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1.
Ecological planning: A review 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Beginning with the passage of the National Environmental Policy Act in 1969, the federal government of the United States has enacted numerous pieces of legislation intended to protect or conserve the environment. Other national governments have also enacted environmental legislation during the past two decades. State and local governments have also adopted policies concerned with environmental planning and management. Multiple laws and overlapping governmental agency responsibilities have confused development and resource management efforts. A comprehensive methodology that integrates the legal mandates and the agency missions into a common and unified framework is needed. Ecological planning offers such a method. Application of the method allows planners and resource managers to better understand the nature and character of the land and/or resource and therefore make better decisions about its appropriate use or management. The steps taken in an ecological planning process—1) goal setting, 2) inventory and analysis of data, 3) suitability analysis, 4) developing alternatives, 5) implementation, 6) administration, and 7) evaluation—are outlined and explained. Hand-drawn overlays and computer programs as techniques for handling ecological planning information are compared. Observations and suggestions for further research are offered. 相似文献
2.
Agricultural land evaluation and site assessment in the United States: An introduction 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Frederick Steiner 《Environmental management》1987,11(3):375-377
The US Soil Conservation Service has developed an agricultural land evaluation and site assessment (LESA) system. The LESA system is being used by the US Department of Agriculture and other federal agencies to implement the Farmland Protection Policy Act of 1981. The LESA system and three case studies from the Pacific North-west are introduced in this article.Scientific Paper no. 7166, College of Agriculture and Home Economics Research Paper. Washington State University, Pullman, Washington. Project no. 0010. 相似文献
3.
The land evaluation and site assessment (LESA) method has been used extensively in the United States to assess agricultural
land suitability for different localities. Despite widespread use, LESA models rarely have been evaluated in a systematic,
comprehensive manner. This article discusses development of a LESA system for Hawaii, the first statewide application of the
LESA methodology. The empirical model was implemented with a computerized geographic information system (GIS). The system's
efficiency, ability to discriminate among land parcels, and robustness to subjective model parameter values are evaluated
with statistical analyses and map overlays of GIS data. Results show great potential to simplify the original model specification,
primarily through deletion of marginal site assessment factors. System output was generally insensitive to the numeric values
selected for model parameters, with exception of the ratio used to combine the land evaluation (LE) and site assessment (SA)
component scores. Relative supplies of the differing land attributes measured by the two components must be considered in
determining an appropriate LE:SA ratio for a given area. 相似文献
4.
The Resource Management Act (RMA) legislates the management of most natural resources in New Zealand. The RMA invokes ecosystem-based
management by requiring that regulation be based on managing the effects of resource according to “the life supporting capacity”
of the environment. The management of water resources under the RMA is carried out at the regional level by regional councils.
Regional councils can develop regional water plans to establish objectives and criteria for water management. Regional water
planning under the RMA has been problematic, and regional plan objectives developed under the RMA have been criticized as
too broad and not sufficiently quantified. As a consequence, many resource users are unconvinced of the need for the regulatory
criteria promulgated by plans, whereas other groups are concerned that the environment is inadequately protected. This article
proposes that a lack of ecologically relevant management units has prevented regional water plans from fulfilling their intended
function under the RMA. Then it introduces the use of River Environment Classification as a means of defining units for assessment
and management, and provides three case studies that demonstrate its potential to support regional water management planning.
The discussion shows that the specificity of regional assessments can be increased if ecologic variation is stratified into
distinctive units (i.e., units within which variation in the characteristics of interest is reduced) as part of the assessment
process. The increased specificity of the assessments increases the possibility that regional objectives and criteria for
water management can be derived that are quantitative and justifiable and that provide certainty for stakeholders. The authors
conclude that greater choice and meaning can be generated in regional planning processes if regional variation in ecologic
characteristics is stratified using a classification, and if classes are used as units for assessment and management. 相似文献
5.
David Pearce 《Resources Policy》1987,13(4)
New models of sustainable development stress the importance of the efficient management of resources, including labour, capital equipment and natural resources. Overuse of the resource base today will lead to shortages tomorrow; yet it can be a difficult task persuading politicians and planners in developing countries of the importance of resource management. This paper suggests methodologies for doing so and argues the urgency of the task. 相似文献
6.
Threshold-Based Resource Management: A Framework for Comprehensive Ecosystem Management 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
The problems posed by adaptive management for improved ecosystem health are reviewed. Other kinds of science-informed ecosystem
management are needed for those regions of conflict between rapid human population growth, increased resource extraction,
and the rising demand for better environmental amenities, where large-scale experiments are not feasible. One new framework
is threshold-based resource management. Threshold-based resource management guides management choices among four major science
and engineering approaches to achieve healthier ecosystems: self-sustaining ecosystem management, adaptive management, case-by-case
resource management, and high-reliability management. As resource conflicts increase over a landscape (i.e., as the ecosystems
in the landscape move through different thresholds), management options change for the environmental decision-maker in terms
of what can and cannot be attained by way of ecosystem health. The major policy and management implication of the framework
is that the exclusive use or recommendation of any one management regime, be it self-sustaining, adaptive, case-by-case, or
high-reliability management, across all categories of ecosystems within a heterogeneous landscape that is variably populated
and extractively used is not only inappropriate, it is fatal to the goals of improved ecosystem health. The article concludes
with detailed proposals for environmental decision-makers to undertake “bandwidth management” in ways that blend the best
of adaptive management and high-reliability management for improved ecosystem health while at the same time maintaining highly
reliable flows of ecosystem services, such as water. 相似文献
7.
8.
