1-(3-磺酸基)丙基哌啶十二烷基苯磺酸在CO_2捕集中的应用

合成了一种具有表面活性功能的离子液体1-(3-磺酸基)丙基哌啶十二烷基苯磺酸([PIPS]DBSA),采用FT-IR,1H NMR和元素分析等方法对产物进行表征,并将其用于促进CO2水合物的生成,考察[PIPS]DBSA对CO2水合物生成过程中温度和压力的影响.实验表明在温度4℃—6℃时,300 mg·L-1[PIPS]DBSA溶液中CO2的相平衡压力比700 mg·L-1的十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)溶液的相平衡压力下降了13.6%—14.96%.在4℃时,300 mg·L-1[PIPS]DBSA溶液中CO2压力稳定所用的时间与700 mg·L-1SDBS溶液相比减少了50 min,表明[PIPS]DBSA对CO2水合物的形成具有良好的促进作用.     

长沙市不同功能区空气微生物污染与评价

利用真菌、细菌综合培养基,采用自然沉降法对长沙市5个典型功能区进行空气微生物监测。结果表明,城区内不同功能区大气微生物的浓度各异,其中市区商业区、交通枢纽区的大气细菌污染最重,其次是休闲娱乐区和居民区,文教区大气细菌含量最低。绿化情况良好的休闲娱乐区的真菌含量高于交通枢纽区。以大气细菌含量指标评价了各测点的空气质量,空气质量处于微生物污染水平。     

孙谷畴、夏汉平等获我刊优秀论文奖

根据我部决定 (见本刊 99年第 2期第 159页 )和有关专家推选评定 ,孙谷畴、赵平、曾小平、彭少麟的论文《亚热带不同林地植物光合作用对空气ＣＯ2 浓度增高的响应》[2 0 0 0 ,6( 1) :1～ 6]和夏汉平、刘世忠、敖惠修的论文《香根草等三种植物抗盐性比较》[2 0 0 0 ,6( 1) :7～ 17]获本刊 2 0 0 0年第 1期优秀论文奖 .本刊将授予两篇论文奖金各 50 0元人民币 ,授予两篇论文的每位作者获奖证书孙谷畴、夏汉平等获我刊优秀论文奖     

Fenton法降解水中布洛芬

采用Fenton法降解水中布洛芬,考察了H2O2投加量、FeSO.47H2O与H2O2的比值、初始pH、反应时间等因素对布洛芬去除率的影响,通过正交实验确定影响作用大小依次为:[Fe2+]∶[H2O2]的物质的量之比>H2O2的投加量>pH值,最佳的反应工艺条件为:H2O2的投加量为3 mL.L-1,[Fe2+]∶[H2O2]的物质的量之比为1∶10,反应初始pH值为3,反应时间为40 min.在最佳条件下布洛芬的去除率达到86%以上.同时对布洛芬降解反应动力学进行了研究,发现Fenton降解布洛芬符合二级反应动力学规律.     

污水处理厂空气介质抗生素抗性基因的分布

考察了污水处理厂空气介质中典型的抗性基因(antibiotic resistance genes,ARGs)污染水平和浓度分布,并通过16S r RNA高通量技术对样品进行亲缘性及溯源研究。结果表明,在污水厂空气样品中8种抗生素抗性基因的检出率均超过50%,其中tet C、sul1、sul2和erm B检出率为100%。在曝气池和污泥脱水车间空气样品中8种抗性基因检出率均为100%。对其中的sul1、sul2、tet G和tet X共4种ARGs的定量分析结果表明,以上4种基因的相对浓度范围在102~105copies·ng~(-1)DNA之间,与邻近居民区空气样品抗性基因浓度处于同一水平;空气样品16S r RNA高通量测序聚类分析结果显示,居民区空气与污水厂园区内空气有较高的种群相似度,污水厂处理单元对其邻近区域的空气介质微生物组成影响较大。     

氧化亚氮形成的微生物学分子机制研究进展

1　氧化亚氮 (Ｎ2 Ｏ)的形成Ｎ2 Ｏ是继ＣＯ2 、ＣＨ4之后的第三大温室气体 ,它能破坏大气中的臭氧层 .在过去的 2 0～ 30年间 ,Ｎ2 Ｏ以每年 0 .2 %～ 0 .3%的速率增长 ,并且有进一步增长的趋势[1 ] .地球上人类和其他生物的活动是Ｎ2 Ｏ产生的主要来源 ,而微生物是其中最重要的生物源 .微生物产生Ｎ2 Ｏ的机理主要是通过硝化作用和反硝化作用过程进行的 ,如图 1所示 .反硝化过程中Ｎ2 Ｏ的形成 :硝化过程中Ｎ2 Ｏ的形成 :图 1　Ｎ2 Ｏ的形成Ｆｉｇ.1　ＦｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎｏｆＮ2 Ｏ　　催化反硝化过程的酶有 4种 :硝酸还原酶 (Ｎａｒ)、亚…     

