品红的深度氧化机理研究

选用 2 5 3 7nm的紫外光为激发光源 ,对品红 /过氧化氢体系中的紫外光解离进行了研究 .结果表明 ,该体系中品红的解离近似为表观一级反应 ,解离反应的速率常数为 0 0 386 7s- 1.品红水溶液的脉冲瞬态光谱结果表明 ,品红主要与OH自由基反应而导致脱色 ,其在 5 4 0nm处的脱色与 34 0nm处的瞬态吸收存在很好的相关性 ,品红在5 4 0nm处脱色为一级反应 ,速率常数为 8 1 0× 1 0 5s- 1,34 0nm处新的瞬态物种生成较快而衰减较慢 ,其衰减速率为 5 33× 1 0 3 s- 1.     

瞬态吸收光谱技术研究水体中亚硝酸-萘体系的微观反应机理

采用 35 5nm紫外光照射HNO2 萘 H2 O体系 .研究表明 ,光照后体系中间产物和最终产物的光反应过程是通过HNO2 激光光解产生OH自由基 ,OH自由基再与萘反应生成　 OH ,反应速率常数为 ( 1 1± 0 1 )× 1 0 1 0 M- 1 ·s- 1 .     

对流层中CS2光氧化研究

对313nm光照射CS2－O2，CS2－空气（干）和CS2－空气（湿）三种体系的研究结果表明，CS2能吸收313nm光子达激发态CS2^#，CS2^#进一步和O2作用最终COS,SO2,CO等，从三种体系中CS2氧化反应的表观速率常数的比较可见，H2O（g)的存在将增大CS2光氧化速度。对CS2在313nm光照下的氧化反应机理进行了讨论。     

大气环境中Br自由基与HONO分子反应机理的理论研究

用非限制性二阶微扰理论研究了大气环境中Br自由基与亚硝酸分子反应的机理.在6-311++G**和6-311G**基组水平上,优化得到了反应途径上反应物、过渡态、中间体和产物的几何构型;在UMP2/6-311++G**优化的构型基础上,利用CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVTZ方法得到各驻点的高级单点能量;通过振动分析对过渡态和中间体构型进行了确认.计算结果表明,Br自由基与HONO的反应有4种反应机制,第1种是通过过渡态TSC1-P1和TSC3-P1生成产物P1的直接H提取机制.第2种是Br自由基加成到HONO分子羟基O原子上消去NO的加成-消除机制.第3种是Br自由基进攻HONO分子N原子生成产物P3.第4种是Br自由基对HONO分子末端O的进攻.其中生成产物P1的反应途径R→C3→TSC3-P1→P1是主反应通道,并且反式HONO分子的反应竞争性更强.     

异丙醇与OH自由基和Cl反应产物的研究

在室温和一个大气压下 ,利用气相色谱和光离子色谱研究了空气中异丙醇与OH自由基和Cl的反应产物 .其主要产物为丙酮、乙醛和甲醛 .对于OH自由基与异丙醇的反应 ,丙酮与乙醛的产率分别大于 81 6%和 6 6% ;对于异丙醇与Cl的反应 ,丙酮和乙醛的产率分别为 78 5± 4 6%和 1 1 7± 1 0 % .结合光氧化反应主要产物 ,对异丙醇的光氧化反应机理进行了初步的探讨     

H2O2热氧化降解硝基苯废水的机理和动力学

利用H2O2为氧化剂,高温密闭条件下对硝基苯废水进行了降解研究.通过正交实验,分析了氧化剂种类、硝基苯初始浓度、反应温度和反应时间对硝基苯降解率的影响.利用HPLC分别对降解过程产物进行了分析,实验结果表明:H2O2在密闭高温条件下形成的自由基攻击硝基苯分子,硝基苯降解过程按硝基苯→硝基酚类→二氧化碳和水的途径进行,降解过程中产生的微量邻、间、对硝基酚类物质不会累积.H2O2在反应过程中消耗不显著,具有相对的化学稳定性.H2O2热氧化硝基苯的降解反应符合一级动力学方程,反应表观速率常数K表观=0.0073 min-1.     

气溶胶水溶性有机物(WSOC)中二元羧酸的测定

提出了BF3 /丁醇酯化衍生反应 GC/MS分析大气气溶胶水溶性有机物 (WSOC)中二元羧酸 (乙二酸、丙二酸和丁二酸 )的测定方法 .其相应酯化产物乙二酸二丁酯、丙二酸二丁酯和丁二酸二丁酯的线性范围为 1× 1 0 - 5mol·l- 1— 1× 1 0 - 2 mol·l- 1,精密度分别为 1 6 7% ,3 0 4 %和 5 2 8% ;最低检测限分别为 1 9× 1 0 - 7mol·l- 1,1 1×1 0 - 7mol·l- 1和 1 2 5× 1 0 - 6mol·l- 1.并实测了北京市秋、冬两季乙二酸、丙二酸和丁二酸的平均浓度水平 ,分别为 4 44ng·m- 3 ,4 0ng·m- 3 ,30 2ng·m- 3 .     

Al~0-O_2体系降解活性黄3RS溶液

酸性条件下,采用Al0-O2体系对活性黄3RS染料溶液进行降解,考察了活性黄3RS的初始浓度,p H、Al0的浓度、温度、Fe2+浓度等因素对其降解率的影响.结果表明,在p H=2和Al0浓度为1 g·L-1时,对50 mg·L-1活性黄3RS的降解率最高,反应150 min时最高可获得92%的降解率;降解后其COD值由126.35 mg·L-1降至49.44 mg·L-1;温度升高,活性黄3RS的降解率提高,其表观反应活化能为108.262 k J·mol-1;动力学分析表明该过程为一级反应,反应速率常数kobs=1.2×10-2s-1;当向体系中加入Fe2+时,其降解速率加快.     

