复合絮凝剂PSCM的制备及性能研究

以聚硅酸(PSA)、硫酸铝(AS)、非离子型聚丙烯酰胺(N—PAM)为原料，制备了无机高分子复合絮凝剂PSCM。考察了投药量、铝与硅摩尔比、水样pH值等因素对絮凝效果的影响。结果表明，添加少量的N—PAM有助于改善絮凝剂的絮凝效果。与聚合硫酸铝硅(PSAS)相比，PSCM有较宽的pH适用范围，絮体颗粒粗大、密实，沉降速度快，剩余浊度低。     

再生造纸废水絮凝除浊试验研究

本研究采用絮凝法对再生造纸废水中含细小纤维、无机填料的悬浮物进行处理试验，比较了硫酸亚铁与聚丙烯酰胺复合絮凝剂和聚硅酸氯化铁盐两种絮凝剂的絮凝效果，研究了制备聚硅酸氯化铁盐的铁硅比、pH值、碱化度以及投加量与废水除浊率之间的相互关系。实验结果表明：在最佳条件下，絮凝效果优异，除浊率达到98％，上清液无色透明。     

2012年国家鼓励发展的环境保护技术（二）

超磁分离水体净化技术技术依托单位：四川环能德美科技股份有限公司中图分类号：X703文献标志码：B文章编号：1006-5377（2012）11-0061-01工艺路线该技术在废水中投加磁粉、混凝剂、助凝剂,形成磁粉为核心的絮体,再利用磁性材料将废水中的磁性体分离出来,实现水体的净化。磁粉回收循环利用。主要技术指标SS和总磷去除率大于95%。适用范围适用于含悬浮物浓度高的污水处理。     

钻井废弃泥浆脱水工艺试验

在分析钻井废弃泥浆组成的基础上,对泥浆体系进行稀释、酸化处理,以硅改性聚合氯化铁为破胶剂,阳离子聚丙烯酰胺为絮凝剂,破坏钻井废弃泥浆的胶体体系,采用固液分离方法使泥浆液混凝脱水。试验表明:稀释倍数为4倍、pH值为5、2.5%改性聚合氯化铁为破胶剂、0.25‰阳离子聚丙烯酰胺为絮凝剂、0.8%N-626为去油剂,离心分离后泥饼中石油类含量低于3‰,混凝产生的絮体大、脱水率高、残渣稳定性好、无造浆能力。     

磁混凝澄清工艺在污水厂提标中的应用

磁混凝澄清工艺是在常规混凝工艺中投加磁粉,磁粉微小有利于混凝絮体生成。介绍了磁混凝澄清工艺的原理及技术特点,并实际应用于一级A提标工程,结果表明,磁混凝澄清池表面水力负荷可达20~40 m3/m2·h,同时出水SS5 mg/L,浊度1.0 NTU,TP0.02 mg/L,非常适合于城市污水厂提标。     

采油污水中聚丙烯酰胺的去除方法

采用实验室合成的絮凝剂和助凝剂,对聚合物驱采油污水进行了聚丙烯酰胺絮凝实验。通过絮凝效果的比较,筛选出两种絮凝效果较好的絮凝剂XN-Ⅲ和XN-Ⅳ。实验确定了絮凝剂的最佳加入量、沉降时间、pH值和温度条件。在此基础上,对采油污水中聚丙烯酰胺的不同去除方法进行了比较,得到最优去除方法,为现场采油污水中聚丙烯酰胺的脱除提供了依据。     

玻璃蚀刻液废水中氨氮和氟去除研究

研究了MAP法(Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate磷酸铵镁结晶法)和化学沉淀法对玻璃蚀刻液废水中氨氮和氟的去除效果,获得了最佳工艺参数并形成了一套玻璃蚀刻液废水处理工艺。采用N/P/Mg投加比例为1∶1∶1的两级MAP法和Ca/F投加比为1. 8的两级化学沉淀法,并在两级氨氮和氟去除反应后分别添加PAC-PAM (聚合氯化铝-聚丙烯酰胺)为40 mg/L、2mg/L和20 mg/L、1mg/L进行絮凝沉淀,最终出水氨氮和氟的去除率分别可以达到96. 8%和99. 9%;对出水进行折点加氯处理,氨氮最终去除率可达99. 9%,出水可达到国家污水综合排放标准。     

石油化工企业含苯胺消防污水处理技术研究

针对石油化工企业含苯胺的消防污水,利用基于过氧化氢和氯化铁为氧化剂的深度氧化技术,通过氧化、絮凝、过滤和吸附对消防污水进行处理。实验确定氧化剂的投加量为理论投加量,氧化时间1.0h,消防污水pH值为6.86时,絮凝剂最佳使用浓度约为2%,消防污水中苯胺和COD去除率达到99.5%以上,达到了消防污水处理效果。     

磁种-磁滤技术处理污染河水的试验研究

采用磁种-磁滤技术处理广州市两条河涌的污染水,考察了磁种投加量、混凝剂用量、磁场强度和磁滤速度对出水浊度的影响,并确定了最佳试验条件。结果表明,该工艺对TP、SS和浊度的去除效果较好,去除率分别为96．2％、92．4％和93．9％,对CODCr有一定的去除效果,去除率为68．2％,但对NH4^ -N的去除效果较差,去除率仅为25％。     

絮凝法处理麦草浆中段废水

采用无机絮凝剂硫酸铝和三种不同分子量的聚丙烯酰胺对麦草浆中段废水进行絮凝沉降处理。通过对各种影响絮凝作用的因素进行系统研究，比较得出，分子量为800万的聚丙烯酰胺与硫酸铝配合的絮凝效果最好。     

Conversion of temperate forests into heaths: Role of ecosystem disturbance and ericaceous plants

Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed habitats. If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation.     

Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.     

Neighbourhood characteristics and urban gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area: staffing and voluntarism,food production,infrastructure, and sustainability practices

Urban gardens are important sources of sustenance for communities with limited access to food. Hence, this study focuses on food production in gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area in Northwest Ohio. We administered surveys to 150 garden managers from November 2014 to February 2015 in our attempt to better understand how neighbourhood racial composition and poverty levels are related to staffing and voluntarism, food production and distribution, the development of infrastructure, and the adoption of sustainability practices in urban gardens. The results from 30 gardens are presented in this paper. We used Geographic Information Systems to map the gardens and overlay the map with 2010 census data so that we could conduct demographic analyses of the neighbourhoods in which the gardens were located. Though the gardens were small – two acres or less – up to 46 varieties of food were grown in a single garden. Gardens also operated on small budgets. Food from the gardens was gifted or shared with friends, family, and neighbourhood residents. Gardens in predominantly minority neighbourhoods tended to have fewer institutional partners, less garden infrastructure, and had adopted fewer sustainable practices than gardens in predominantly White neighbourhoods. Nonetheless, residents of predominantly minority and high-poverty neighbourhoods participated in garden activities and influenced garden operations. Volunteering and staffing were racialised and gendered.     

Predicting deer-vehicle collisions in an urban area

Collisions with deer and other large animals are increasing, and the resulting economic costs and risks to public safety have made mitigation measures a priority for both city and wildlife managers. We created landscape models to describe and predict deer-vehicle collision (DVCs) within the City of Edmonton, Alberta. Models based on roadside characteristics revealed that DVCs occurred frequently where roadside vegetation was both denser and more diverse, and that DVCs were more likely to occur when the groomed width of roadside right-of-ways was smaller. No DVCs occurred where the width of the vegetation-free or manicured roadside buffer was greater than 40 m. Landscape-based models showed that DVCs were more likely in more heterogeneous landscapes where road densities were lower and speed limits were higher, and where non-forested vegetation such as farmland was in closer proximity to larger tracts of forest. These models can help wildlife and transportation managers to identify locations of high collision frequency for mitigation. Modifying certain landscape and roadside habitats can be an effective way to reduce deer-vehicle collisions.     

Surface applied water treatment residuals affect bioavailable phosphorus losses in Florida sands

Water treatment residuals (WTR) can reduce runoff P loss and surface co-application of P-sources and WTR is a practical way of land applying the residuals. In a rainfall simulation study, we evaluated the effects of surface co-applied P-sources and an Al-WTR on runoff and leacheate bioavailable P (BAP) losses from a Florida sand. Four P-sources, namely poultry manure, Boca Raton biosolids (high water-soluble P), Pompano biosolids (moderate water-soluble P), and triple super phosphate (TSP) were surface applied at 56 and 224kgPha(-1) (by weight) to represent low and high soil P loads typical of P- and N-based amendments rates. The treatments further received surface applied WTR at 0 or 10gWTRkg(-1) soil. BAP loss masses were greater in leachate (16.4-536mg) than in runoff (0.91-46mg), but were reduced in runoff and leachate by surface applied WTR. Masses of total BAP lost in the presence of surface applied WTR were less than approximately 75% of BAP losses in the absence of WTR. Total BAP losses from each of the organic sources applied at N-based rates were not greater than P loss from TSP applied at a P-based rate. The BAP loss at the N-based rate of moderate water-soluble P-source (Pompano biosolids) was not greater than BAP losses at the P-based rates of other organic sources tested. The hazards of excess P from applying organic P-sources at N-based rates are not greater than observed at P-based rates of mineral fertilizer. Results suggest that management of the environmental P hazards associated with N-based rates of organic materials in Florida sands is possible by either applying P-sources with WTR or using a moderate water-soluble P-source.     

