Pollution of surface waters with pesticides in Germany: modeling non-point source inputs

Pesticide pollution of surface waters represents a considerable hazard for the aquatic environment. However, the mean amount of pesticides reaching the water resources varies considerably between regions and depends highly upon application rates, chemical characteristics of pesticides and natural conditions during application. In this study a model was developed which estimates loss of 42 active ingredients applied to 11 field crops, vineyards and orchards along each non-point source path of entry (subsurface drains, runoff and spray drift). A spatially and temporally differentiated data set of application rates and periods was compiled for each active ingredient and target culture to enable the modeling of pesticide transport. The model results are provided in digital raster format (100 m×100 m) within a geographic information system (GIS). The calculated pesticide loads in surface waters were compared with measured loads from different catchments in Germany. Both data sets agreed as to the order of magnitude, nevertheless due to the scale of the study the estimated loads cannot be interpreted as absolute values and only differences between active ingredients, regions and application periods should be assessed.     

Chemicals regulation and precaution: does REACH really incorporate the precautionary principle

At the interface between politics and science-informed regulatory action there is hardly a more controversial combination in Europe today than the recently adopted chemicals policy overhaul entitled Registration, Evaluation, and Authorization of CHemicals (REACH) and the precautionary principle (PP). The European Commission states that REACH is underpinned by the PP. However, it is not evident how this is crystallized throughout the registration, evaluation and authorization process of REACH. Additionally, it is unclear how REACH will proactively support development of safer alternatives, a key component of precaution. The present paper examines to what extent the PP has actually been integrated in REACH. Several elements of the PP are included in REACH such as changing the burden of proof and assessment of alternatives. However, a number of important elements apparently are missing. This paper outlines some of the limitations in REACH for applying precaution and discusses possible improvements of the REACH framework to make it more supportive of precautionary decision-making.     

预警原则下的持久性有机污染物风险管理

由于持久性有机污染物自身的特性以及管理制度的局限性,目前在POPs风险管理的过程中出现了不少困难.本文从对传统的持久性有机污染物风险管理的内容和遇到的困难出发,探讨了在预警原则下持久性有机污染物风险管理的意义与作用,并进一步分析了预警原则下持久性有机污染物风险管理还须解决的问题.     

Integrating water management and principles of policy: towards an EU framework?

The EU Water Framework Directive requires Member States to organise the management of their water systems in an integrated manner, based on the natural boundaries of the water systems; the river basins. A river basin approach implies the integration of policymaking and management throughout a set of different functional uses and spatial scales. Another innovation of the Directive is the introduction of recovery of costs for water services, taking account of the polluter-pays principle. By 2010, water-pricing polices will have to provide adequate incentives for users to use water resources efficiently, and thereby contribute to the environmental objectives of the Directive. Other principles, such as the precautionary principle, are becoming increasingly important in the management of water resources as well. The translation of those principles into policy in the several Member States may however diverge. We present an overview of policy principles that play a role as basic assumptions in water management. Environmental policy principles have gradually been introduced in European legislation. From being part of a declaration of the Council, they have evolved to a basis for action in the environmental field and currently they also find wide application in the context of water management. While focusing on the EU Water Framework Directive, we investigate whether and how these principles can be reconciled with a framework for integrated water management.     

Identifying uncertainties in judging the significance of human impacts on Natura 2000 sites

