不同程度镉污染农田中粉葛镉富集转运特征

探究不同程度镉（Cd）污染土壤对粉葛植株Cd积累分配特征的影响,为Cd污染农田的植物修复提供参考依据.在不同Cd污染［ω（Cd）为0.32~38.08 mg ·kg^-1］农田开展多点试验,分析了粉葛主要生育期不同部位生物量、Cd含量、Cd积累量及其富集和转运系数.结果表明,研究区粉葛块根干重为5.04~11.98 t ·hm^-2,生物量为13.21~29.07 t ·hm^-2,Cd积累量为15.74~106.03 g ·hm^-2;粉葛对Cd的吸收规律表现为：主藤>叶片>侧枝>葛头>块根;随着土壤Cd含量的增加,粉葛各部位Cd含量均显著增加（P<0.05）,而生物量均显著降低（P<0.05）;粉葛地上部Cd富集和转运系数呈先增大后减小的变化趋势,而根部Cd富集和转运系数均逐渐减小.相关分析表明,土壤Cd含量是影响粉葛Cd积累的关键因素.在轻中度Cd污染下,粉葛经济部分（葛粉）ω（Cd）为0.03~0.22 mg ·kg^-1,均低于药用植物的标准限值（≤0.30 mg ·kg^-1）;在中度污染粉葛地上部Cd富集和转运系数分别为2.43~7.97和3.02~9.81.粉葛具有很强的Cd富集和运输能力,是适合用作Cd污染土壤修复的潜力植物.     

辽东湾北部河口区土壤重金属污染源识别及健康风险评价

选取我国北方典型河口区—辽东湾北部区为研究对象,共采集129个表层土样,测定了Cu、Cr、Cd、Ni、Zn和Pb等土壤重金属含量,利用地统计分析、地累积指数（I_geo）、内梅罗指数、潜在生态风险指数（RI）、多元统计分析及健康风险模型对研究区土壤重金属的空间分布特征、污染来源及健康风险进行系统分析,并对区域人居环境改善提出对策建议.结果表明：①研究区土壤中Cu、Cr、Cd、Ni、Zn和Pb的平均含量分别为17.87、148.97、1.31、40.91、102.86和12.42 mg·kg^-1,除Cu和Pb以外都超过了辽宁省土壤背景值;②6种重金属污染程度排序为Cd > Cr > Zn > Ni > Cu > Pb,其中Cd元素污染最严重;土壤重金属综合生态风险指数RI为325.689,处于重度生态风险水平,Cd是主要的生态风险因子;③多元统计分析表明,重金属Cu、Zn和Pb主要受自然因素影响,Cr和Ni主要源于生活及工业废水排放,Cd以磷肥的大量使用、石油化工生产及工业活动作为主要的人为来源;④健康风险评价结果表明,皮肤接触暴露途径中儿童的非致癌风险大于成人,呼吸暴露途径中成人的致癌风险大于儿童,元素Cr的总致癌风险R_all<10^-6,不存在致癌风险,Cd的总致癌风险10^-4 < R_all < 10^-6,存在可接受致癌风险;⑤河口海岸区对我国海湾及沿海区域经济发展意义重大,土壤重金属污染和人居健康问题已经不容忽视,希冀本研究可为当地政府及同类区域提供科学借鉴.     

贵阳市喀斯特地区表层土壤Cd空间分异特征及其影响因素

为探究地质高背景区土壤Cd含量的空间分异特征及其变异规律,以贵阳市喀斯特地貌区表层土壤为研究对象,采集14 421件表层土壤,综合运用全局Moran''s I指数、冷热点分析、半方差函数与克里金插值等方法,揭示土壤Cd含量的空间结构和分布规律,并通过方差分析与地理探测器分析环境因子对土壤Cd含量的影响及其主控因子. 结果表明：①贵阳市喀斯特表层土壤ω（Cd）范围介于0.03~1.36 mg·kg^-1之间,平均值为0.440 mg·kg^-1,分别为贵州省土壤Cd背景值和中国土壤Cd背景值的1.77倍和5.95倍;土壤Cd超标率为30%,是我国土壤Cd超标率（7%）的4.29倍. ②土壤Cd含量存在显著的空间正相关性,全局空间上呈现聚集分布,而局部区域上东北和西南地区表现为热点区,北部为冷点区;土壤Cd含量的块金系数为10.37%,表明土壤Cd主要受结构性因素影响. ③空间分布上,土壤Cd呈现不同的累积趋势,息烽县、修文县、清镇市、花溪区和南明区等区域部分块状土壤ω（Cd）小于0.3 mg·kg^-1;土壤ω（Cd）介于0.3~0.6 mg·kg^-1分布面积最广,白云区、乌当区、观山湖区和云岩区土壤Cd整体上介于这一含量范围;土壤ω（Cd）介于0.6~0.9 mg·kg^-1集中分布于清镇市西南部、花溪区南部以及开阳县北部,而土壤ω（Cd）介于0.9~1.2 mg·kg^-1主要聚集在清镇市西南部;土壤ω（Cd）极值（ > 1.2 mg·kg^-1）多分布于开阳县、修文县、清镇市和花溪区等地区. ④方差分析与地理探测器结果表明,不同环境因子对土壤Cd空间分异影响显著,但对土壤Cd含量的解释力具有差异,其大小依次为：地层（0.176 5） > 土壤类型（0.0260） > 有机质（0.0251） > 海拔（0.0105） > 母岩（0.0073） > 土地利用（0.0064） > pH（0.001 3）,并且地层与任意环境因子的交互作用均最大,因此地层是影响土壤Cd含量空间分异的主要因子.     

省级尺度土壤As迁移转化与水稻安全种植区划：以贵州省为例

为探究贵州省水田土壤和稻米As含量分布特征,及稻米食用健康风险并评估水稻安全种植性,采集水田土壤样品209个,水田土壤-水稻样品1 567组,测定其As含量和土壤基本理化性质,运用单因子污染指数法对样品污染程度进行评价.结果表明： ①贵州省水田土壤主要呈中性,其保肥能力和有机质含量均为中等以上水平,土壤较为肥沃.水田土壤ω（As）范围为0.042~91.75 mg·kg^-1,几何均值为10.03 mg·kg^-1,经独立样本T检验,水田土壤As累积效应低于自然土壤As（P<0.05）.与《农用地土壤污染风险管控标准》（GB 15618-2018）筛选值（0.2 mg·kg^-1）相比,土壤样品超标率15.37%.②稻米ω（As）范围为0.001~0.937 mg·kg^-1,几何平均值为0.108 mg·kg^-1,10.21%的稻米样品超过《食品中污染物限量（试行）》（GB 2762-2022）的限值,超标点位主要分布于黔南州的中北部和遵义南部县区等工矿业活动区周围.③经大米摄入的As对成人和儿童存在非致癌风险和致癌风险,且对儿童的影响大于成人.贵州省水田稻米安全种植区划未见严格管控区域,水稻可实现安全种植.     

重庆开州区菜地土壤抗生素污染特征及潜在生态环境风险评估

农田土壤抗生素累积及其导致的生态风险已成为国内外研究的热点.采用调查问卷和实验分析相结合的方式,研究了重庆市开州区菜地土壤中四环素类、磺胺类、喹诺酮类、大环内酯类和氯霉素类这5类抗生素的赋存特征,分析了抗生素含量和土壤理化指标的相关性,并评估其潜在生态环境风险.结果表明,菜地土壤存在抗生素累积,五大类共18种抗生素被检出,且以四环素类和喹诺酮类抗生素为主.喹诺酮类抗生素检出率最高（15.38%~100%）,其中氧氟沙星和诺氟沙星检出率达100%;四环素类抗生素含量最高（0~42.88 μg ·kg^-1）,其中土霉素含量最高为42.88 μg ·kg^-1.菜地土壤中抗生素总量为1.64~233.11μg ·kg^-1;其中,空心菜地（89.73 μg ·kg^-1）>白菜地（32.53 μg ·kg^-1）>辣椒地（32.16 μg ·kg^-1）>西红柿地（32.13 μg ·kg^-1）>黄瓜地（26.46 μg ·kg^-1）>草地（7.32 μg ·kg^-1）.相关性分析结果表明,土壤中总抗生素含量与有机肥施用量呈显著正相关关系（P<0.05）,与土壤pH呈显著负相关关系（P<0.05）;土壤中喹诺酮类和磺胺类抗生素含量和土壤含水量呈显著负相关关系（P<0.05）,而喹诺酮类抗生素含量与土壤速效磷、有机质含量呈显著正相关关系（P<0.05）.潜在生态环境风险评估结果显示：开州区菜地土壤中四环素类和喹诺酮类抗生素具有中度生态风险,其中62%~92%和62%~100%土样的喹诺酮类抗生素对土壤动物和微生物具有潜在毒性.     

