以某铁路为例探讨铁路噪声监测结果及防治建议

通过对一条既有铁路改扩建工程的铁路外侧轨中心线30m处及距铁路外轨中心线65m以内敏感点的噪声监测与分析,结果表明,距离的远近是影响噪声值大小的关键因素,但不是唯一因素。针对此,从噪声源、传播途径及接受者等方面提出了一些防治措施。     

Using an expanded Safety Failure Event Network to analyze railway dangerous goods transportation system risk-accident

In order to improve the reliability and safety of railway dangerous goods transportation system (RDGTS), and prevent the similar accidents happened again, an easier operated, dynamic, systemic and quantitative approach called expanded Safety Failure Event Network (SFEN) is proposed to analyze the past typical RDGTS accidents. The expanded SFEN focuses on transfer the traditional safety occurrence process into a visible Accident Analysis Network (AAN) platform. To improve the previous SFEN approach, the risk factors categories are expanded including Human actions, Technical failure, Nature of transported goods, Environment factors, Management failure and External factors of the system. An AAN is established by using the risk factors as the nodes and using the interactions among these risk factors as the edges, the RDGTS risk analysis problem is transferred into a quantitative network structure analysis problem from a network perspective. After that, based on the AAN, TouchGraph and NetMiner are applied to calculate and rank the centrality degree of each sub-risk factor (or sub-heading) in a network. A RDGTS accident happened in 2001 is analyzed, the results show that TouchGraph and NetMiner can present the same interactions and importance of sub-risk factors (or sub-headings) through visible circle images in the platform, NetMiner is more digital because the results can be presented as the centrality degree values. The greatest contributed sub-risk factors are Equipment maintenance failure and Railway inspection agency failure, followed by cargo packaging problems, illegal entrainment problem. Misbehaves of the freight inspector with centrality degree 0.523810 shows that this sub-heading has the greatest contribution to the accident.     

单洞双线铁路隧道火灾人员疏散安全性分析

为了分析单洞双线铁路隧道火灾人员疏散安全性，基于单洞双线铁路隧道结构特点，分析不同火灾场景下人员疏散模式，利用火灾动力学模拟软件FDS，建立隧道火灾模型，分别研究火源位于车头和列车中部车厢内时可用安全疏散时间。利用Pathfinder软件，模拟人员折返路线与不同疏散口间距下人员疏散过程，分析必需安全疏散时间及其影响因素。研究结果表明:隧道发生火灾时，人员可用安全疏散时间与火源位置有关，必需安全疏散时间受疏散总人数、疏散口选择、疏散口间距等因素影响很大。在设计隧道疏散系统时，可通过减小疏散口间距和设置明显的疏散设施指示标识，减少人员疏散所用时间。     

2014—2018年铁路辖区职工癌胚抗原检测结果与分析

为了解某铁路辖区职工癌胚抗原异常情况,探讨该人群癌胚抗原异常检测结果的影响因素,以提出防控策略,采用全自动电化学发光仪对2014—2018年铁路辖区职工的癌胚抗原进行测定,共检测159 214份。结果表明,癌胚抗原异常率12.1%,56～60岁人群癌胚抗原异常率最高、为14.5%,男性职工癌胚抗原异常率高于女性,血糖偏高人群癌胚抗原异常率为16.5%。最后提出应进一步重视检测结果,充分利用铁路现有卫生资源,采取健康体检、健康宣传、健康休养、健康管理的防控手段。     

基础弹性刚度变化对铁路简支梁桥地震响应的影响研究

以某特大铁路简支梁桥为例 ,考虑m值变化对基础弹性刚度的影响 ,笔者建立了铁路简支梁桥单墩有限元计算分析模型 ;运用大型通用软件ANSYS ,采用时程分析方法 ,对不同地震输入激励条件下的桥墩动力响应进行计算研究 ;研究结果表明 ,m值变化引起的基础竖向刚度的变化对桥梁结构地震响应的影响较大。笔者的研究成果为硬土质基础的铁路简支梁桥的抗震安全设计 ,提供了重要参考。     

Method to assess and optimise dependability of complex macro-systems: Application to a railway signalling system

Achieving a high degree of dependability in complex macro-systems is challenging. Because of the large number of components and numerous independent teams involved, an overview of the global system performance is usually lacking to support both design and operation adequately.A functional failure mode, effects and criticality analysis (FMECA) approach is proposed to address the dependability optimisation of large and complex systems. The basic inductive model FMECA has been enriched to include considerations such as operational procedures, alarm systems, environmental and human factors, as well as operation in degraded mode. Its implementation on a commercial software tool allows an active linking between the functional layers of the system and facilitates data processing and retrieval, which enables to contribute actively to the system optimisation.The proposed methodology has been applied to optimise dependability in a railway signalling system. Signalling systems are typical example of large complex systems made of multiple hierarchical layers. The proposed approach appears appropriate to assess the global risk- and availability-level of the system as well as to identify its vulnerabilities. This enriched-FMECA approach enables to overcome some of the limitations and pitfalls previously reported with classical FMECA approaches.     

Trespassing on the tracks: a review of railway pedestrian safety research

INTRODUCTION: Train-pedestrian collisions have been shown to be the leading cause of fatality in train-related accidents worldwide, yet there is remarkably little research in this area. METHOD: In this paper, the major types of railway transportation accident research are briefly highlighted to indicate the general context of research concerning train-pedestrian collisions, which are then reviewed. Themes emerging from the diverse research are identified, the various strategies that have been proposed for prevention of railway pedestrian accidents are discussed, and the empirical evidence for their efficacy examined in the light of the much more extensive literature on road pedestrian accidents. Finally, it is proposed that application of current theory in behavioral and cognitive psychology may usefully inform future research in transportation safety.     

铁路货车制造企业焊接烟尘治理探讨

为改善焊接作业环境、保护职工健康,基于某铁路货车企业的生产工艺和焊接烟尘治理难点,从完善焊接烟尘治理技术方案、优化焊接方法和焊接结构、改造厂房加强换气通风等方面总结治理措施,提出了焊接烟尘综合治理的新方向,即融入绿色设计思维、提高工艺制造水平、结合智能制造和采取综合治理方案.     

城市轨道交通站台噪声测量研究

为研究城市轨道交通高架和地下站台噪声的规律和特点,选取某条线路中的3个高架站台以及3条线路中的7个地下站台进行实地测量,并对测量结果进行分析。研究结果表明:地下站台LAeq值都低于标准限值80 dB(A);站台的中心测点列车进站LAeq值和列车出站LAeq值都非常接近,使用T检验结果得出各站台中心测点列车进站LAeq值和列车出站LAeq值不存在显著差异（P>0.05）;站台测量时要考虑大客流带来的喧闹声;站台最大噪声值是列车出站时,位于站台列车车头停止位置。     

基于Matlab的铁路环境噪声预测软件设计

为了提高铁路环境噪声的预测计算效率,设计基于Matlab的铁路噪声预测算法与数据处理软件。在阐述软件的系统建模、软件编程和图形界面设计的基础上,对软件实现所采用的关键技术进行说明,即铁路线路信息、敏感点信息数据的输入输出及敏感点环境噪声、振动的预测计算。     

基于改进ISM-FRAM铁路运输事故致因分析*

为提高功能共振(FRAM)在铁路运输系统事故致因分析方面清晰度和完整性,提出新增环境模块的改进FRAM模型,刻画环境功能模块与其它功能模块交互耦合作用;通过引入解释结构模型(ISM),划分事故致因分析网络结构层次,分别计算分析网络层级重要度和功能模块结构重要度,并采用改进区间值犹豫模糊熵定量计算功能可变性和耦合损失度。结果表明:新增环境功能模块能有效分析与其它功能模块交互耦合作用,保证FRAM分析完整性;ISM-FRAM模型建立清晰事故层次结构,有助于理清事故致因;功能可变性和耦合损失度弥补FRAM风险评估定量分析不足,为功能屏障设置提供依据。     

The development of a movement-density relationship for people going on four in evacuation

Occupant movement in evacuation models has been simulated and predicted based on a number of variables, including crowd density. This study investigates the relationship between crowd density and occupant crawling movement, as a physical response to environmental conditions in fire. It is an attempt to generate the fundamental speed-density relationship that has been developed for walking movement. This is conducted by examining the impact of population size and exit access width on crowd walking and crawling speeds on a flat surface. The findings of the study suggest that exit access width has a significant impact, whereas occupant configuration (population size) plays less of a factor. The results further demonstrate that there is a significant difference in the crawling speed given the exit access width available, due to the secondary effect of crowd density. The relationship between crowd crawling speed and density is best represented by a quadratic regression model. The study concludes with the need to continuously develop new predictive movement methods, or enhance existing ones in order to cope with the level of detail required to ensure occupant safety and model complexity.     

单线铁路的天窗开设与运输组织问题研究

铁路天窗的开设属于运输组织的重要部分.采用大型养路机械开设综合维修天窗已成为铁路设备养护维修作业的主要发展趋势.综合维修天窗是铁路线路、供电、信号等部门为生产设备大、中修及维修施工作业等在列车运行图中规定的时间段.在运能紧张的单线铁路上,如何安排这个时间段来协调运输与施工之间的矛盾,是值得深入研究的问题.通过分析单线铁路的运输组织特点,天窗开设方式对线路通过能力的影响及合理"天窗"时间的设置,得出单线铁路在现行运输组织方案下开设180min夜间垂直天窗进行施工是合理的.     

