二次灰色关联分析模型在环境质量评价中的应用研究——以山东省淄博市为例

简单分析了指数评价法、模糊综合评价法和灰色关联分析法的优点和不足之处．在此基础上，本文提出了二次灰色关联分析模型，该模型即能对某环境监测点的环境质量进行综合评价，又能对所有环境监测点的某一环境污染物的污染状况进行综合评价，使评价结果更加完善．同时，该模型也能避免指数评价法、模糊综合评价法和灰色关联分析法的不足之处。     

水污染指数法在河流水质评价中的应用研究

为满足我国水质评价与管理的需要,针对单因子评价法和综合污染指数法在水质评价中存在的问题,提出了水污染指数法。采用该方法对湘江干流2009年的水质状况进行了试评价,并将评价结果与单因子评价法、综合污染指数法、模糊综合评判法以及主成分分析法的评价结果进行了对比。结果表明,水污染指数法在水质类别评价、水质定量评价、主要污染指标识别、劣Ⅴ类水体水质比较等方面均具有明显优势,同时,该方法计算过程简单、易掌握,具有较强的推广、应用价值。     

清水河流域水质综合分析与评价

通过2018年4月、7月和11月在清水河流域布设32个采样点,监测F-、TN、TP等6项水质指标,应用单因子评价法、综合污染指数法、灰色关联法、模糊综合评价法对该河水质状况作综合评价,并分析F-是否参与评价时水质的变化情况.结果表明:当F-不参与水质评价时,清水河各月水质污染程度为7月>11月>4月;当F-参与水质评价...     

《景区环境影响评价》

该书结合了环境科学、旅游学、生态学等相关的基础学科知识，参考了国内外大量最新的文献资料及我国环境影响评价法和评价导则，立足于教学和实践工程项目，较为系统地介绍了景区环境影响评价的程序和方法，尤其对动物、植被、环境容量、景观评价作了详细的叙述，旨在为从事环境教育和环境评价工作的学者提供一本教材和参考书。全书共分11章。第一章为概述，主要介绍了景区环境及景区环境影响评价基本概况；第二章～第八章主要介绍了景区环境现状调查和评价方法、影响预测和评价方法（分别为空气、水体、植被、土壤、野生动物、景观和环境容量）；第九章为综合评价，     

赋权优化层次分析与环境设施性能评价

提出了赋权优化层次分析法，并将其应用于污水处理厂的综合性能评价。实例分析表明，该方法具有赋权合理、计算方便、一致性程度高、受决策者主观臆断影响小和评价结果可靠等特点。     

地表水环境质量评价方法实证及适用性分析

通过均值法、断面比例法、均值-灰色关联分析法、灰色关联分析-断面比例法、均值-模糊综合评价法、模糊综合评价-点位比例法6种方法对2013年全国地表水七大流域水质分别进行评价。结果表明:均值法和点位比例法差别在于多数流域出现水质类别变化,但变化方向并不一致;引入灰色关联分析和模糊综合评价后水质评价结果明显改善,但模糊综合评价在适用性和评价精度上更有优势。     

潘集矿区塌陷水域水质评价及其综合利用

采煤塌陷水域是淮南潘集矿区一种特殊的地表水体.为了对潘集矿区塌陷水域进行水质评价和提供水资源综合利用的理论基础,选择了潘一矿区典型的两个塌陷水域,采用格网法布设39个采样点对水质进行全面采样监测,分析了水体的重金属元素和部分理化指标并运用数学模糊综合评判法对水质进行了评价.结果表明,封闭性较好的l'水域水质由水体中间向两岸呈递减趋势,中间断面水质为Ⅲ类;与泥河连通的2#水域水质较差,所有监测断面水质均为Ⅳ、Ⅴ类.由于矿业污染源的影响,导致2#水域的重金属元素污染强度高于1#水域.各塌陷水域均已受到不同程度污染,然而丰富的塌陷水资源若合理保护和综合开发利用可带来显著的环境效益和经济效益.     

华北地区滨海湿地生态系统健康评价体系构建研究

以华北地区滨海湿地中的天津宁河七里海湿地为例,以PSR模型作为评价基础框架,运用可持续发展的理论、环境生态学、城市生态学、景观生态学等科学理论,结合社会经济资料收集、地面数据的采集与生态环境现状调查,应用层次分析法(AHP),在咨询专家意见的基础上,利用T L Saaty的标度法,构建了华北地区滨海湿地生态系统健康评价体系。体系由压力子系统、状态子系统、响应子系统构成,共筛选出三大类共计19项综合指标,其中压力指标6项、状态指标9项、响应指标4项。通过实际验证,该评价体系能客观地反映出湿地生态系统健康水平,可为环境管理部门的科学决策以及湿地的可持续发展提供技术支持,可供其他滨海地区湿地评价时参考。     

模糊指数聚类在环境质量评价中的应用

文中以环境污染指数为基础，提出了模糊指数聚类法，并将其应用于环境质量评价之中。实例分析表明，该方法模糊性特征明显，评价结果客观、合理。     

TOPSIS法在大气环境质量评价中的应用

应用多目标决策中的TOPSIS法(即逼近于理想解的排序方法)对湖南长沙等十城市的大气环境质量进行评价,并与欧几里德贴近度法和上海指数法相比较,认为该评价方法对比较多个城市(或多个监测点,下同)的大气环境质量的优劣,比欧几里德贴近度法和上海指数法均优越.     