广西西江流域土壤镉含量特征及风险评估

为了解广西西江流域土壤Cd含量分布特征及风险,结合土地利用方式进行大规模抽样调查,采集有色金属矿区土壤、农田土壤（水田土壤和旱地土壤）和自然土壤共2512个样品,测试其Cd含量.结果表明,西江流域土壤Cd的背景值为0.514 mg·kg^-1,显著高于前人研究结果（0.148 mg·kg^-1）和广西土壤背景值（0.267 mg·kg^-1）;旱地、水田、矿区土壤Cd含量分别为0.559、0.787、5.71 mg·kg^-1,水田土壤和矿区土壤Cd含量显著高于自然土壤;以西江流域土壤Cd含量背景值和基线值为限定值,超标率分别为51.2%、66.7%、77.8%和35.2%、39.6%、71.4%,矿区土壤和农田土壤都有明显的Cd积累趋势;从土壤Cd空间分布及污染特征来看,西江流域总体土壤Cd含量为0.726 mg·kg^-1,高Cd含量斑块主要集中在西江流域上游河池地区的南丹县、大化县、都安县、环江县和宜州市,以及柳江县、武宣县和象州县等地区,这些地方出现了重度甚至极重度污染、中等-强污染累积程度和高等-极高等潜在生态风险.总体上,广西西江流域上游地区的农业土壤、矿区土壤Cd污染问题突出,属于高Cd风险区域,土壤生态状况不容乐观,这主要与上游矿业密集区的矿业活动和地质高背景Cd有关,长期居住在矿区及周边地区的居民,以及食用这一区域生产的农产品,可能对部分当地居民的健康产生危害.建议进一步通过土壤-植物-人体体系展开镉风险评估,同时采取相应措施以控制风险.     

巯基化蒙脱石用于镉污染农田安全生产的效果及其持久性

为探讨巯基化蒙脱石（TM）实现镉（Cd）污染农田安全生产的效果及其持久性,开展了连续两年共四季田间水稻试验,研究了在Cd高污染（2.46~3.81 mg ·kg^-1）土壤中,仅第一季施用不等量TM后,不再补施对每季水稻各部位Cd含量和土壤有效态Cd含量的影响.结果发现,TM可显著降低水稻各位Cd含量和土壤中有效态Cd含量,且钝化效果持久性明显.按0.5%和1%施用TM后,第一季水稻各部位Cd含量比对照显著降低,糙米ω（Cd）相比对照的0.98 mg ·kg^-1分别降至0.16 mg ·kg^-1和0.08 mg ·kg^-1,降幅各达84.0%和91.9%,含量低于国家标准GB 2762-2017中Cd的限量值0.2 mg ·kg^-1.0.5%和1%处理下连续种植的后续三季水稻糙米基本都达标,Cd含量分别降低了50.2%~67.8%和56.0%~81.6%.0.5%和1%处理下,第一季土壤有效态Cd质量分数从对照的48.4%分别降至27.9%和18.4%,降低了20.5%和29.9%,后续三季分别降低了10.0%~17.1%和12.4%~20.8%,与对照差异显著.土壤中有效态Cd含量与水稻各部位Cd含量之间存在极显著的正相关关系,TM主要通过降低土壤中有效态Cd含量而减少水稻对土壤Cd的吸收累积,从而使水稻各部位Cd含量降低.综合两年效果试验来看,TM抑制水稻吸收土壤中Cd效果显著,且两年内效果持久性良好,可较好地应用于Cd高污染农田安全生产.     