Cu2+,Cd2+和Cr(Ⅵ)抑制沼泽红假单胞菌生长的毒性效应

运用标准方法进行有毒化学品对水生生物急性毒性实验 ,得到Cu2 + ,Cd2 + ,Cr(Ⅵ )对光合细菌沼泽红假单胞菌生长抑制作用的 96h剂量反应方程 ,分别为 :y =- 1.72 6 7x +8.70 0 4 ,R2 =0 .96 5 5c(Cu2 + ) ;y =$C1.15 5 1x +8.9996 ,R2 =0 .92 5 2c(Cd2 + ) ;y=$C1.342 7x +10 .785 ,R2 =0 .975 8c〔Cr(Ⅵ )〕 ,由此计算出Cu2 + ,Cd2 + ,Cr(Ⅵ )的 96h -EC50 分别为 2 .172× 10 -6mol/L ,2 .5 6 6× 10 -5mol/L和 3.92 6× 10 -4mol/L .从而得出它们对沼泽红假单胞菌生长毒性作用大小的顺序为Cu2 + >Cd2 + >Cr(Ⅵ ) .表 2参 11     

大气中二甲硫等氧化的化学耦合作用

从遥远海洋到重污染地区在很宽的大气条件下,用灵敏度分析法研究了二甲硫（DMS）和SO2的氧化机理及其化学耦合作用,DMS最重要的氧化机理是OH自由基的摘氢反应,对SO2是SO2与OH自由基的反应。在DMS和SO2的氧化过程中,碳、氮、氧化合物的化学耦合作用起着根本性的作用,重要的化学耦合反应是OH自由基的生成反应、消耗反应和NOx等的光化学引发反应等。     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

Human Influence and Classical Biogeographic Predictors of Rare Species Occurrence

Biogeographic theory predicts that rare species occur more often in larger, less‐isolated habitat patches and suggests that patch size and connectivity are positive predictors of patch quality for conservation. However, in areas substantially modified by humans, rare species may be relegated to the most isolated patches. We used data from plant surveys of 81 meadow patches in the Georgia Basin of Canada and the United States to show that presence of threatened and endangered plants was positively predicted for patches that were isolated on small islands surrounded by ocean and for patches that were isolated by surrounding forest. Neither patch size nor connectivity were positive predictors of rare species occurrence. Thus, in our study area, human influence, presumably due to disturbance or introduction of competitive non‐native species, appears to have overwhelmed classical predictors of rare species distribution, such that greater patch isolation appeared to favor presence of rare species. We suggest conservation planners consider the potential advantages of protecting geographically isolated patches in human‐modified landscapes because such patches may represent the only habitats in which rare species are likely to persist. Influencia Humana y Predictores Biogeográficos Clásicos de la Ocurrencia de Especies Raras     

Seasonal dynamics of macro-algae in the South Lake of Tunis

The macro-algae communities observed in the south lake of Tunis are characterized by the predominance of nitrophilous algae which are in the order of biomass importance:Ulva, Cladophora andEnteromorpha. We have noted seasonal changes of alga distribution. The wind appears to be one of the most important factors influencing this distribution. The total biomass reaches a maximum in the spring. Rapid decomposition of the biomass leads to a severe ecological imbalance, resulting in crises of anoxia and fish death. A restoration project has already started. It aims at removal of contaminated muds and the introduction of a new circulation system. The main objectives of this work were to collect information on the distribution and biomass of the phytobenthic communities as a first step in the constitution of a database for further comparison.     

Patterns and biases of climate change threats in the IUCN Red List

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List assessments rely on published data and expert inputs, and biases can be introduced where underlying definitions and concepts are ambiguous. Consideration of climate change threat is no exception, and recently numerous approaches to assessing the threat of climate change to species have been developed. We explored IUCN Red List assessments of amphibians and birds to determine whether species listed as threatened by climate change display distinct patterns in terms of habitat occupied and additional nonclimatic threats faced. We compared IUCN Red List data with a published data set of species’ biological and ecological traits believed to infer high vulnerability to climate change and determined whether distributions of climate change‐threatened species on the IUCN Red List concur with those of climate change‐threatened species identified with the trait‐based approach and whether species possessing these traits are more likely to have climate change listed as a threat on the IUCN Red List. Species in some ecosystems (e.g., grassland, shrubland) and subject to particular threats (e.g., invasive species) were more likely to have climate change as a listed threat. Geographical patterns of climate change‐threatened amphibians and birds on the IUCN Red List were incongruent with patterns of global species richness and patterns identified using trait‐based approaches. Certain traits were linked to increases or decreases in the likelihood of a species being threatened by climate change. Broad temperature tolerance of a species was consistently related to an increased likelihood of climate change threat, indicating counterintuitive relationships in IUCN assessments. To improve the robustness of species assessments of the vulnerability or extinction risk associated with climate change, we suggest IUCN adopt a more cohesive approach whereby specific traits highlighted by our results are considered in Red List assessments. To achieve this and to strengthen the climate change‐vulnerability assessments approach, it is necessary to identify and implement logical avenues for further research into traits that make species vulnerable to climate change (including population‐level threats).     

Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture