中Ca2+的量约为干污泥质量的11.9%）,污泥比阻由2.52×1011 m·kg-1降至0.85×1011 m·kg-1,污泥CST由15.2 s降至8.9 s。随着Ca2+浓度的增加,可使污泥表面电荷明显减少,较高的温度可能会加强这种影响。FT-IR光谱表明,Ca2+能与絮体的O-H官能团、蛋白质等相互作用。实验还对软水树脂再生废液与常用阳离子絮凝剂FeCl3和Al2（SO4）3的絮凝效果进行了比较。研究证明软水树脂再生废液可作为絮凝剂使用,是一种经济有效的改善污泥脱水性能的方法,且实现了废物利用。     

混合碱和沸石联用对初沉污泥厌氧发酵性能的影响

在初沉污泥厌氧发酵过程中,以NaOH作为碱剂调节污泥pH,虽能有效提高发酵液中有机物浓度,但同时发酵液中的氮、磷等副产物的含量也增加,且发酵后污泥脱水性能较差。为解决上述问题,通过小试实验,考察了NaOH与Ca（OH）2混合碱和沸石联用的强化方式对发酵液性质及污泥脱水性能的影响。实验结果表明：采用NaOH与Ca（OH）2比值为1 : 3的混合碱液调节初沉污泥pH至10,且同步投加80 g·L-1沸石时,具有较好的强化发酵及控制氮、磷副产物的产生的特性,同时发酵后污泥具有较好脱水性能。在此条件下,发酵液的TVFA、SCOD、NH4+-N和PO43--P分别为2 898.1、4 960、106.1和3.1 mg·L-1,具有作为反硝化碳源的潜力,同时发酵后污泥CST值为273.9 s,具有较好脱水性能,有利于污泥的后续处理。     

A strategy for controlling deposition of struvite in municipal wastewater treatment plants.

This paper presents strategies to reduce the risk of struvite deposition by controlling its location of formation. Two technical routes were investigated: (1) to fix the phosphate into the dewatered sludge cake, and (2) to remove phosphate from centrate or filtrate. Chemicals used include magnesium hydroxide [Mg(OH)2], both of reagent grade and reclaimed from a flue gas desulfurization system, magnesium chloride (MgCl2), calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2], ferric chloride (FeCl3) and aluminum sulfate [Al2(SO4)3]. Research results indicate that (1) for anaerobically well-digested sludge, Mg(OH)2 is effective in fixing phosphate into sludge cake and improving sludge dewaterability, and (2) adding Mg(OH)2 into a reactor, located between the sludge dewatering facilities and the centrate or filtrate discharge line, and using air for mixing and carbon dioxide stripping, proves feasible in reducing struvite deposition in centrate or filtrate discharge lines and can generate a potentially valuable plant fertilizer--struvite.     

活性污泥脱水性能与电化学阻抗谱参数的关联特性

为探究FeCl₃混凝调理过程中活性污泥脱水性能与电化学阻抗谱参数的关联关系,选取北京3座污水处理厂的剩余活性污泥,研究不同调理投药量下活性污泥的毛细吸水时间(CST)、比阻(SRF)、抽滤含水率、Zeta电位、电导率以及电化学阻抗等指标的变化,通过Pearson相关性分析讨论污泥脱水性能与阻抗谱参数(d_s/f_c)的相关性,并探讨d_s/f_c预测污泥脱水性能的可行性。实验结果表明,FeCl₃调理活性污泥的较适投加量为100 mg·g^-1;超过100 mg·g^-1时,活性污泥CST、SRF、抽滤含水率基本不再下降,Zeta电位却缓慢升高;电化学阻抗Z则随着投加量的增加而持续下降,且Nyquist图中高频区半圆面积减小,这表明电子更易转移、污泥更易导电。相关性分析表明,活性污泥的脱水性能均与d_s/f_c呈显著正相关(r > 0.639,p < 0.01);3种活性污泥CST、SRF、抽滤含水率分别与d_s/f_c的线性回归结果显示它们之间呈线性关系,且线性方程斜率为正值(R² > 0.921,p < 0.01)。上述研究结果表明,活性污泥的d_s/f_c参数可以作为指示脱水性能的潜在指标。本研究结果可为污泥减量化技术提供参考。     