In European nature conservation law, Natura 2000 sites are protected towards ensuring biodiversity through the conservation of natural habitat types and of wild fauna and flora. Anyone planning a potentially harmful activity needs to assess significant effects on a site's conservation objectives. While EU case law currently demands certainty provided by science, we will show that science can never rule out uncertainty. We distinguish three sources of uncertainty: ignorance (inadequate understanding), unpredictability of ecological system behaviour and ambiguity in the science–policy interface. Only ignorance can be solved by science alone. We will specify sources of uncertainty encountered in the significance decision procedure as part of the assessment of article 6 Habitats Directive. We will explore how they affect the use of knowledge during the three steps of the assessment process, i.e. identification of site conservation objectives, predicting the impact of the planned activity and assessing the significance of any effects on the Natura 2000 site. The claim that certainty has to be provided by science is unrealistic, because policy causes a good deal of uncertainty affecting how science can operate. This is discussed in the light of a common learning process by science and society. The European precautionary principle should not be limited to ignorance alone. Within the precautionary principle risk reduction measures can be allowed and thus uncertainties could be accepted, including those uncertainties caused by unpredictability and ambiguity. Finally we propose strategies to manage uncertainty in nature conservation and law planning.     

High-performance size exclusion chromatography with a multi-wavelength absorbance detector study on dissolved organic matter characterisation along a water distribution system

This study examined the associations between dissolved organic matter(DOM) characteristics and potential nitrification occurrence in the presence of chloramine along a drinking water distribution system. High-performance size exclusion chromatography(HPSEC) coupled with a multiple wavelength detector(200–280 nm) was employed to characterise DOM by molecular weight distribution, bacterial activity was analysed using flow cytometry, and a package of simple analytical tools, such as dissolved organic carbon, absorbance at 254 nm, nitrate,nitrite, ammonia and total disinfectant residual were also applied and their applicability to indicate water quality changes in distribution systems were also evaluated. Results showed that multi-wavelength HPSEC analysis was useful to provide information about DOM character while changes in molecule weight profiles at wavelengths less than 230 nm were also able to be related to other water quality parameters. Correct selection of the UV wavelengths can be an important factor for providing appropriate indicators associated with different DOM compositions. DOM molecular weight in the range of 0.2–0.5 k Da measured at210 nm correlated positively with oxidised nitrogen concentration(r = 0.99), and the concentrations of active bacterial cells in the distribution system(r = 0.85). Our study also showed that the changes of DOM character and bacterial cells were significant in those sampling points that had decreases in total disinfectant residual. HPSEC-UV measured at210 nm and flow cytometry can detect the changes of low molecular weight of DOM and bacterial levels, respectively, when nitrification occurred within the chloraminated distribution system.     

Persistent organic pollutants control strategy in China

The development of Persistent Organic Pollutants(POPs) control policy in China in the context of international concerns on POPs was reviewed. The aspects of the Chinese POPs control strategies were analyzed, and compared with those of developed counterparts(e.g. US, EU, Japan). Currently, while the legal framework on POPs management, which complies with intemational guidelines has been established, it should be improved in the areas of special POPs management, risk assessment, the precautionary principle, lifecycle management and technical support capacity. The analysis of Chinese POPs policy and suggestions for strengthening the sciencebased decision making capacity are not only useful for Chinese decision-makers, but also a case study for developing wodd and make a great contribution for the global elimination of POPs to make a toxic-free future.     

应用高密度电法探测北京南口-孙河隐伏断裂

举例说明了高密度电法在北京南口-孙河活隐伏活动断层勘测中的应用,展现高密度电法在断层定位中的广阔应用前景。简单介绍了高密度电法的基本原理。视电阻率异常剖面揭示南口-孙河断裂为正断层,北东盘上升,南西盘下降,推测断裂倾角60°～68°。视电阻率异常剖面与钻孔资料对应较好,并与钻探资料分析的断裂活动特性基本吻合。     

房地产开发与公民环境权保护的问题及对策分析

近年来,房地产过度开发以及相关房地产环境法律制度的缺失对公民环境权带来了极大的挑战。为了切实保护公民固有的基本权利——公民环境权,在房地产开发领域,应对房地产开发中公民环境权问题进行法律思考,并秉持“预防为主”、公民居住利益优先、消费者保护和利益协调衡量原则,实现人与自然的和谐发展。     

Occurrence and formation of disinfection by-products in the swimming pool environment: A critical review

Disinfection of water for human use is essential to protect against microbial disease; however, disinfection also leads to formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs), some of which are of health concern. From a chemical perspective, swimming pools are a complex matrix, with continual addition of a wide range of natural and anthropogenic chemicals via filling waters, disinfectant addition, pharmaceuticals and personal care products and human body excretions. Natural organic matter, trace amounts of DBPs and chlorine or chloramines may be introduced by the filling water, which is commonly disinfected distributed drinking water. Chlorine and/or bromine is continually introduced via the addition of chemical disinfectants to the pool. Human body excretions (sweat, urine and saliva) and pharmaceuticals and personal care products (sunscreens, cosmetics, hair products and lotions) are introduced by swimmers. High addition of disinfectant leads to a high formation of DBPs from reaction of some of the chemicals with the disinfectant. Swimming pool air is also of concern as volatile DBPs partition into the air above the pool. The presence of bromine leads to the formation of a wide range of bromo- and bromo/chloro-DBPs, and Br-DBPs are more toxic than their chlorinated analogues. This is particularly important for seawater-filled pools or pools using a bromine-based disinfectant. This review summarises chemical contaminants and DBPs in swimming pool waters, as well as in the air above pools. Factors that have been found to affect DBP formation in pools are discussed. The impact of the swimming pool environment on human health is reviewed.     

医院污水处理的消毒剂及消毒工艺

综合比较目前国内常用的医院污水消毒处理方法，介绍消毒剂的种类和有效氯含量，论述各种消毒工艺的优缺点。     

Trace contamination with dioxin-like chemicals: evaluation of bioassay-based TEQ determination for hazard assessment and regulatory responses

Many recent dioxin contamination events have been traced back to poisoned animal feed or feed ingredients. Therefore, enforcement authorities placed limits on the levels of dioxins in food and feed or implemented strict monitoring and control programs. The levels in force are generally expressed as TEQ values, which inherently accepts the underlying hypothesis that the effects of dioxin-like chemicals are additive. TEQ determination involves either chemo-analysis, with high-resolution gas chromatography in combination with high-resolution mass spectroscopy, or bio-analysis. Bio-analytical methods, more particularly the reporter gene expression method CALUX, are advantageous due to their high throughput rate and low cost. Moreover, the CALUX methodology detects the overall dioxin-like toxicity, rather than the limited number of compounds investigated by chemo-analysis. Bioanalytical methods such as CALUX also differ from chemo-analysis in that the contribution of antagonistic as well as synergistic effects, which violate the additivity principle, can be detected. The application of bio-analytical methods can facilitate a broader assessment of public health risks by intensifying the current monitoring programs in terms of both sample numbers and types. Bio-analysis provides information on the total dioxin-like activity of the samples under study (hazard assessment); however, chemo-analysis is still needed to identify the predominant contaminants (congener identification) for risk management.     

垃圾渗滤液深度处理技术及其分析

介绍了化学氧化、化学混凝、活性炭吸附、反渗透、光氧化、催化电解氧化六种渗滤液深度处理技术的原理、国内外研究的现状和发展趋势，并分析其应用于实际的渗滤液深度处理中必须解决的技术问题。     

二氧化氯处理印染废水的研究

二氧化氯是一种性能很好的氧化剂和杀菌消毒剂,本文介绍了二氧化氯的化学性质及在印染废水中的应用,表明二氧化氯与有机物反应具有选择性.     