Determining the most suitable areas for artificial groundwater recharge via an integrated PROMETHEE II-AHP method in GIS environment (case study: Garabaygan Basin, Iran)

Flood spreading is a suitable strategy for controlling and benefiting from floods. Selecting suitable areas for flood spreading and directing the floodwater into permeable formations are amongst the most effective strategies in flood spreading projects. Having combined geographic information systems (GIS) and multi-criteria decision analysis approaches, the present study sought to locate the most suitable areas for flood spreading operation in the Garabaygan Basin of Iran. To this end, the data layers relating to the eight effective factors were prepared in GIS environment. This stage was followed by elimination of the exclusionary areas for flood spreading while determining the potentially suitable ones. Having closely examined the potentially suitable areas using the Preference Ranking Organization Method for Enrichment Evaluations (PROMETHEE) II and analytic hierarchy process (AHP) methods, the land suitability map for flood spreading was produced. The PROMETHEE II and AHP were used for ranking all the alternatives and weighting the criteria involved, respectively. The results of the study showed that most suitable areas for the artificial groundwater recharge are located in Quaternary Q_g and Q^gsc geologic units and in geomorphological units of pediment and Alluvial fans with slopes not exceeding 3 %. Furthermore, significant correspondence between the produced map and the control areas, where the flood spreading projects were successfully performed, provided further evidence for the acceptable efficiency of the integrated PROMETHEE II-AHP method in locating suitable flood spreading areas.     

Distribution, speciation, and risk assessment of selected metals in the gold and iron mine soils of the catchment area of Miyun Reservoir, Beijing, China

In order to investigate the metal distribution, speciation, correlation and origin, risk assessment, 86 surface soil samples from the catchment area around the Miyun Reservoir, Beijing, including samples from gold and iron mine areas, were monitored for fractions of heavy metal and total contents. Most of the metal concentrations in the gold and iron mine soil samples exceeded the metal background levels in Beijing. The contents of most elements in the gold mine tailings were noticeably higher than those in the iron mine tailings. Geochemical speciation data of the metals showed that the residual fraction dominated most of the heavy metals in both mines. In both mine areas, Mn had the greatest the acid-soluble fraction (F1) per portion. The high secondary-phase fraction portion of Cd in gold mine samples indicated that there was a direct potential hazard to organisms in the tested areas. Multivariate analysis coupled with the contents of selected metals, showed that Hg, Pb, Cr, and Ni in gold mine areas represented anthropogenic sources; Cd, Pb, and Cr in iron mine areas represented industrial sources. There was moderate to high contamination of a few metals in the gold and iron soil samples, the contamination levels were relatively higher in gold mine than in iron mine soils.     

应用有限体积法分析污染源排放对饮用水源的影响

根据南京市5家市政水厂水源保护区的污染源调查结果建立了长江南京段水动力和有限体积法水质数学模型,并结合各污染源的污染强度和排放规律,分析了枯水期在不同水文情况下,污染源排放对饮用水源地水质的影响.有限体积法的模拟结果与常规分析的监测结果均表明,水厂受污染程度为:上元门水厂＞北河口水厂＞城北水厂＞浦口水厂＞城南水厂.主要污染源为水量较大,且有一定污染的入江河流.     

水源水除藻研究中藻类监测方法的选用

对显微计数和叶绿素α测定两种主要藻类的监测方法进行了简要评述，提出在水源水除藻研究中应针对不同的除藻机制，采取不同的藻类监测方法。化学氧化除藻大都使用强氧化剂，将它们投入含藻的水体后，能穿透藻类细胞壁，扩散至细胞内部氧化叶绿素，使藻类代谢终止、死亡，故宜采用叶绿素α法。生物法除藻是利用生物对藻类的吸附、捕食和分解等作用去除藻类，则应采用计数法。     

总有机碳测定仪TOC-5000A与Aurora 1030W性能的比较

从仪器精密度、方法检出限、准确度、工作曲线线性范围等角度对总有机碳测定仪TOC-5000A(高温燃烧+非分散红外法)与Aurora 1030W(湿式氧化)的性能进行比较.研究结果显示,TOC-5000A方法检出限(0.535ppm)高于Aurora1030W(0.047ppm),且在较低有机碳浓度下(1ppm)精密度差于Aurora 1030W.但在较高有机碳浓度条件下(10ppm),TOC-5000A精密度优于Aurora 1030W.在不同水样中加入标准物质后计算方法回收率,两台仪器的测试结果均大于90%.在样品量较低的情况下,碳加入量与两台仪器响应值的线性关系均较差,响应因子随碳加入量的增加呈现显著降低的趋势,并分别在升至2μg(Aurora 1030W)与0.16μg(TOC-5000A)后达到稳定.     