CTAB改性斜发沸石对剩余污泥的调理作用

实验利用阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)改性斜发沸石,并将其应用于剩余污泥的调理。以污泥比阻为参数,考察了表面活性剂浓度、反应温度及反应时间对CTAB改性沸石调理剩余污泥效果的影响。正交实验结果表明,改性沸石的最佳条件为CTAB浓度30 mmol/L,反应温度30℃,反应时间12 h。相较于原沸石,经改性沸石调理的污泥其脱水性能和沉降性能都有较大提高.当改性沸石投加量为90%(干污泥重)时,污泥净生产率达到最大值1.95 kg/(m2·h),过滤时间缩短至最小值121 s,滤饼含水率也相应地由87.8%(原污泥)降低至59.5%。强化机理的研究表明,改性沸石主要是通过静电中和与吸附架桥作用,以及在污泥絮体中构建坚硬骨架来强化污泥调理效果的。     

联合NaOH和Ca(OH)2强化剩余污泥厌氧发酵生产挥发性脂肪酸

以剩余污泥为研究对象,在序批式厌氧反应器中探究了NaOH和Ca（OH）2联合作用对污泥厌氧发酵产挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）的影响。结果表明,相较于NaOH单独发酵,NaOH和Ca（OH）2的联合作用能够进一步促进VFA的积累,且NaOH和Ca（OH）2的质量比例为50：50时,VFA的最大积累量为286 mg COD·g-1VSS。机理研究表明,NaOH和Ca（OH）2联合作用能够促进污泥溶解过程,并且溶解性COD（SCOD）的最大含量为3 650 mg·L-1,同时NaOH和Ca（OH）2联合作用能够促进胞外聚合物内部有机物向外部的转移。NaOH和Ca（OH）2联合作用能够进一步遏制产甲烷古菌的活性,甲烷的最大积累量为165 mL,远小于NaOH单独影响下甲烷的积累量。研究结果对指导污泥厌氧发酵回收能源物质具有一定的指导意义。     

Simultaneous nitrification-denitrification and clarification in a pseudoliquified activated sludge system.

This paper describes results from a pilot study of a novel wastewater treatment technology, which incorporates nutrient removal and solids separation to a single step. The pseudoliquified activated sludge process pilot system was tested on grit removal effluent at flowrates of 29.4 to 54.7 m3/d, three different solid residence times (SRT) (15, 37, and 57 days), and over a temperature range of 12 to 28 degrees C. Despite wide fluctuations in the influent characteristics, the system performed reliably and consistently with respect to organics and total suspended solids (TSS) removals, achieving biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and TSS reductions of > 96% and approximately 90%, respectively, with BOD5 and TSS concentrations as low as 3 mg/L. Although the system achieved average effluent ammonia concentrations of 2.7 to 3.2 mg/L, nitrification efficiency appeared to be hampered at low temperatures (< 15 degrees C). The system achieved tertiary effluent quality with denitrification efficiencies of 90 and 91% total nitrogen removal efficiency at a total hydraulic retention time of 4.8 hours and an SRT of 12 to 17 days. With ferric chloride addition, effluent phosphorous concentrations of 0.5 to 0.8 mg/L were achieved. Furthermore, because of operation at high biomass concentrations and relatively long biological SRTs, sludge yields were over 50% below typical values for activated sludge plants. The process was modeled using activated sludge model No. 2, as a two-stage system comprised an aerobic activated sludge system followed by an anoxic system. Model predictions for soluble BOD, ammonia, nitrates, and orthophosphates agreed well with experimental data.     

冰冻调质对活性污泥脱水性能的影响

以污泥沉降性能、比阻（SRF）、分形维数（Df）、粒径（d0.5）等作为评价污泥脱水性能的参考指标,研究了冰冻解冻调质对污水厂活性污泥脱水性能的影响,并对其作用机理进行了探讨。结果表明：污泥冰冻调质后,污泥比阻和分形维数均随冰冻时间的延长呈先下降后上升的趋势,粒径反之。在-20 ℃、16 h时,污泥比阻可由原来的2.27×1013 m·kg-1降为5.4×1012 m·kg-1,比阻明显变小,污泥过滤性能显著提高;在-20 ℃下冰冻20 h后,Df和d0.5达到最值,Df由原来的2.25下降为2.09,d0.5由43.36 μm增大到231.78 μm,此时污泥密实度较低,结构较为松散。从多元线性模型拟合结果可知污泥特性参数d0.5、Df对SRF均有显著影响。综上可知在-20 ℃、16 h~20 h污泥脱水性能较好。     