稻田土壤Cd污染与安全种植分区:以重庆市某区为例

水稻对土壤中Cd的富集积累能力强,开展稻田土壤Cd污染与安全种植分区研究对于区域土地有效利用具有重要意义.在重庆市某区22个镇同步采集稻田土壤-水稻样品300套,测定土壤pH、Cd全量和有效态含量、糙米Cd含量,采用地累积指数、生物富集系数和单因子污染指数评价土壤Cd污染状况;结合土壤和糙米Cd污染指数进行水稻安全种植分区.结果表明,研究区稻田土壤总体偏酸性,Cd全量为0.09~1.60 mg ·kg^-1,超过风险筛选值的点位占35.0%;糙米Cd含量为0.002~0.808 mg ·kg^-1,超过食品安全限量值的点位占13.7%.Pearson相关分析表明,糙米Cd含量与土壤Cd全量、有效态Cd含量均呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）.污染评价显示,稻田土壤呈现明显的Cd累积,部分土壤表现为轻-中度污染;糙米对土壤Cd的富集系数为0.004~1.72.研究区稻田土壤总体为安全或基本安全,低风险区在南部、西部和东部均有分布;中高风险区面积较小,主要分散在8个地区.     

田间施用锌肥对小麦籽粒镉累积的影响及施用风险

锌（Zn）和镉（Cd）的交互作用是近年来小麦Cd污染防治的重要研究方向.以华北地区典型小麦田为研究对象,通过田间试验,探究Zn肥对土壤-小麦系统Cd污染的控制效果和施用风险.结果表明,低用量Zn处理下,济源和开封两地小麦籽粒Cd含量均呈下降趋势,与对照相比下降幅度分别为33.4%和25.3%.高用量Zn处理下,两地小麦籽粒Cd含量不降反升,与低用量Zn处理下小麦籽粒Cd含量相比增幅为22.4%和34.2%.施Zn后两地土壤Zn总量和有效态含量均有显著升高,且造成了土壤Cd的部分活化.典型相关分析（CCA）显示,当土壤ω（Zn）小于200 mg ·kg^-1时,土壤Zn是土壤-小麦系统Cd富集的主要影响因子,而当土壤ω（Zn）大于200 mg ·kg^-1时,土壤Cd的活化是影响小麦籽粒Cd富集的主要原因.回归分析显示土壤Cd/Zn降至0.0089时（低用量Zn）,Zn和Cd表现出拮抗效应,土壤Cd/Zn降至0.0078时（高用量Zn）,Zn和Cd表现出协同效应.针对区域Cd污染特征,调整Zn肥用量可以提高污染防治效率并避免加剧Cd污染危害.     

剑湖沉积物、间隙水、鱼体砷汞分布及风险评价

为了解剑湖沉积物、间隙水、鱼体中砷（As）和汞（Hg）含量特征,评价其风险,使用双道原子荧光光度计测定了剑湖表层沉积物、间隙水、鱼体中As和Hg含量,并利用潜在生态风险指数法、目标危险系数法、致癌风险指数等评价了其风险状况.结果表明：①剑湖表层沉积物中As、Hg平均含量分别为（12.62±0.66）mg·kg^-1和（0.050±0.002）mg·kg^-1,As含量呈东高西低的分布特征,Hg含量呈北部高、中南部湖区低的分布特征.剑湖流域内农地对剑湖As含量影响较大,流域煤炭开采与堆积、水泥加工对剑湖Hg含量分布影响较大.②间隙水中As、Hg平均含量分别为（0.64±0.03）μg·L^-1和（0.020±0.001）μg·L^-1,As含量在湖区内呈东高西低的分布特征,Hg含量最高值出现在湖心区.③6种鱼体中As、Hg含量平均值分别为（0.21±0.04）mg·kg^-1和（0.020±0.003）mg·kg^-1,两者分布在食性方面均呈现杂食性>草食性特征,在活动范围上呈底栖 > 中层 > 上层特征.④据相关性分析可知,As、Hg各自在间隙水和表层沉积物中的含量呈显著正相关（r>0.5,p<0.01）,6种鱼体As、Hg含量也呈显著正相关（r=0.92,p<0.05）.⑤沉积物样品中As均为轻微风险,Hg元素除部分样点（19.35%）为中度风险外其余为轻微风险,因此,需要对Hg进行重点防控.剑湖所选食用鱼体目标危险系数值均小于1,表明其不会对人类健康造成潜在非致癌危害;剑湖鱼体As元素存在一定的潜在致癌风险,但尚在人体可接受范围内.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.