Animal Consciousness and Ethics in Asia and the Pacific

The interactions between humans, animals and the environment have shaped human values and ethics, not only the genes that we are made of. The animal rights movement challenges human beings to reconsider interactions between humans and other animals, and maybe connected to the environmental movement that begs us to recognize the fact that there are symbiotic relationships between humans and all other organisms. The first part of this paper looks at types of bioethics, the implications of autonomy and the value of being alive. Then the level of consciousness of these relationships are explored in survey results from Asia and the Pacific, especially in the 1993 International Bioethics Survey conducted in Australia, Hong Kong, India, Israel, Japan, New Zealand, The Philippines, Russia, Singapore and Thailand. Very few mentioned animal consciousness in the survey, but there were more biocentric comments in Australia and Japan; and more comments with the idea of harmony including humans in Thailand. Comparisons between questions and surveys will also be made, in an attempt to describe what people imagine animal consciousness to be, and whether this relates to human ethics of the relationships. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Rehabilitation and Flood Management Planning in a Steep,Boulder-Bedded Stream

This study demonstrates the integration of rehabilitation and flood management planning in a steep, boulder-bedded stream in a coastal urban catchment on the South Island of New Zealand. The Water of Leith, the primary stream flowing through the city of Dunedin, is used as a case study. The catchment is steep, with a short time of concentration and rapid hydrologic response, and the lower stream reaches are highly channelized with floodplain encroachment, a high potential for debris flows, significant flood risks, and severely degraded aquatic habitat. Because the objectives for rehabilitation and flood management in urban catchments are often conflicting, a number of types of analyses at both the catchment and the reach scales and careful planning with stakeholder consultation were needed for successful rehabilitation efforts. This included modeling and analysis of catchment hydrology, fluvial geomorphologic assessment, analysis of water quality and aquatic ecology, hydraulic modeling and flood risk evaluation, detailed feasibility studies, and preliminary design to optimize multiple rehabilitation and flood management objectives. The study showed that all of these analyses were needed for integrated rehabilitation and flood management and that some incremental improvements in stream ecological health, aesthetics, and public recreational opportunities could be achieved in this challenging environment. These methods should be considered in a range of types of stream rehabilitation projects.     

AN INDEX FOR MEASURING THE PERFORMANCE OF IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS WITH AN APPLICATION1

ABSTRACT: This paper presents a statistically valid index for measuring the performance of irrigation systems. The index is applied to a sample of 39 farms on a watercourse under the warabandi system of irrigation management in India. It is found that while the farmers in fact irrigated almost exactly the total amount of irrigated area as designed, inter-farm variations were considerable. The index shows that the degree of error of managerial effectiveness of irrigation on this watercourse is 20 percent. Therefore it is concluded that the system is performing at 80 percent effectiveness.     

WATER LOSS EQUATIONS AND COEFFICIENTS TO ESTIMATE RUNOFF FROM RAINFALL1

Infiltration models are based on physical characteristics of the soil and initial soil moisture. For a given soil it is based on the initial soil moisture distribution. A computer simulation model for flood runoff systems (FH-Model) was used to analyze 39 sets of rainfall-runoff data on four small watersheds ranging in size from 17 to 342 square kilometers located in the Yamaska River basin in Quebec. From these analyses, parameters and coefficients have been determined for a water loss (infiltration) equation. A method for determining the loss parameters, using a nonlinear least square curve fitting technique, is presented. Expressions were made to relate the loss parameters to antecedent precipitation. The equations were tested on 11 storm rainfall and runoff events on a watershed located in the same region and close agreements were found.     

Vegetation dynamics in impounded marshes along the Indian River Lagoon,Florida, USA

Data are presented on the vegetation dynamics of two impounded marshes along the Indian River Lagoon, in east-central Florida, USA. Vegetation in one of the marshes (IRC 12) was totally eliminated by overflooding and by hypersaline conditions (salinities over 100 ppt) that developed there in 1979 after the culvert connecting the marsh with the lagoon was closed. Over 20% recovery of the herbaceous halophytesSalicornia virginica, S. bigelovii, andBatis maritima was observed at that site after the culvert was reopened in 1982, but total cover in the marsh remains well below the original 75%. No recovery of mangroves was observed at this site. The second site (SLC 24), while remaining isolated from the lagoon during much of the study, did not suffer the complete elimination of vegetation experienced at the first site. At this location, mangroves increased in cover and frequency with a concomitant decrease in herbaceous halophytes. Considerable damage to the vegetation was evident at IRC 12 when the impoundment was closed and flooded for mosquito control in 1986. Although the damage was temporary, its occurrence emphasizes the need of planning and constant monitoring and adjustment of management details as conditions within particular marshes change. Storms and hurricanes may be important in promoting a replacement of black mangroves by red mangroves in closed impoundments because the former cannot tolerate pneumatophore submergence for long periods of time. University of Florida-IFAS Journal Series R-00521.