不同预处理方法对污泥脱水性能的影响

污泥脱水是污泥处理的关键步骤,本文以污泥比阻(SRF)为考察指标,对比分析了污泥经单独酸碱调节、酸碱联合调节、水浴加热、自然冻融以及氧化剂Fenton等预处理方法调节后污泥的脱水效果。结果表明,污泥经氧化剂Fenton试剂处理后,SRF明显减小,污泥脱水性能得到改善;先酸后碱调节的方式比单独酸、碱调节更利于污泥脱水;温度调节对污泥的比阻有影响,低温条件下污泥的比阻较小。     

核桃壳骨架构建剂对污泥脱水性能的影响

污泥最终处置的困难在于提高泥饼的含固量和降低其含水率。研究用核桃壳做骨架构建剂对污泥进行调理对污泥脱水性能改善的影响。通过测定污泥比阻(SRF),毛细吸水时间(CST)以及抽滤后污泥含水率,探究核桃壳骨架构建剂对污泥脱水性能的影响。结果表明,采用核桃壳做骨架构建剂调理污泥的最佳添加量为4:6(核桃壳与污泥干重比),最佳粒径为13 m/kg,降为调理后的1.06×1013 m/kg。     

规模化猪场粪污废水生物聚沉氧化新工艺及其生产性实验效果研究

针对我国猪场粪污废水现行厌氧-好氧活性污泥法处理模式达标难度大、运行成本高的问题,研发出生物聚沉氧化新工艺（bio-coagulation dewatering followed by bio-oxidation, BDBO)。在广东惠州某5万头猪场构筑了采用该工艺的实际工程,通过现场采样,详细分析新工艺各个单元的污染物,包括化学需氧量（COD）、氨氮、总氮（TN）和总磷（TP）的变化情况,研究了新工艺对猪场粪污废水的处理效果及机制。结果表明,在水力停留时间（HRT）仅为2.5 d的新工艺系统中,猪场粪污原水（进水）的COD、氨氮和TP分别为（11 697±1 484）、（837±25）、（532±97）mg·L-1,处理出水水质分别为（273±58）、（44±9）、（4.5±1.0）mg·L-1,总去除率分别达到了97.7%、94.7%、99.2%,出水远优于广东省地方畜禽养殖业污染物排放标准（DB 44/613-2009）。运行成本大约6元·t-1,比原常规处理系统（采用生化处理+物化处理组合工艺）出水水质更好,成本约为原处理系统的1/2~1/3,并同步解决了污泥的深度脱水问题。研究发现新工艺可相对快速处理达标并且成本相对较低,其机制在于废水进入常规生化系统（A2/O）之前,高效去除了悬浮颗粒物（SS）,使得以SS形式存在的COD、P和部分N被大幅度削减。新工艺解决了目前猪场废水处理时间长、难达标（尤其是氨氮）、运行成本高的难题。     

微波预处理对制革污泥絮凝脱水性能的影响

分别采用微波、絮凝剂和微波联合絮凝剂对制革污泥进行脱水预处理,考察不同处理条件下制革污泥沉降速率(SV30)、毛细吸水时间(CST)和污泥比阻(SRF)的变化,并通过粘度、水分分布和微观结构的变化探讨相关的脱水机理。结果表明,在微波输出功率为648 W、辐射时间为60 s的预处理条件下,阳离子聚丙烯酰胺(CPAM)投加剂量为8 mg/L时,污泥脱水性能达到最佳。与单独添加絮凝剂的污泥脱水相比,该条件下的SV30、CST和SRF分别降低了25.0%、48.9%和34.7%。污泥絮凝脱水前进行微波预处理能够进一步提高污泥的脱水性能,微波辐射联合CPAM进行污泥脱水时,CPAM则起主要脱水作用。微波辐射通过破坏污泥絮体结构,改变污泥中的水分分布,降低污泥的粘度,从而提高污泥的脱水性能。     

Occurrence and fate of heavy metals in the wastewater treatment process

The occurrence and the fate of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Mn, Cu, Zn, Fe and Ni) during the wastewater treatment process were investigated in the wastewater treatment plant (WTP) of the city of Thessaloniki, northern Greece, operating in the activated sludge mode. For this purpose, wastewater and sludge samples were collected from six different points of the plant, namely, the influent (raw wastewater, RW), the effluent of the primary sedimentation tank (primary sedimentation effluent, PSE), the effluent of the secondary sedimentation tank (secondary sedimentation effluent, SSE), sludge from the primary sedimentation tank (primary sludge, PS), activated sludge from the recirculation stream (activated sludge, AS), and the digested/dewatered sludge (final sludge, FS).

