Pressure characteristics and dynamic response of coal mine refuge chamber with underground gas explosion

Coal mine refuge chambers are new devices for coal mine safety which can provide basic survival conditions after gas explosion. In order to simulate the propagation of underground methane/air mixture blast wave, and check structural safety of coal mine mobile refuge chamber, an underground tunnel model and a refuge chamber model have been established based on explicit nonlinear dynamic ANSYS/LS-DYNA 970 program. Results show that the reflected wave pressure on the impact surface was about two times higher than that on the incident one. The relationship between the pressure fields of the chamber was analyzed. The maximum pressure of gas explosion reached about 0.71 MPa, and the pulse width was 360 ms. The maximum absolute displacement and stress occurs at the main door center and the connection of stiffeners and the front plate, respectively. The entire coal mine mobile refuge chamber was in elastic state and its strength and stiffness meet the safety requirements. The cabin door, the front plate and the connecting flange at cabin back as well as the stiffeners on each side were the most critical components. Suggestions were put forward for the refuge chamber.     

Experimental study on the feasibility of explosion suppression by vacuum chambers

In view of the invalidity of suppression and isolation apparatus for gas explosion, a closed vacuum chamber structure for explosion suppression with a fragile plane was designed on the base of the suction of vacuum. Using methane as combustible gas, a series of experiments on gas explosion were carried out to check the feasibility of the vacuum chamber suppressing explosion by changing methane concentration and geometric structure of the vacuum chamber. When the vacuum chamber was not connected to the tunnel, detonation would happen in the tunnel at methane volume fraction from 9.3% to 11.5%, with flame propagation velocity exceeding 2000 m/s, maximum peak value overpressure reaching 0.7 MPa, and specific impulse of shock wave running up to 20 kPa s. When the vacuum chamber with 5/34 of the tunnel volume was connected to the flank of the tunnel, gas explosion of the same concentration would greatly weaken with flame propagation velocity declining to about 200 m/s, the quenching distance decreasing to 3/4 of the tunnel length, maximum peak value overpressure running down to 0.1-0.15 MPa and specific impulse of shock wave below 0.9 kPa s. The closer the position accessed to the ignition end, the greater explosion intensity weakened. There was no significant difference between larger section and smaller vacuum chambers in degree of maximum peak value overpressure and specific impulse declining, except that quenching fire effect of the former was superior to the latter. The distance of fire quenching could be improved by increasing the number of the vacuum chambers.     

旬东煤矿井下永久避难硐室构建研究

避难硐室的构建研究对硐室安全避险功能的实现具有重要意义。根据旬东井下人员分布及巷道布置情况,确定利用4-2采煤区现有巷道构建100人规模永久避难硐室;根据巷道尺寸、人均面积及设备体积等,计算得硐室有效宽度为4.6m,高度为3.5m,总长度为63.4m,人均面积为1.2m2;通过气密试验,测定0.135MPa避险区内外压差可达1980Pa;通过分析人员避险需求,确定旬东永久避难硐室生命保障系统由防火防爆系统、密闭缓冲系统、气幕隔绝系统、供氧系统、制冷除湿系统及附属系统组成。     

Research and practice on fluctuation water injection technology at low permeability coal seam

In order to solve the problem of poor affusion effect on low permeability coal seam, the paper analyzes the micro process of the coal seam water infusion in wetting coal and determines the main factors affecting coal seam water infusion. The permeability of the NO.3 coal seam in east working face of Xingcun coal mine by MTS815.03 servo-controlled rock mechanical test system has been tested. Results show that when the peak stress in coal sample specimens reaches 48.53 MPa, permeability ranges from 0.5158 to 2.9576 × 10⁻⁸ Darcy, and it means that the coal seam is low in permeability and difficult in water injection. Based on the characteristics of low permeability and geostress situation, efficient fluctuation water injection technology with permeable agent and relevant process parameters have been designed. The surface tension of the permeable agent developed here is 31.18 m N/m when mass concentration reaches 0.05%. The permeable agent can permeate into 2 cm thick coal layer completely in 10 s, thus improving the wettability of water effectively and the water injection pressure fluctuates between 7 MPa and 25 MPa. The application of the technique in the 3rd coal seam in east working face of Xingcun coal mine shows not only single-arch injection experienced a significant increase on average, from no more than 10 m³ to 63.3886 m³, but also the effect of dust fall, cooling and rock burst prevention is remarkable.     