[CO2]和温度增加的相互作用对植物生长的影响

ＣＯ2 和温度是影响植物生长、发育和功能的两个关键因子 .在过去一个世纪中 ,[ＣＯ2 ]从 2 80 μｍｏｌ/ｍｏｌ增加到 36 0μｍｏｌ/ｍｏｌ且每年增长速率为 1～ 5 μｍｏｌ/ｍｏｌ,到 2 0世纪末达到更高的浓度[1] .最近的模型预测表明 ,到 2 10 0年 ,全球表面温度可能会增加 1～ 4 .5℃ [2 \〗.ＣＯ2 是光合作用的底物 ,而且还是初级代谢过程 (气孔反应和光合作用 )、光合同化物分配和生长的调节者 .温度几乎影响植物所有的生物学过程 .因此 ,在全球气候变化要素中 ,大气 [ＣＯ2 ]和温度升高对植物的生理过程和生物量及产量具有极为重要的…     

氮肥和多环芳烃对农田土壤细菌群落的影响

氮肥是农业生产的重要保障,多环芳烃是广泛存在的环境污染物,它们可能共存于农田土壤中,对微生物群落产生影响。为探究施氮肥和多环芳烃污染叠加情况下的土壤微生物生态效应,采集农田土壤,设置添加尿素和苯并[a]蒽的组合处理,建立微宇宙进行培养。在测定硝态氮积累、土壤pH以及污染物矿化的基础上,结合定量PCR、高通量测序等方法,研究尿素和苯并[a]蒽对土壤细菌群落特征的影响。结果显示,尿素导致土壤中硝态氮的积累,显著增加了细菌氨单加氧酶基因(amo A)拷贝数,但对古菌amoA基因丰度的影响不明显;施用尿素导致土壤p H值降低,显著影响14个主要土壤细菌门中的10个,使得土壤细菌群落多样性显著下降,整体结构发生极大变化;相对于尿素而言,苯并[a]蒽84 d的矿化率为10%左右,长期作用下具有改变土壤微生物群落组成和结构的潜力;尿素对苯并[a]蒽的矿化未产生显著影响,但苯并[a]蒽对土壤中氨氧化古菌有抑制作用,抑制比例最高达63%。这些结果表明,尿素导致土壤中硝化微生物的富集,并通过降低p H而对微生物群落产生深远的影响,而苯并[a]蒽对土壤重要功能群和细菌总体群落有潜在的风险。该研究有助于阐明农田土壤中铵态氮肥和多环芳烃的复合生态效应,为揭示有机污染物和氮转化间的交互作用机制提供了科学依据。     

酞酸酯在空气和土壤两相间迁移情况的初步研究

以东北某钢铁厂及其周边区域为研究对象,利用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)方法分析了空气中15种酞酸酯的浓度,并采用基于实测浓度的逸度模型探讨了酞酸酯在空气和土壤两相间的迁移方向和迁移通量.结果表明,研究区域空气中15种酞酸酯总浓度(∑PAEs)在170—487 ng.m-3之间;DMP(邻苯二甲酸二甲酯)、DEP(邻苯二甲酸二乙酯)和DPP(邻苯二甲酸二戊酯)从土壤相向空气相迁移,迁移通量分别为93.5—117.0 g.month-.1km-2,50.2—108.2 g.month-.1km-2和9.4—15.5 g.month-.1km-2;DiBP(邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯)、DBP(邻苯二甲酸二丁酯)、DEHP[邻苯二甲酸双(2-乙基己基)酯]和DINP(邻苯二甲酸二壬酯)从空气相向土壤相迁移,迁移通量分别为530.6—1395.9 g.month-1.km-2,323.8—2408.8 g.month-1.km-2,1302.7—9839.6 g.month-.1km-2和131.4—205.9 g.month-.1km-2.     

2种短周期工业用材林种植恢复过程对林内小气候的影响

在广西南宁市北郊的杉木林采伐迹地上,经过炼山清理,营造厚荚相思林和尾巨桉林以及灌草坡自然恢复3种植被类型,分别对主要气象要素进行连续4 a的对比观测.结果表明:(1)厚荚相思林和尾巨桉林内太阳辐[射]照度日平均值分别为126.6和90.8 W·m-2,分别占灌草坡植被的50.4%和36.1%;并随着林龄增大林内太阳辐[射]照度呈波浪式下降趋势.(2)厚荚相思林和尾巨桉林内年平均空气温度和地面温度分别比灌草坡植被降低0.7～0.8和1.8～2.7 ℃,并随着林龄增大温度逐渐降低.2种林分各年份空气相对湿度比灌草坡植被提高1～3百分点;并随着林龄增大而使林分内的增湿作用越明显.(3)2种短周期工业用材林种植恢复到5年生时,对林内小气候的调节作用已达到了成熟林分的水平,且厚荚相思林优于尾巨桉林.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

Human Influence and Classical Biogeographic Predictors of Rare Species Occurrence

Biogeographic theory predicts that rare species occur more often in larger, less‐isolated habitat patches and suggests that patch size and connectivity are positive predictors of patch quality for conservation. However, in areas substantially modified by humans, rare species may be relegated to the most isolated patches. We used data from plant surveys of 81 meadow patches in the Georgia Basin of Canada and the United States to show that presence of threatened and endangered plants was positively predicted for patches that were isolated on small islands surrounded by ocean and for patches that were isolated by surrounding forest. Neither patch size nor connectivity were positive predictors of rare species occurrence. Thus, in our study area, human influence, presumably due to disturbance or introduction of competitive non‐native species, appears to have overwhelmed classical predictors of rare species distribution, such that greater patch isolation appeared to favor presence of rare species. We suggest conservation planners consider the potential advantages of protecting geographically isolated patches in human‐modified landscapes because such patches may represent the only habitats in which rare species are likely to persist. Influencia Humana y Predictores Biogeográficos Clásicos de la Ocurrencia de Especies Raras     

Seasonal dynamics of macro-algae in the South Lake of Tunis

The macro-algae communities observed in the south lake of Tunis are characterized by the predominance of nitrophilous algae which are in the order of biomass importance:Ulva, Cladophora andEnteromorpha. We have noted seasonal changes of alga distribution. The wind appears to be one of the most important factors influencing this distribution. The total biomass reaches a maximum in the spring. Rapid decomposition of the biomass leads to a severe ecological imbalance, resulting in crises of anoxia and fish death. A restoration project has already started. It aims at removal of contaminated muds and the introduction of a new circulation system. The main objectives of this work were to collect information on the distribution and biomass of the phytobenthic communities as a first step in the constitution of a database for further comparison.     

Patterns and biases of climate change threats in the IUCN Red List

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List assessments rely on published data and expert inputs, and biases can be introduced where underlying definitions and concepts are ambiguous. Consideration of climate change threat is no exception, and recently numerous approaches to assessing the threat of climate change to species have been developed. We explored IUCN Red List assessments of amphibians and birds to determine whether species listed as threatened by climate change display distinct patterns in terms of habitat occupied and additional nonclimatic threats faced. We compared IUCN Red List data with a published data set of species’ biological and ecological traits believed to infer high vulnerability to climate change and determined whether distributions of climate change‐threatened species on the IUCN Red List concur with those of climate change‐threatened species identified with the trait‐based approach and whether species possessing these traits are more likely to have climate change listed as a threat on the IUCN Red List. Species in some ecosystems (e.g., grassland, shrubland) and subject to particular threats (e.g., invasive species) were more likely to have climate change as a listed threat. Geographical patterns of climate change‐threatened amphibians and birds on the IUCN Red List were incongruent with patterns of global species richness and patterns identified using trait‐based approaches. Certain traits were linked to increases or decreases in the likelihood of a species being threatened by climate change. Broad temperature tolerance of a species was consistently related to an increased likelihood of climate change threat, indicating counterintuitive relationships in IUCN assessments. To improve the robustness of species assessments of the vulnerability or extinction risk associated with climate change, we suggest IUCN adopt a more cohesive approach whereby specific traits highlighted by our results are considered in Red List assessments. To achieve this and to strengthen the climate change‐vulnerability assessments approach, it is necessary to identify and implement logical avenues for further research into traits that make species vulnerable to climate change (including population‐level threats).     

Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture