Availability organisational analysis: Is it a hazard for safety?

This main issue of this article analyses the possible way to use for availability improvement, the organisational analysis methodology initially developed for accident safety investigations. As the last decade examples in the industrial world prove that some organisational weaknesses could either impact safety or availability, we have for purpose to make some important clarifications, with the help of the organisational paradigm, and grounded on our knowledge of safety accidents or local inquiries in hazardous technical complex systems.We will first give our definition of an availability event, by comparison with a safety event and recall what is for us an organisational analysis. Then we will consider the safety organisational paradigm pathogenic factors in wondering if these factors could also be seen as pathogenic factors for availability; or if specific availability pathogenic factors can be inferred from these safety pathogenic factors.In the end we will try to assess the common points and the differences between an availability oriented organisational analysis and a safety oriented one, with a particular attention to possible negative follows-up on safety issues and to the methodology issue.     

Development of a three-year-old child FE model

OBJECTIVE: Child crash dummies are conventionally used for safety performance evaluations of the child restraint system (CRS) in vehicle crash tests. To investigate injuries to various body regions of a child in detail, mathematical models are useful, and provide information that cannot be analyzed by crash dummies. Therefore, in the present research, a finite element (FE) model of a 3-year-old child has been developed by model-based scaling from the AM50 human FE model, THUMS (Total HUman body for Safety). METHODS: The dimensions of each body region were based on the anthropometry data of United States children, and material properties of child bone were estimated from data reported in the literature. Neck flexion, thorax impact responses, and torso flexion were validated against the response corridor of the 3-year-old Hybrid III dummy in calibration tests. A test of lap belt loading to the abdomen was also conducted. FE models of two different types of CRS, a 5-point harness and a tray shield CRS, were also made, and ECE R44 sled impact test simulations were conducted using the child FE model. RESULTS: The characteristics of the child FE model proved to be close to the Hybrid III and child volunteer corridor. In the ECE R44 sled test simulations using the child FE model, the head movement down and head rotation were large in the 5-point harness CRS, and chest deflection was large in the tray shield CRS. In both CRS types, the whole spine flexed in the child FE model. This behavior is different from that of the Hybrid III, where the thorax spine is stiff and only the cervical spine and lumbar spine flex. CONCLUSIONS: Although this child FE model has several limitations in areas such as the anatomical shapes and material properties of a child, this model can be a useful tool to examine the behavior of a child in impacts, which may be difficult to predict by using the Hybrid III dummy with its stiff thorax spine box.     

安全投资经济分析与效益评价

安全投资分析的目的是实现必要的安全功能,减少损失,保障企业的生产安全,以便集中投资,获取最大的安全效益。笔者给出了安全效益的新定义,以安全价值和边际效益分析为基础,结合企业安全生产实际,采用FTA法,分析安全所具有的功能与所耗成本的关系。揭示安全投入在生产经营活动中的作用,发现和消除不必要的安全投入,提高安全资金的利用率,以便优选安全措施方案和确定安全投资的方向,选择最优经济投入方案。运用数学方法,分析在多种生产要素限制条件下,安全投资对社会和其他方面影响的最优化问题。采用技术经济方法,评价净现值、内部收益率和投资回收期各指标是否符合设定值,确保安全投资项目的可行性,以利于人们对安全投入的认识,强化企业安全投入工作。     

What can be learned from incidents in chemistry labs

Students of chemistry should achieve certain safety competencies. Among other things they should be able to learn from undesirable events that happen during their work. In order to facilitate this we decided to analyze, together with our students, the specific causes of a few undesirable events which have happened in our school laboratories. We applied an approach based on root cause analysis and on the classification of four levels of safety assurance. Our examples showed the effectiveness of this approach, leading us at once not only to the identification of errors committed by students, but to those of teachers as well. This enabled us to compile a set of recommendations for the possible prevention of such incidents. Above all, our analysis strongly reinforced the conviction that this approach – learning from actual incidents – is more than just a cause analysis technique. It is a pattern of behavior, a cultural pattern. A technique may be analyzed and taught, but the most effective way to pass on a behavioral pattern is to set an example. The best way to show students how to learn from their own errors is for teachers to demonstrate how they have learned from their own experiences. Work in chemistry labs provides ample opportunities for this.     

Leadership and employees’ perceived safety behaviours in a nuclear power plant: A structural equation model

Leadership is considered an essential element in guaranteeing the safe running of organizations. The purpose of the present study is to find out how leader behaviours influence employees’ safety behaviours (perceived safety behaviours) in the nuclear field. In an attempt to answer this question, the authors of this research have considered the way this influence is exercised, taking into consideration some important factors like safety culture and safety climate. To achieve this, the empowerment leadership model, based on a behavioural approach to leadership, was used. The sample was made up of 566 employees from a Spanish nuclear power plant. The results indicated that when safety culture was strong, leader behaviour generated a higher safety climate among the members, which predicted their perceived safety behaviours. Support was found for a structural model linking leadership and safety behaviour to safety culture and safety climate. The implications of these findings for the theory of safety and the way they can be put into practice are outlined.     

金属矿山安全管理与信息化技术

信息化技术与传统产业的紧密结合,可实现传统产业快速发展.信息化技术对矿山安全也发挥了重要的作用.详细论述了金属非金属矿山的安全生产现状,矿山安全灾害种类和矿山安全信息化技术,指出信息化技术的应用是解决矿山安全问题的一个重要途径.     

加强生产领域公共安全监管问题的思考

对生产领域公共安全及其综合监督管理,是当前安全生产管理工作亟待研究和解决的问题.本文从公共安全、生产领域公共安全、职业安全的内涵关系入手,分析了生产领域公共安全监管存在的突出问题,从综合监管的体制和机制的层面上,在基本思路、法律制度、工作体系、统计制度和监管手段等方面,提出了加强生产领域公共安全监管的措施建议,并作了一些思考和探索.     

中海石油企业安全文化建设

企业安全文化建设既是中海石油自身持续、稳定发展的客观需要 ,也是新形势下企业内、外部环境变化的客观要求。通过不断完善企业安全文化系统工程及其管理体系 ,将安全生产工作提高到文化的高度去认识 ,依靠安全文化的潜移默化作用 ,提高全体员工的安全意识和整体安全文化素质 ,让“我要安全”、“我会安全”贯穿于生产经营活动的所有时空、每一个环节 ,树立“以人为本的绿色能源生产企业”的良好社会形象 ,大力推广“本质安全化”理念 ,增强企业的抗风险能力和竞争能力     

An integrated framework of safety performance evaluation for oil and gas production plants: Application to a petroleum transportation station

Safety performance evaluation is a significant way to ensure the safety of oil and gas production plants. Various evaluation methods have been proposed to make safety evaluation more consistent and scientific. However, a major concern is that many existing safety evaluation measurements are still subjective and are not easy to obtain in a uniform way, which can be attributed to the challenges that process plants faced such as people having different knowledge levels, equipment with dispersed locations and management with many processes. This paper aims to display the impact of risk factors on system safety level in a succinct and visual way that may be expected to overcome subjective opinions from experts and provide a more pertinent and practical safety strategies. To this end, an integrated framework is developed, which considers crucial risk factors from pipeline, static equipment, dynamic equipment and management. First, Fault tree analysis (FTA) is used to explicitly determine the crucial r risk factors. Then, a novel fuzzy cognitive map cooperating with relative degree analysis model (FCM-RDA) is proposed to deal with the weigh distribution opinions. Finally, considering the oil and gas production process is a complex system, a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation (FCE) is employed to calculate the overall safety level.     

电力突发事件综合风险定量分析技术研究

电力突发事件风险分析对电力安全运行至关重要。为进一步降低电力突发事件对电网正常运行带来的影响,本文根据近年来电力行业发生的大量突发事件相关数据,提取典型电力突发事件类型及关键要素,运用风险定量分析法,建立多要素电力典型突发事件综合风险计算模型。结果表明:该方法不仅得到了电力行业多种典型突发事件的综合风险量化分值,而且可以最终以图表的形式直观地反应出多种典型突发事件对电力安全运行的影响程度,为预防电力突发事件以及提升电力应急处置能力提供了一种新途径。     

安全文化分析及其发展

安全文化通常用于描述如何在工作场所对安全进行管理,通常表现为员工对安全的态度、信任、观念、和价值标准等。通过分析事故原因,证实在诸如工艺、设备等一系列硬件条件对安全生产起决定性作用的因素之外,安全文化作为安全生产的重要组成部分,在安全生产过程中起决定性作用。这一认知在切尔诺贝利核电站事故等一系列国内外的安全生产事故的回顾和调查中逐渐清晰并为人所接受。通过安全文化概念的发展,对比各种安全文化定义的阐释,分析安全文化所包含的特征要素,论述安全文化的重要性并展示其复杂性。在分析安全文化评价方法的基础上对安全文化评价方法融入安全评价的可能做出展望,为进一步的安全文化评价研究提供参考。     

裂纹宽度对分步压装装药撞击安全性的影响

针对装药裂纹与装药密度不均匀两个因素耦合作用下分步压装装药撞击安全性缺乏系统研究的问题,利用大型落锤加载装置对具有不同裂纹宽度的分步压装药柱进行了撞击加载试验,并分析了试验前、后药柱内部应力和密度分布状态的变化规律,讨论了裂纹宽度对分步压装装药撞击安全性的影响机制。结果表明:当裂纹宽度小于1.0 mm时,带裂纹分步压装药柱的撞击安全性均优于无裂纹药柱;但当裂纹宽度达到1.5 mm时,其撞击安全性明显降低。这主要是因为在撞击加载条件下,当裂纹未扩展时,裂纹区域的闭合过程能够吸收部分落锤撞击能量,减弱炸药颗粒径向流动趋势,进而降低"热点"形成的几率;而当裂纹发生扩展时,在裂纹扩展区域极易引发"热点"形成,使分步压装药柱的撞击安全性降低。可见,随裂纹宽增大,分步压装装药中裂纹所起的主要作用发生变化,从而导致装药的响应结果不同。     