扩展卡尔曼滤波算法在矿用救生舱舱内气体浓度测控中的应用

为有效控制矿用移动式救生舱内气体浓度,确保救生舱内环境质量,保障舱内人员生命安全;根据《煤矿井下紧急避险系统建设管理暂行规定》的指标要求,采用扩展卡尔曼滤波方法对救生舱舱内气体参数的变化过程进行辨识,得出舱内气体浓度的状态空间模型,并应用迭代优化控制方法对气体浓度进行控制调节;在矿用救生舱模型和现场样机中分别进行了模拟和现场试验。结果表明,测控系统能有效控制救生舱舱内气体浓度进行,满足各项指标要求,且具有较好的鲁棒性。     

Underground mine Refuge Chamber Expectations Training: Program development and evaluation

Refuge chambers are new devices for underground coal mines that provide approximately 96 h of breathable air, water, food, and supplies in the event of an emergency where miners are unable to escape. Researchers at the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) developed a training program to prepare miners for what to expect psychologically and physiologically inside of a refuge chamber. The field tests of this training revealed that it was received very positively by miners and helped impart realistic views about the physical discomforts and psychological stresses of being inside a refuge chamber.     

国外矿用应急救生舱技术现状

在南非、澳大利亚等矿业发达国家,应急避难室(救生舱)是一种重要的井下应急救援装备,用于在矿井事故发生后保护被困矿工,等待救援。本文对国外现有救生舱产品进行了深入的调研,对救生舱内氧气供应、有害气体去除、空气调节、环境监测、动力供应、附属装备等各主要系统的运行原理和技术指标进行了详细介绍,为分析国外救生舱技术研究现状和研发我国矿井救生舱产品提供参数依据和指导。     

救生舱水密及承压性能数值模拟与试验研究

透水事故是井下常发灾害之一。为满足井下紧急避险要求,救生舱不仅要具备持续耐高水压的能力,而且还需保持良好的水密性。为了检验救水舱的水密及承压性能,应用ANSYS模拟软件对舱体应力变化进行了数值模拟,确定了舱体应力值可能偏大的区域,进而选定了现场试验应变监测点;通过水压试验中心现场试验,制定详细升压方案,观察及分析试验现场和试验应变数据。实验结果表明,救生舱在外界水压达到3MPa的情况下,舱体未发生渗漏及明显变形,救生舱水密及承压性能良好。     

矿井避难硐室研究与设计

基于井下发生瓦斯、煤尘事故时,人员伤亡的75％是由于有害气体中毒而死亡,而井下自救器又无法提供长时间的氧气供应这一事实。本文提出了建立井下避难硐室的基本要求,从通风、供氧、防火、供电等12个方面做出了设计,因此建立井下避难硐室,对于爆炸事故的幸存者来说,就是一个通向求生道路的中转加油站。     

Influence of super-absorbent polymer on the growth rate of gas hydrate

The growth rate of hydrate and morphology of methane hydrate formation were studied in a visual pressure cell at 5.5 MPa. The gas hydrate formation was carried out (coal mine methane (CMM) + tetrahydrofuran (THF) + sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) + H₂O) with and without SAP. Experimental data on the hydrate growth rate and induction time were obtained for three different CMM samples. The influence of SAP on hydrate growth rate was determined. Results showed that after the addition of SAP, with the methane concentration increased in CMM, the induction time was reduced by 9 min, 10 min and 3 min, and the growth rate was shortened by 0.56 × 10⁻⁶/m³ min⁻¹, 0.53 × 10⁻⁶/m³ min⁻¹ and 1.42 × 10⁻⁶/m³ min⁻¹, respectively. This study could be useful for the recovery of methane from CMM by forming hydrate in the chemical and mining industry.     