传统氯化法在水处理中的问题及改进措施

本文就自来水水处理中的传统氯化法所存在的问题进行描述和分析,提出了改进投氯方式、代用消毒剂的应用以及进行氯化前的预处理等改进措施。     

济源市疫情防控期间VOCs的变化特征、臭氧生成潜势及来源解析

采用挥发性有机物（VOCs）在线监测仪（EXPEC 2000-MS）于2020年1月1日-2月11日对济源市环境空气中VOCs进行监测,分析了疫情防控前和期间TVOCs及其组分的变化特征、臭氧生成潜势（OFP）及来源解析.结果表明,疫情防控期间济源市TVOCs浓度均值为121.7×10^-9,比疫情防控前增加了61.2%.烷烃、炔烃和烯烃的平均浓度和占比相对于疫情防控前明显减少,而卤代烃的平均浓度上升了79.5%,占比增加2.6%,OVOCs的平均浓度升高了5.5倍,占比显著增加了31.4%,主要来自乙醇、丙酮、三氯甲烷、溴甲烷和氯乙烷等化合物的排放.疫情防控前济源市的OFP主要以烯烃的贡献为主,关键活性物种为乙烯、1-丁烯、乙炔等,而疫情防控期间OVOCs对OFP的贡献不容忽视,关键活性物种主要是乙醇、乙烯、丙烯醛、甲苯等.用PMF模型法判断济源市VOCs的来源贡献,疫情防控期间对TVOCs贡献占比较高的来源依次是：燃烧源（33%）>消毒剂（31%）>工艺过程源（17%）>植物源（8%）>溶剂使用源（7%）、汽油车尾气（7%）>柴油车尾气（6%）.受疫情的影响,机动车尾气、工艺过程和溶剂使用源对济源市TVOCs的贡献大幅降低,分别降低了17%、17%和10%,来自于消毒剂使用的乙醇、含氯的消毒剂（三氯甲烷、氯乙烷等）对济源市TVOCs的贡献明显增加了29%.     

Toxic metals in sewage sludge-amended soils: has promotion of beneficial use discounted the risks?

Land application of contaminated waste products has been defended as beneficial use by some scientists and regulators, based on the premise that the behavior of any toxins accumulated in soils from this practice is reasonably well understood and will not have detrimental agronomic or environmental impacts into the foreseeable future. In this review, I use the case of toxic metals in sewage sludges applied to agricultural land to illustrate that metal behavior in soils and plant uptake is difficult to generalize because it is strongly dependent on the nature of the metal, sludge, soil properties and crop. Nevertheless, permitted agricultural loadings of toxic metals from sewage sludges are typically regulated using the sole criterion of total metal loading or concentrations in soils. Several critical generalizing assumptions about the behavior of sludge-borne metals in soil-crop systems, built into the US EPA risk assessment for metals, have tended to underestimate risks and are shown not to be well justified by published research. It is argued that, in the absence of a basic understanding of metal behavior in each specific situation, a more precautionary approach to toxic metal additions to soils is warranted.     

负压二次曝气二氧化氯发生器的研制与应用

以氯酸钠和工业盐酸为基本原料,采用独特的负压二次曝气工艺,在催化剂作用下,经氧化还原反应产生以二氧化氯为主的混合消毒气体,经吸收后形成一定浓度的二氧化氯混合消毒液,与待处理水充分混合,达到杀菌消毒的目的。     

饮用水氯消毒副产物控制技术研究进展

依据新颁布的《生活饮用水卫生标准》对饮用水氯消毒副产物控制技术进行了具体的论述,介绍了替代消毒剂、前体物去除和副产物去除等控制技术的应用效果和局限性,分析了安全高效的多级屏障组合消毒工艺在控制消毒副产物中的应用前景。     

环境污染责任保险的环境法解释与制度构造

环境污染责任保险是环境污染损害救济社会化的重要途径和完善环境污染损害救济机制的必由之路。中国环境污染责任保险制度的真正建立和运行,需要运用环境法的基本理念和思想对传统责任保险制度进行重新审视和构造。环境污染责任保险制度设计的关键在于合理贯彻环境法的理论思想,运用风险预防、生态正义之理念,环境污染损害救济、环境权等理论思想进行理论诠释,在保险方式、责任基础、承保范围、赔付范围及赔偿限额等方面构造中国的环境污染责任保险制度,以发挥环境污染责任保险之风险预防、损害救济和稳定社会秩序的功能。