Avoiding pitfalls in the determination of halocarboxylic acids: the photochemistry of methylation

Haloethanoic (haloacetic) acids are formed during chlorination of drinking water and are regulated by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). These compounds are normally quantified by gas chromatography with electron capture detection (GC-ECD) as the methyl esters. EPA Method 552 uses diazomethane (CH2N2) for this purpose, but has only been validated by EPA for HAA6: chloro-, dichloro-, bromo-, dibromo-, bromochloro- and trichloroacetic acids. EPA Method 552.2 was developed and validated for all nine analytes (HAA9 = HAA6 + dibromochloro-, bromodichloro- and tribromoethanoic acids). Since the promulgation of Method 552.2, which uses acidic methanol, a debate has ensued over discrepancies observed by various laboratories when using diazomethane instead. In an effort to identify and eliminate potential sources for these discrepancies, a comparative study was undertaken for HAA9. Better accuracy and precision were observed for all HAA9 species by Method 552.2; recoveries were satisfactory in de-ionized and tap water. Method 552 remains satisfactory for HAA6. Systematic differences in instrumental response are observed for the two methods, but these are precise and may be accounted for using similarly treated standards and analyte-fortified (spiked) samples. That notwithstanding, Method 552 (CH2N2) was shown to be unsuitable for dibromochloro-, bromodichloro- and tribromoethanoic acids (HAA9-6). The primary problem appears to be a photoactivated reaction between diazomethane and the HAA9-6 analytes; however, side reactions were found to occur even in the dark. Analyte loss is most pronounced under typical laboratory lighting (white F40 fluorescent lamps + sunlight), but it is also observed under Philips gold F40 lamps (lambda > or = 520 nm), and in the dark.     

Total mercury loadings in sediment from gold mining and conservation areas in Guyana

The Low Carbon Development Strategy proposed in June 2009 by the government of Guyana in response to the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries program has triggered evaluation of forest-related activities, thereby acting as a catalyst for improvements in Guyana's small- to medium-scale gold mining industry. This has also shed light on areas committed to conservation, something that has also been handled by Non Governmental Organizations. This paper compares water quality and mercury concentrations in sediment from four main areas in Guyana, two that are heavily mined for gold using mercury amalgamation methods (Arakaka and Mahdia) and two that are considered conservation areas (Iwokrama and Konashen). Fifty-three sediment and soil mercury loadings ranged from 29 to 1,200 ng/g and averaged 215 ± 187 ng/g for all sites with similar averages in conservation and mining areas. Sediment loadings are within the range seen in French Guiana and Suriname, but conservation area samples had higher loadings than the corresponding uncontaminated baselines. Type of ore and location in the mining process seemed to influence mercury loadings. Mercury sediment loadings were slightly positively correlated with pH (correlation coefficient = 0.2; p value < 0.001) whereas no significant correlations were found with dissolved oxygen or turbidity.     

Modeling Flow Through a One-Dimensional Multi-Layered Soil Profile Using the Method of Lines

The vertical flow of water through horizontal layers of soil is considered using the Method of Lines. Continuity of mass principles are used to develop the interface boundary conditions, by introducing fictitious points at the interface, and the boundary conditions are handled using explicit and iterative approximations. Both the pressure based, and the water content based forms of Richards' equation are solved using the Method of Lines. The solutions obtained are compared with some particular analytic solutions obtained from the literature, and the results show that good accuracy can be achieved. It is also shown that the water content model can handle a large discontinuity at the interface when compared against the analytical solution. This result is also confirmed against a numerical example from the literature, and was effective for relatively dry initial conditions.     

联合测定水中总磷和总氮

《水和废水监测分析方法》(第4版)中,总磷和总氮两项测定都需数小时以上的前处理过程。由于消化条件对测试结果的影响较大,故每次样品测试必须同时做标准曲线。若两个项目分别测定,不仅耗时耗力,又因所采样品保存时间较短,需在24h内测定,一个人同时承担这两个项目有点难于应付。今采用同时消化总磷和总氮,在所有试剂和条件与消化总氮的条件相同的情况下,节省一半的时间和试剂,其结果不论是标准曲线、精密度、准确度均符合质量要求。对提高工作效率具有实际应用意义。     

Simulation of mixing depths incorporating the urban heat island effect

The main objective of this paper was to establish the effect of anthropogenic heat flux on the formation of mixing depth specially in urban areas. In this study an energy balance mixing depth model was developed for the simulation of mixing depth incorporating the heat island effect. To demonstrate the effect of heat island, mixing depths were simulated under two conditions. Under the first condition, hourly gridded anthropogenic heat flux and variant surface characteristics were considered, while under the second condition anthropogenic heat flux term was ignored and constant surface characteristics were considered throughout the modelling domain. The release of anthropogenic heat flux in the urban environment was found to be responsible for the growth of the unstable layer in the lower atmosphere even during the night. This resulted in higher mixing depth values in urban areas compared to the surrounding countryside. The maximum differential surfaces sensible heat flux between urban and rural areas was estimated as 130 W/m². From the simulation of mixing depth, it was revealed that the maximum increment in mixing depth in urban areas was 300 m due to the heat island effect. This increment in mixing depth in urban areas can provide an extra space for dilution and mixing of pollutants.