避难硐室气体防毒安全性研究

为研究灾变时期井下避难硐室进出口有毒气体CO入侵弥散问题,基于等效原理,利用Gambit软件建立地面钻孔正压通风避难硐室物理模型和开门状态下有毒气体进入避难硐室的流体力学原理及气体弥散数学模型,并利用Fluent软件模拟钻孔压风量与室内CO浓度变化关系,提出在避难硐室的隔离门前加装门衬的办法,使避难人员穿过避难硐室门时...     

预掘回撤通道末采围岩破坏机制研究

为保证工作面安全高效回撤,通过理论分析及现场观测法,研究综采工作面末采期间回撤通道围岩应力分布及破坏特征,提出垛架支撑力控制顶板围岩破坏机制及方法,得到垛架最小支撑力计算方法.结果表明:回撤通道围岩集中应力与工作面前方支承压力逐步叠加,导致剩余煤柱由两侧向中部逐渐破坏,当两侧破坏区连通时,煤柱上方直接顶跨距增加为原来的...     

Study on difference of outburst elimination effect between sub-layers of soft coal and hard coal under the condition of gas per-drainage

The effect of drainage and outburst elimination are obviously different between soft and hard coal sub-layers under per-drainage of coal seam, and hence, the location of per-drainage borehole related to the soft sub-layer is the key that determines whether the outburst can be eliminated in whole coal seam. This paper discusses the differences between soft and hard coal from fields of pore radius distribution, pore structure, surface area and permeability, and the per-drainage effect was numerical simulated under different distance between per-drainage hole and soft sub-layer. Moreover, the optimum hole arrangement of outburst elimination is given in the paper. The result of research shows that the macro-pore with aperture that is larger than 50,000 nm, is dominant at about 50% in hard coal, correspondingly, the micro-pore with aperture less than 100 nm accounts for about 41.23% in soft coal. The surface area of soft coal is 1.6 times as that of hard coal. The residual gas content in soft coal sub-layer is obviously more than it in hard coal sub-layer under the same pre-drainage condition. To 5.5 m-thick coal seams which top is a soft coal sub-layer of 0.5 m-thick, pre-drainage gas can eliminate danger of gas outburst in whole coal seam at the seam time after 455 days drainage when the per-drainage holes are 1.0 m distances from the soft coal sub-layer.     

胶囊粘液封孔器在测定煤层高瓦斯 压力时失效成因分析

针对采用胶囊粘液封孔器在测定煤层高瓦斯压力过程中,容易出现胶囊被顶出或密封失效等情况,根据多次实践经验,建立了封孔器与瓦斯室、岩石孔壁间整个密封系统的力学平衡方程,分析了胶囊被顶出的原因;通过假设建立了高压瓦斯气体侵入微孔隙模型,给出了泄漏气体侵入时的流量微分方程,并从能量角度分析了气体侵入和逸出微孔隙过程;建立了封孔系统内高压瓦斯在粘液中的扩散、溶解、析出物理模型,从理论上分析这种装置密封高压气体失效机制。通过多次对比现场实验,给出了采用该装置测压时的安全可信值范围,当煤层瓦斯压力超过3MPa时,最好采用传统封孔工艺进行测定。     

抓重点抓深化加快推进煤矿"六大系统"建设——访国家安全监管总局副局长、国家煤矿安全监察局局长赵铁锤

建设完善煤矿井下安全避险＂六大系统＂是为了构建煤矿事前＂防灾＂、事中＂避灾＂和事后＂减灾＂的全过程安全保障体系。国家安全监管总局副局长、国家煤矿安全监察局局长赵铁锤在接受采访中,全面介绍了我国煤矿井下安全避险＂六大系统＂建设进展、取得的经验及完善要求。     

基于应急避难空间的矿山安全防护体系研究

提出以应急避难空间为基础的煤矿新型安全防护体系,通过在井下布置救生舱、避难所与矿井各系统结合形成救援网络,可在煤矿事故中为被困作业人员提供应急避难空间避难,降低煤矿事故死亡率。提出了救生舱、避难所在矿井中的基本布置原则,并以山西某煤矿为实例进行安全体系建设研究,指出避难室、救生舱在矿井实际条件中的设置原则和方法,以及新型安全防护体系的发展方向,为我国煤矿新型安全防护体系构建提出指导性依据。     