基于煤矿安全生产监督研究的博弈分析

对安全生产监督脆弱是造成我国企业安全生产状况十分严峻的重要原因,必须采取相应的措施予以解决。笔者从博弈的视角出发,应用博弈论的相关理论分析现有体制和制度框架下我国企业安全生产的监督效果,提出了一些解决的措施。笔者认为,要改善我国企业安全生产状况的根本出路在于制度创新和激励监督者的“努力”行为。必须实施制度创新,充分提高企业职工自觉进行安全监督的积极性;加重对“违规”行为的处罚力度,只能在短期内减少其“违规”的概率,而不会消除或降低“违规”行为的发生。正确的做法应该是从长远看,加强对监督者“努力”行为的激励力度,才能消除或降低“违规”行为的发生。     

国内《安全系统工程》教材的评述与展望

《安全系统工程》教材高质量编写和出版对高级安全人才的安全系统理论与实践水平的培养具有重要意义。本文首先对国内30多年来出版的《安全系统工程》教材内容进行分析,评述现有《安全系统工程》教材存在的问题和不足,并提出建议对策;然后,从安全系统工程的基础术语和《安全系统工程》新教材的提纲2方面对新教材的编写提出展望。研究表明:安全系统工程新教材编写需要充分体现系统工程思想及其基础理论、内容需要不断更新并与国际接轨,这样的教材才能对安全系统工程的教学和科研更具参考价值。     

基于“流变-突变”理论的安全投入决策

运用"流变-突变"理论分析煤矿安全投入的效果,发现其随着时间的推移也表现出"安全流变-突变"的特征。笔者指出,安全投入应该是持续的、不断进行的,不能靠期初一次性安全投入解决,而且后续安全投入应该选择在最佳时段(即不安全度加速发展阶段)进行,最晚不能超过安全突变的预警点,这样才能使系统的安全流变阶段能够尽量延长,从而最大限度地发挥所有安全投入的效果,缓解我国煤矿安全投入需求增长与安全投入不足的矛盾。     

高速磁浮铁路轨道梁振动分析及控制研究

磁浮车辆系统动力学的研究 ,直接影响到磁浮列车安全行车、运行平稳性、线路设计及系统造价。以德国Transrapid高速磁浮铁路系统为基础 ,笔者采用动力有限元和耦合振动理论 ,建立了高速磁浮车辆 -轨道梁动力学模型 ,通过仿真计算后 ,得到了系统动力响应特征 ,为磁浮车辆平稳运行及高架线路优化设计 ,提供了理论依据。在此基础上 ,为保证运行安全 ,又对轨道梁设计提出了建议并给出了降低振动的措施。     

Accident prevention in SME using ORM

The occupational risk model (ORM) developed by the Dutch workgroup occupational risk model WORM has been transferred to a Danish context, with the aim of creating a more simple system, particularly for SMEs. The ORM identifies the activities in a person’s daily work that contribute most to the person’s risk and also identifies which conditions need to be changed in order to reduce that risk. Our investigation seeks to determine whether we can use the ORM method to collect information about risks in SMEs and, if so, whether we can present this information in a way that allows SMEs to use it constructively. Finally, we seek to evaluate the impact of this method on occupational safety in SMEs, as the project also focuses on management factors that can motivate the SMEs to heighten their risk-awareness and expand their own initiatives. The present paper describes the methodological approaches applied and some of the preliminary findings obtained during field observations.     

指数法在安全评价中的应用

针对目前安全评价中对环境方面的评价没有成形的安全分析和预测方法的问题，介绍了已有的环境影响综合评价方法及分析优势，提出了在安全评价过程中可以结合现场检测数据并充分利用环评程序中的指数法。并以此方法对炼油系统部分装置的综合危害级别进行了分析，使安全现状评价和分析具有比较理想的效果。     

北京市危险化学品企业安全生产风险评估分级研究

为对北京市危化品企业基本情况的全面掌握,开展了危险化学品企业安全生产风险评估分级研究,借鉴国外经验和国内有关科研成果,提出了固有风险和动态风险相结合的危化品安全生产风险评估方法。固有风险为企业的基本风险水平,主要由危险化学品物质量、工艺水平、安全监控和周边环境决定,为共性指标;动态风险,反映企业安全生产管理绩效的水平,主要包括安全基础管理和现场管理,为个性指标,不同企业类型,评估动态风险指标有差异。从大量数据中抽取了最能反应企业安全生产状态的指标因素,通过专家组打分法和层次分析法确定评价因素的权重,该评估方法具有较强的实用性和可操作性,是本质安全和安全绩效的创新结合,为企业安全生产评估分级提供了新思路。通过分级,按照"风险优先"原则,政府部门实行差别监管,降低安全监管成本,促进危险化学品安全生产工作向规范化、科学化转变。同时,研制了危化品企业安全生产风险分级系统,为建立北京市危化品企业风险分级数据库奠定了基础。