河南省黄泛区农业景观格局动态及驱动因素

以1987年和2002年TM影像及1997年河南省土地利用现状图为主要数据源,采用斑块密度、景观多样性指数、破碎化指数、优势度和分布质心5个景观格局指数定量分析近20 a来河南省黄泛区农业景观格局动态变化及其驱动因子.结果表明,1987-2002年河南省黄泛区农业景观动态变化显著,各景观类型面积、斑块数量和斑块密度都发生了较大变化.水浇地、旱地和建设用地景观类型面积增加,是该地区占优势的景观类型,2002年占全区总面积比例为83.51%.该区人类活动强度较大,景观多样性和破碎化指数增大,优势度减小,说明各景观类型所占面积比例差异正在缩小,区域整体景观破碎化程度仍在增加.农业发展、人口增长、经济发展、人民生活水平提高和城镇化进程加速等是该区农业景观格局变化的主要驱动因素.     

城市景观空间格局变化的研究方法及实例

航空遥感技术的应用和地理信息系统(GIS)的建立,给城市景观格局的研究带来了新的方法。系统论和信息论中的许多新思想被大胆地引入了景观空间格局的研究。本文以沈阳西郊为例,利用航空像片为原始资料,采用嵌块体的数目和面积大小;景观的异质性;嵌块体的转移矩阵三个指标,讨论了30年来沈阳西郊观格局的显著变化。人类建设活动的干扰作用对景观格局的演化起了决定性作用。本文提出的土地利用城市化指数是景观空间分析的有用指标。     

汀江流域2000—2020年景观格局时空演变及驱动机制分析

景观格局时空演变是土地利用变化最直观的表现形式,剖析流域景观格局变化及其驱动力,对流域土地利用的管理与调控具有重要意义。利用土地利用转移矩阵、移动窗口法分析了汀江流域2000—2020年景观格局的时空变化特征,并利用地理探测器探究其演变的驱动机制。结果表明：1)2000—2020年,汀江流域内的自然景观不断转向人造景观,具体表现为人造地表(+120.95 km²)、耕地(+59.87 km²)、水体(+31.04 km²)大幅转入,草地(-135.83 km²)、林地(-66.8 km²)、灌木地(-8.8 km²)、湿地(-0.05 km²)大幅转出。2)从类型水平上看,流域景观离散程度不断增大,斑块边缘规则化;从景观水平上看,整体破碎度、割裂度加剧。林地景观具有很强的优势性,以其为代表的自然景观斑块呈现破碎状态,且斑块的割裂程度大,离散程度高;以人造地表为代表的人造景观斑块呈现片状分布,边界规则化,且斑块面积呈现增大趋势。3)人口...     

辽河三角洲湿地景观空间格局变化分析

以1988年和2001年2个时相的Landsat-TM/ETM影像为信息源,选取斑块数量、斑块平均面积、边界密度、斑块密度、形态指数和斑块分维数等6个代表性格局指数,对辽河三角洲湿地景观格局变化进行了定量分析。结果表明,1988~2001年,水田、内陆水体和养殖用地呈现明显的增加趋势,苇田、光滩、河口潮间带水域和碱蓬面积呈减少趋势。受人类的区域综合开发活动的影响,研究区斑块数量和边界密度分别增加了32.76%和21.4%,而斑块平均面积减小了30.2%,平均斑块密度由17.43个/km2增加至24.21个/km2,斑块形态指数由84.03增至103.20,斑块分维数由1.057增至1.059。     

盐池北部风沙区土地利用格局变化对沙漠化的影响

以盐池北部风沙区为研究区域,利用1989、1995、2000、2007年土地利用现状图,借助地理信息系统软件提取有关格局分析的基础数据,基于景观生态学原理,构造主要土地利用类型和沙地景观格局指数,探讨不同时段内盐池北部风沙区土地利用格局变化对沙化景观的影响。结果表明：（1）沙地景观在1995年之前不断扩张,1995年以后开始减少,集中连片沙地被零星分布的小沙化斑块取代;（2）林地和草地经历了先减少后增大的过程,土地利用格局变化中,中、低覆盖度草地和灌木林地变动性大;中、低覆盖度草地、耕地、灌木林地不稳定性程度较高;（3）受农作活动影响,尤其在灌溉条件较好区域,草地沙化明显,而灌木林能起到很好的防沙作用;（4）盐池北部风沙区土地利用格局特征指标与沙地面积呈负相关,随着特征指标增大沙化面积减小。土地利用格局变化能够综合反映相应时段内的人类活动结果,以此为切入点研究其对沙漠化的影响,有利于揭示沙漠化的驱动机制。     

河谷型城市城乡结合部景观格局空间尺度效应分析——以兰州市西固区土地利用格局为例

以兰州市西固区土地利用格局为例,利用2005年SPOT5遥感影像和正射航空影像数据,选取14个常用的景观指数,从景观水平和类型水平2个方面分析景观指数随尺度变化的基本规律,采用200m×200m正方形将研究区土地利用数据切分成规则格网,计算每个格网的多样性指数,通过半方差分析研究西固区多样性空间结构特征。结果表明:10m是西固区土地利用景观的本征观测尺度;研究区景观类型和景观格局特征随尺度增大变化显著,体现出一定的尺度依赖性;各乡(镇、街道)的景观指数呈现出城市中心—城乡交错带—乡村的分异特征,梯度变化明显;西固区多样性空间分布属于中等强度空间相关,高值区主要分布于黄河沿岸。     

广州东进扩张下的萝岗区土地利用与景观动态分析

以研究区1979年MSS1、990年LandsatTM、2000年LandsatETM以及2006年Aster 4个时段的卫星遥感影像为基础数据,运用RS与GIS技术手段,结合FRAGSTATS景观格局分析软件,对萝岗区近30年来的土地利用与景观格局变化进行了定量分析。研究表明：研究区未利用土地、园地及耕地面积大幅减少,林地与城镇用地面积显著增加。1979—2006年期间,2000年是一个分水岭,2000年前景观的连接度下降,破碎程度增加,景观斑块的形状趋于复杂化,景观结构组成的复杂性也趋于增加。2000年后各指数呈现了逆转的趋势,表明萝岗区为建设成为国际化生态型新城区,在后期的城市化进程中特别重视了生态环境的保护及建设。     

广州生态旅游景观格局建设问题的探讨

通过对生态旅游理论的探讨,对其内涵和外延提出了新的观点。重点对广州风景结构与生态旅游发展背景及存在问题进行了分析,科学地构建了“一山一水六区七廊”的广州生态旅游景观格局,为广州建设生态型山水旅游城市提供依据。加强广州市生态旅游建设,将进一步改善广州的生态环境,优化广州城市景观格局,创造更好的旅游大环境,满足人们日益增长的旅游需求和回归大自然的愿望。     

滇池流域土地利用景观空间格局对水质的影响

选用综合水质评价方法,对滇池流域进行水质评价。选取斑块数量（NP）、斑块密度（PD）、最大斑块指数（LPI）、最大形状指数（LSI）,作为表征景观空间格局的参数,来分析流域优势斑块对水质的影响。对水质评价结果与景观指数进行相关性分析得出：居民点及工矿用地斑块数量越多、形状越不规则,有利于延缓水质状况的恶化;耕地斑块越大,越集中,本身产生的面源污染浓度就越高,而流经耕地的径流中的污染物浓度则会因大斑块的吸附过滤作用而降低;林地斑块密度越大,对污染物的截留纳污作用就越大,而斑块越大,可能产生局限性,导致未流经林地的污染物直接进入河流而影响水质。     

吴江市土地利用变化及其生态效应

利用1993、2000和2004年吴江市的遥感影像,在GIS和RS支持下,通过构建土地利用转移矩阵对土地利用变化进行分析,并对其产生的生态效应进行研究。结果表明,吴江市的耕地基底向建设用地基底转化,生态系统结构的多样性和均匀度降低,景观整体形状趋于规则;生态系统功能退化,耕地的减少以及建设用地面积的增加是导致总价值减少的主导力量,而水域生态服务价值的增加是阻止其显著减少的原因;水源涵养和废物处理功能贡献度最大,超过总价值的50%;汾湖镇所占生态服务价值比重最高,分别为24.2%、25.21%2、5.13%,桃源镇所占比重最低。     

Urban forest landscape patterns in Ma'anshan City,China

The landscape pattern of Ma'anshan City was analyzed based on theories and methodologies of landscape ecology, remote sensing, global positioning, and a geographic information system (GIS). The study area encompassed the entire built-up area of 63.88 km²; a north–south transect 3-km wide and 13-km long was established along the long axis of the city. Five major landscape elements were assessed: urban land, urban forest, agriculture, water, and grass. Urban land was the dominant land cover type, and occupied 67% of total land area; while patches of urban forest occupied 16%, with a landscape element dominance of 0.42. Urban forest was classified according to land-use category and location into six types: scenic forest, yard forest, recreational forest, roadside forest, shelter forest, and nurseries. There were 2464 urban forest patches, the largest being 185.1 ha, with an average of 0.43 ha. The low nearest neighbor index and high patch density indicated that urban forest patches tend to be aggregated and have a high degree of fragmentation. This study also demonstrated that the spatial pattern of urbanization could be quantified using a combination of landscape metrics and gradient analysis. Urban forest has distinct spatial characters that are dependent on specific landscape metrics along the urbanization gradient.     

Analysis of driving forces behind diversified carbon dioxide emission patterns in regions of the mainland of China

China has large regional disparities in carbon dioxide CO₂ emissions with economic development among its 31 provincial mainland regions. This paper investigates these disparities in CO₂ emission patterns and identifies the factors underlying the differences. Results show that the 30 study China's mainland provinces (Tibet not included) can be divided into seven groups with three typical CO₂ emission patterns. Index decomposition results indicate that changes in economic development, the industrial sector, and technology contribute far more to increased CO₂ emissions than do population, energy structure, and other sectors. Close inspection reveals that different industry structures and technology contribute greatly to the differences observed in CO₂ emissions between provinces with similar economic output. This study highlights the importance of region-specific industrial structure adjustment policies, especially for regions transitioning to heavy industry and for those still in the primary stages of industrialization. The potential application of a domestic carbon emissions trading system, to encourage regional investment in updated technology, is also discussed.     

Changes in wetland landscape patterns on Yinchuan Plain,China

Wetlands, with their many values and important functions, are precious resources. They have, however, undergone great changes during economic development and population growth. Relying on recent advances in remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) techniques, this paper probes changes in wetland landscapes on Yinchuan Plain during 1978–2006. A series of remote sensing images was used to identify wetland landscape types. Landscape pattern indices, such as patch number, patch density, landscape shape, and Shannon's diversity, evenness, and contagion indices were calculated with GIS and landscape analysis software. Changes in wetland landscape patterns on Yinchuan Plain were analyzed. The analysis show that the total area of wetlands on Yinchuan Plain decreased from 391,540,239 m² in 1978 to 267,979,957 m² in 2006, a significant change over 28 years. The area of rivers and lakes has shrunk, and the area of paddies has increased consistently, with increasing wetland fragmentation and heterogeneity. The number of patches, patch density, and landscape shape index shows that wetland landscape patterns have undergone great changes. The landscape diversity, landscape evenness, and contagion indices indicate that wetland landscapes have become less heterogeneous. We discuss the causes of these changes and the sustainable development of wetland ecosystems.     

高原退化湿地纳帕海植物多样性格局特征及其驱动力

对滇西北纳帕海湿地不同退化演替阶段的植物群落结构特征及多样性格局的研究结果表明:纳帕海共有植物115种,隶属38科、82属,植物群落15个,包括3个沉水植物群落、2个浮叶植物群落、6个挺水植物群落、4个草甸群落。其中原生沼泽有湿地植物25种,隶属16科、17属,3个沉水植物群落、2个浮叶植物群落;沼泽化草甸有湿地植物35种,隶属19科、26属,6个挺水植物群落;草甸有湿地植物64种,隶属28科、55属,4个草甸群落;垦后湿地仅有农作物4种,隶属4科、4属。随着原生沼泽、沼泽化草甸向草甸、垦后湿地的退化演替,植物群落伴生种增多,优势种的优势度明显下降,群落结构逐渐变得复杂;原生沼泽、沼泽化草甸植物群落分布面积萎缩,草甸、垦后湿地面积不断增大;物种丰富度与多样性指数随原生沼泽、沼泽化草甸、草甸的退化演替而逐渐增加,草甸植物物种丰富度、多样性指数最大,而垦后湿地为最低值。纳帕海植物多样性格局特征是对不同人为干扰强度与类型的响应,当前影响植物多样格局的驱动力主要是排水垦殖、无序旅游、过度放牧和周边森林的破坏等人为生产活动。     

The Journal of Coastal Conservation, 1995–2004

This paper concludes the publication of theJournal of Coastal Conservation from 1995–2004 after the European Coastal Union and the Publishers decided to terminate the production of the journal. We look back at the 206 research papers published in this period while concentrating on Geographical and ecological variation, Focuses and trends, and Progress in European coastal conservation and management. Three indices are added: (1) a list of the 206 papers; (2) an Author Index; and (3) a Subject Index based on the titles, keywords and some additional important subjects found in the tables and figures.     

1995-2004年河北省生态足迹分析与生态恢复措施

生态足迹从具体的生物物理量角度研究自然资本消费的空间,为核算地区自然资本利用状况提供简明框架,进而可判断区域可持续发展状态。河北省正大力实施可持续发展战略,但在绿色战略问题上还面临一些难题。文章利用生态足迹模型,对河北省1995—2004年的生态足迹进行了时间序列的测度以及可持续发展的定量测算,根据计算结果进行分析提出相应对策。结果表明,10年间河北省的人均生态足迹增长率达47.9%,赤字增长率达58.5%,人类负荷超过其生态容量,生态承载力严重不能满足生态足迹的需求,区域的经济社会发展处于一种不可持续的发展状。从而加深了对河北省可持续发展状况的认识,对生态建设决策提供科学依据,并提出河北省生态恢复的措施。     

广州帽峰山林区空气负离子动态及与环境因子的关系

采用定位连续观测方法,研究了广州帽峰山森林公园负离子含量近5年的年、季、月变化及不同天气的变化规律,并以此对帽峰山森林公园的空气质量进行了计量评价.分析了空气负离子含量与环境因子的相关关系.结果表明:林区不同观测区的负离子含量差异较大,山下瀑布空间负离子含量最高.平均水平达达2l 729 ions.cm-3;林内负离子含量年间及月间变化不大,沟谷小溪和山中部瀑布空间由于人为干扰,负离子含量年动态呈现降低趋势,山下瀑布空间年负离子含量维持在20000 iotis·cm-3左右;负离子含量的季节差异显著,春夏季大于冬秋季,夏季最高、冬季最低.空气质量评价系数CI的最低在2月份、最高在8月份.不同天气条件下负离子含量大小顺序为下雨>晴天>阴天.负离子含量与空气温度呈正相关,与空气湿度呈正相关.与空气气压呈负相关.     

西南水稻白叶枯病菌致病型多样性的垂直分布格局及成因探讨

利用6个含有单抗基因的近等基因系材料为鉴别品种,在水稻的孕穗期采用剪叶接种的方法,测定了西南不同海拔稻区218株水稻白叶枯病菌（Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae）的致病型。结果表明,（1）西南稻区水稻白叶枯病菌致病型具有丰富的多样性,共包含18种,其中9种新致病型为西南地区特有的类型。（2）不同海拔稻区病菌致病型组成存在明显差异,中海拔稻区病菌致病型数量最多,高海拔稻区次之,低海拔稻区最少。低海拔稻区病菌致病型多样性指数、均匀度指数均最低,并且与中海拔和高海拔稻区差异显著。（3）通过分析病菌对抗性基因的克服数量以及鉴别品种病斑长度,表明不同海拔稻区病菌毒力存在明显差异。病菌的毒力与其地理来源的海拔高度呈负相关关系。（4）聚类分析结果显示,以致病型彼此间相似率60%为界,18种致病型可归为4个聚类簇,其中簇Ⅰ毒性最弱,主要集中了高海拔稻区的菌株,簇Ⅳ毒性最强,集中的主要是低海拔菌株。（5）相关性分析表明,病菌致病型多样性特征值与气候类型和寄主品种的多样性呈线性相关关系,气候类型和寄主品种影响病菌致病型的多样性分布,并且寄主品种对病菌的影响程度高于气候类型。就品种的布局而言,低海拔稻区应尽可能使用含有多个抗性基因的聚合品种,而在中、高海拔稻区,应制定好抗性基因轮换的宏观计划,减少低海拔地区向海拔较高的地区稻种的频繁调运,降低水稻白叶枯病的危害。     

Microenvironmental time-activity patterns in Chongqing, China

An investigation using recall questionnaires was conducted in winter and autumn 2006 to evaluate the time-activity patterns in Chongqing, China. The average time spent in seven microenvironments (MEs) including outdoors, transit, living room, bedroom, kitchen, classroom/office, and other indoors were found to be about 3.5, 1.1, 2.5, 9.7, 1.4, 4.2, and 1.7 h per day, respectively. According to the results of a nonparametric test, the sampling period and day of week were significant for the variation of the time spent in all MEs except for transit and outdoors. The time budget was analyzed using a general linear model (GLM), which exhibited significant variability by demographic factors such as gender, age, residence, education, and household income.     

Land cover and land use changes in a Brazilian Cerrado landscape: drivers,processes, and patterns

The Cerrado is one of the most threatened biomes in South America. To create protection actions on any scale, understanding drivers and consequences of land cover and land use (LC and LU) is essential. This study defines the composition and configuration of a Cerrado landscape watershed from 1975 to 2011. Using Landsat images and socioeconomic census data, we determined the forces acting on LC and LU change processes and their consequences. LC classes differ from LU classes for landscape dominance and processes. Economic opportunities drove LU change and its spatial distribution was related to soil, streams, and roads. Deforestation was the main cause of forest loss but forest degradation was also important, with both presenting different patterns. The spatial distribution of bare soil was related to pasture in degradation and streams. Bare soil distribution was related to pasture in degradation and streams. We concluded that broad scale factors drove changes, but local features determined distribution, and that watershed conservation plans should act on different scales, with management being spatially explicit.