Stability and deformation of surrounding rock in pillarless gob-side entry retaining

We analyzed the stability of the retained gob-side entry in four different Chinese coal mining sites and evaluated the influencing factors of roadway deformation such as mining depth, support strength and area of gob-side hanging roof. It was found that the length of cantilever roof block above roadway has a major impact on the deformation, whereas the impact of mining depth is minor if the depth is less than 500 m. Minimum support resistance of 0.3 MPa is essential to effectively confine the deformation of a retained roadway. We performed physical experiments to further study the features of roof fracturing and their impact on roadway deformation under three typical immediate roof conditions, i.e., thick-immediate roof, thin-immediate roof and non-immediate roof. In addition, equations to calculate desired support resistance of filled gob-side wall were derived based on superimposed continuous laminate model. The results provide valuable theoretical and practical guidance for implementing pillarless gob-side entry retaining in engineering practices.     

救生舱高温环境的传热研究

为提高救生舱热防护能力,延长救援时间,在空载状态下救生舱热载荷研究的基础上,提出救援状态下救生舱外部传热热负荷的量化方法。已知救援状态下救生舱内、外温度随时间变化曲线,拟合温度函数。依据温度变化特点划分区间,积分求取各区间上温度平均值,计算温差,由传热方程计算救援状态下救生舱的热载荷。以某型号救生舱载人综合防护试验为例,根据模拟灾变环境的温度变化特点,运用该方法计算最高温度与常态温度下外部高温空气向舱体及其内部空间传热的热载荷,得到救生舱的总热负荷,外部传热最大传热功率及救生舱热载荷负荷范围。     

煤与瓦斯突出两相流传播特性实验研究*

为了探究煤与瓦斯突出后煤粉-瓦斯两相流传播规律,利用自主搭建的煤与瓦斯突出管网实验系统,研究突出后冲击气流压力衰减规律、煤粉运移分布特征。结果表明:在初始压力为0.4 MPa时共突出煤粉3.12 kg,管道内煤粉质量呈正态分布,管道前部煤粉分布较少,占突出煤粉质量33.7%,多为小粒径煤粉;管道中部煤粉分布最多,占突出煤粉质量61%,粒径分布范围广;后部煤粉分布质量最小,仅占突出煤粉质量的5.3%,但多为大颗粒粒径煤粉。煤粉在管道内测点处依次为分层流、均匀流、大颗粒流3种流态,每种流动形态所对应的运移速度与煤粉打击压力均呈现逐渐衰减的规律。突出后冲击气流压力沿管道呈现衰减趋势,冲击气流对管道内所造成的压力扰动可持续 4 s左右。     

Differences in physical properties and CO2 gasification reactivity between coal char and petroleum coke

This paper mainly investigated the physical properties and gasification reactivity of coal char and petroleum coke, separately at the high temperature pyrolysis (950–1400 °C) with slow heating rate and pyrolysis pressure of the atmospheric pressure and at the pressurized pyrolysis (the atmospheric pressure to 3 MPa) with rapid heating rate and the pyrolysis temperature of 950 °C. Some significant differences in those between coal chars and petroleum coke were found. The high temperature pyrolysis caused more easily the graphitization of petroleum coke than that of coal char, especially in the higher temperature range. The increasing pyrolysis temperature resulted in the decrease of surface areas of coal char and the increase of surface areas of petroleum coke. As the pyrolysis pressure was elevated from the atmospheric pressure to 3 MPa, surface areas of petroleum coke initially increased and then decreased, while those of coal chars presented an opposite tendency. The increasing pyrolysis temperature was adverse to the gasification activity of coal chars and was favorable for the gasification activity of petroleum coke. Also, the effects of the pyrolysis pressure on the gasification activity of coal char and petroleum coke were significantly different. The gasification activity of petroleum coke was obviously lower than that of coal chars, and even lower than that of the natural graphite.