The distribution of metals between the aqueous and the solid phase of wastewater was investigated. Good exponential correlation was found between the metal partition coefficient, logK_p, and the suspended solids concentration. The mass balance of heavy metals in the primary, secondary and the whole treatment process showed good closures for all metal species. The relative distribution of individual heavy metals in the treated effluent and the sludge streams indicated that Mn and Cu are primarily (>70%) accumulated in the sludge, while 47–63% of Cd, Cr, Pb, Fe, Ni and Zn remain in the treated effluent.     

阳离子聚丙烯酸酯对污泥脱水性能的影响

以比阻(SRF)、过滤时间(TTF)和泥饼含水率作为评价污泥脱水性能的指标,考察2种阳离子聚丙烯酸酯CPAL-1和CPAL-2对污泥脱水性能的影响,并与阳离子絮凝剂三氯化铁(FeCl3)、聚合氯化铝(PAC)、阳离子聚丙烯酰胺(CPAM)和阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)的作用效果进行比较。还测定了Zeta电位(ZP)和滤液中胞外聚合物(EPS)含量的变化来探讨CPAL的作用机理。实验结果表明,经CPAL-1调理的污泥脱水效果优于CPAM、PAC和FeCl3,明显优于CPAL-2和CTAB。当CPAL-1的投加剂量为0.200 g/g干基时,SRF、TTF 和泥饼含水率降至最低,依次为 5.37×1011 m/kg、70 s和75.73%。CPAL主要通过电中和、吸附架桥作用和溶出EPS等来改善污泥的沉降脱水性能。     

The effect of wastewater cations on activated sludge characteristics: effects of aluminum and iron in floc.

Wastewater samples collected from seven wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) were characterized to assess the impacts of wastewater cations on the activated sludge process. The cations included in this study were sodium (Na+), potassium, ammonium, calcium, magnesium, aluminum (Al), and iron (Fe). Among the selected cations, Al and Fe were of most interest to this study because their role in bioflocculation has not been extensively studied and remains largely unknown. The data showed that WWTPs contained highly varying concentrations of Na+, Al, and Fe in the wastewater and that these cations were responsible for differences between WWTPs as to sludge dewatering rates and effluent quality. In general, a high influent Na+ concentration caused poor sludge dewatering and effluent characteristics. However, when sufficient Al and Fe were present in floc, the deleterious effects of Na+ were offset. The data associated with Al further revealed that waste activated sludge with low Al contained high concentrations of soluble and colloidal biopolymer (protein + polysaccharide), resulting in a high effluent chemical oxygen demand, high conditioning chemical requirements, and poor sludge dewatering properties. These results suggest that Al will improve activated sludge effluent quality by scavenging organic compounds from solution and binding them to floc.     

Specific resistance to filtration of biomass from membrane bioreactor reactor and activated sludge: effects of exocellular polymeric substances and dispersed microorganisms.

This study investigates the effect of dispersed microorganisms and exocellular polymeric substances on biomass dewaterability. Specific resistance to filtration (SRF) was measured for biomass from a membrane bioreactor and a completely mixed activated sludge system. Both laboratory-scale reactors were fed with synthetic wastewater and operated at a high food-to-microorganism ratio (F/M) (1 to 11 kilograms chemical oxygen demand per kilogram mixed liquor volatile suspended solids per day [kgCOD/(kg MLVSS.d)]) and short solids retention times (0.25 to 5 d). The SRF values were affected by strong interactions of three parameters: (1) the mixed liquor suspended solids concentration, (2) the amount of dispersed microorganisms, and (3) the exocellular polymeric substances (EPS) concentration. At F/M smaller than 2 kg COD/(kg MLSS.d) and mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) concentration higher than 2000 mg/L, increasing amount of dispersed microorganisms in the biomass yielded higher SRF values. However, at high F/M (> 5 kg COD/kg MLSS.d) and low MLSS concentrations (< 600 mg/L), lower EPS concentrations resulted in slightly smaller SRF values, even though the amount of dispersed microorganisms in the biomass was much higher. Thus, at low MLSS concentrations, EPS concentrations rather than the amount of dispersed microorganisms tend to control SRF.