铁路取弃土场生态恢复调查分析

选择我国不同地域6条铁路,现场调查铁路取土、弃土(渣)场的使用及恢复情况,从取弃土场的占地面积及类型、取土量、弃土量等方面分析了其利用现状,并对植被恢复效果和难易程度进行了讨论。调查表明:北方平原区、荒漠区铁路的取土量较多,南部丘陵区的弃土(渣)场及弃渣量较多。从恢复效率和程度看,南部地区植被恢复相对容易且在1年内可以恢复到较好程度,但植被恢复不到位,较易发生水土流失等次生灾害;东北、华北地区植被恢复2年左右可以恢复至良好程度;西北地区植被恢复需求较小;对于部分高原地区,海拔越低、降雨越多,恢复越好,但部分地区降雨量是生态恢复的首要制约因子,保水措施是这类地区生态恢复的重点。     

一种基于认知过程分析的人因失误辨识方法——应用于高速铁路列车调度系统

通过总结既有的人因失误分类方法,对主要分类方法的优缺点和适用性进行了评述。既有的人因失误分类方法主要侧重于人因事故分析,在对人的认知过程四阶段尤其是计划决策阶段的失误模式进行主动辨识具有较大的困难。通过综合认知行为四阶段模型和技能型-规则型-知识型行为理论(SRK理论),建立了高铁列车调度指挥认知行为SRK模型。以认知行为SRK模型为基础,提出一种新的人因失误分类方法用以人因失误辨识。以高铁列车调度指挥临时限速为任务背景,进行实际的人因失误辨识工作,并给出了详细的辨识结果。通过对列车调度员的访谈,辨识结果全面覆盖了临时限速时可能出现的人因失误类型,验证了方法的实用性。     

配电线路补偿的安全性探讨

文章通过对我国地区10kV及以下配电线路无功补偿的现状,并结合有关数据,对配电线路无功补偿的必要性、补偿位置选择进行了分析。提出提高中、低压配电网功率因数,能够稳定提高线路电路输送能力和供电质量,并且能够大大降低线路损耗,既具有明显的社会和经济效益,也具有现实意义。     

铁路隧道衬砌裂缝整治及衬砌补强加固设计研究

通过对某铁路隧道衬砌裂缝的现场调查和研究,把衬砌质量缺陷按照裂缝宽度和长度的不同分为AA、A1、B和C四个等级,并采取不同的加固措施。重点对W钢带补强和骑缝锚杆注浆两种整治措施进行了研究,采用ABAQUS软件对整治前后衬砌的进行数值计算,得到整治前后衬砌的内力,最后计算得出整治前后衬砌的安全系数。结果表明:缺陷整治后衬砌缺陷范围内衬砌的刚度提高,并有效地提高了衬砌的安全系数,达到了整治的预期效果。该研究为隧道衬砌裂缝病害的分类提供了借鉴,同时也为隧道衬砌裂缝病害的整治与加固提供了新的方法和思路。     

基于动态贝叶斯网络的高速铁路牵引变电所可靠性分析

结合GO-FLOW法的动态特性,将动态贝叶斯理论应用于高速铁路牵引变电所可靠性的分析中。首先将GO-FLOW法中的功能操作符、逻辑操作符、信号发生器、输入信号流等转换为相应的动态贝叶斯网络模块,并建立其条件概率表;然后根据牵引变电所主接线GO-FLOW图和主接线系统功能逻辑关系进行连接,得到基于GO-FLOW图的牵引变电所主接线的动态贝叶斯网络模型;最后运用动态贝叶斯算法对模型求解,得到了牵引变电所主接线的可靠性参数和可靠性变化曲线,结果表明当考虑部件随时间推移而失效的情况时更加符合实际。与其他方法相比,该方法考虑了分析对象的动态特征,减少了公式推导过程,简单清晰,便于实际应用。     

基于建筑信息模型的铁路工程安全管理体系研究

为解决铁路施工现行安全管理强度大、施工准备不足、部门间协作性与联系性较弱、信息滞后、施工保障不足等问题,充分考虑建筑信息模型的优势,结合建筑信息模型对铁路施工进行全生命周期安全管理。利用Revit对工程项目进行建模,结合三维模型对人员进行技术交底与安全教育,导入广联达BIM5D软件对工程项目的即时性管理。研究结果表明:该安全管理体系可以通过可视化设计、施工模拟在施工前充分准备,预先采取针对性安全措施;同时实现信息的全程实时共享,增强各部门之间的协调性和管理的及时性;结合建筑信息模型与云平台充分保障后期的运行与维护,达到对铁路工程进行高效、可行的全生命周期信息化安全管理的目的。     

高原长大隧道尘肺病防治技术发展与应用研究

尘肺病防治是川藏铁路高原长大隧道施工的重大技术难点之一,新形势下防控技术需要向精细化、科技化方向发展.综合考虑技术经济性和可行性,以局部空间清洁为代表的卫生工程技术、以卫生信息化为支撑的施工健康保障技术、以识别监测为手段的卫生管理新方法,将为川藏铁路卫生保障提供技术支撑.