Land-use suitability analysis in the United States: historical development and promising technological achievements 总被引:18,自引:1,他引:18
Various methods of spatial analysis are commonly used in land-use plans and site selection studies. A historical overview
and discussion of contemporary developments of land-use suitability analysis are presented. The paper begins with an exploration
into the early 20th century with the infancy of documented applications of the technique. The article then travels through
the 20th century, documenting significant milestones. Concluding with present explorations of advanced technologies such as
neural computing and evolutionary programming, this work is meant to serve as a foundation for literature review and a premise
for the exploration of new advancements as we enter into the 21st century. 相似文献
9.
Resource scarcity,energy use and environmental impact: A case study of the New Bedford,Massachusetts, USA,fisheries 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
The commercial fishing fleet in New Bedford, Massachusetts, USA, harvests seafood on George’s Bank, home of one of the nation’s
most productive fisheries. We calculated the energy return on investment (EROI) and carbon intensity of protein harvest in
the New Bedford fisheries from 1968 to 1988. EROI is the ratio of the energy content of the edible fish protein harvested
to the quantity of fossil fuel energy used directly in the harvesting process. Carbon intensity is the quantity of carbon
dioxide (CO2) released (from the burning of fossil fuels) per calorie of edible fish protein harvested. The results show that the EROI
of protein harvest declined from 0.18 to 0.028 from 1968 to 1988, indicating that the energy used to harvest seafood increased
from about 6 to 36 kcal of fuel for each kilocalorie of protein harvested. The quantity of CO2 released per calorie of edible fish protein is a linear function of energy use and therefore increased in a similar manner.
During this period there was a large increase in fishing effort (caused by the increase in the real price of seafood products,
favorable tax treatment for new vessel construction, and low interest loans from the government), and a decline in several
important species of fish. The results suggest that fishing pressure could be managed effectively by the regulation of fuel
use by the fleet. Despite the increase in the price of many seafood products, fishermen absorbed many of the costs of increasing
scarcity in the form of longer working hours and fewer men per vessel. 相似文献
10.
11.
A resource survey and planning method for parks, reserves, and other environmentally significant areas (ESAs) is presented in the context of a holistic balanced approach to land use and environmental management. This method provides a framework for the acquisition, analysis, presentation, and application of diverse ecological data pertinent to land use planning and resource management within ESAs. Through the independent analysis and subsequent integration of abiotic, biotic, and cultural or ABC information, land areas within an ESA are identified in terms of their relative environmental significance and environmental constraints. The former term encompasses wildlife, historic, and other resource values, while the latter term reflects biophysical hazards and sensitivities, and land use conflicts. The method thus calls for a matching of an ESA's distinctive attributes with appropriate land use and institutional arrancements through an analysis of available acts, regulations, agencies, and other conservation and land use management mechanisms. The method culminates with a management proposal showing proposed park or reserve allocations, buffer areas, or other land use controls aimed at preserving an ESA's special ecological qualities, while providing for resource development. The authors suggest that all resource management decisions affecting ESA's should be governed by a philosophical stance that recognizes a spectrum of broad land use types, ranging from preservation to extractive use and rehabilitation. 相似文献
12.
Conceptual design of monitoring and evaluation plans for fish and wildlife in the Columbia River ecosystem 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Bisbal GA 《Environmental management》2001,28(4):433-453
13.
Use of agricultural land evaluation and site assessment in Whitman County,Washington, USA 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Melanie Tyler Liese Hunter Frederick Steiner Dennis Roe 《Environmental management》1987,11(3):407-412
Whitman County, Washington, USA, one of the largest wheat producing counties in the country, developed a land evaluation and site assessment system for evaluating proposed conversions of agricultural land to heavy commercial uses. The system uses soil potential indices to determine a land evaluation score and a nine-factor site assessment system to weigh suitability for development. Details on each of these are provided along with results for four sample sites.Scientific Paper no. 7165, College of Argiculture and Home Economics Research Paper, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, project no. 0010. 相似文献
14.
This study aimed to analyze the ecological, socio-economic and policy implications of land-use diversity in a traditional
village landscape (900–1,000 m amsl.) in the Garhwal region of Indian Himalaya. The village landscape was differentiated into three major land-use types viz.,
forests, settled agriculture and shifting agriculture. Settled agriculture was further differentiated into four agroecosystem
types viz., homegarden system (HGS), rainfed agroforestry system (RAS), rainfed crop system (RCS) and irrigated crop system
(ICS), and shifting agriculture system (SAS) was differentiated into different stages of a 4-year long cropping phase and
a 7-year long fallow phase, and forests into Community Forests (CF) and Reserve Forests (RF). HGS is the most productive agroecosystem,
with soil organic carbon and nutrient concentrations significantly higher than all other forest/agricultural land-uses. Farmers
capitalize upon crop diversity to cope with the risks and uncertainties of a monsoon climate and spatial variability in ecological
factors influencing productivity. The SAS, a land-use adopted as a means of acquiring inheritable rights over larger land
holdings provided in the policies during the 1890s, is less efficient in terms of land productivity than the traditional RAS
and HGS but is maintained for its high labour productivity coupled with availability of high-quality fuelwood from fallow
vegetation. Dominance of fodder trees in the RAS seems to derive from policies causing shortage of fodder available from forests.
Cultural norms have favoured equity by allowing hiring of labour only from within the village community and income from non-timber
forest products only to the weaker section of the society. Conversion of rainfed to irrigated cropping, a change facilitated
by the government, improves agricultural productivity but also increases pressure on forests due to higher rates of farmyard
manure input to the irrigated crops. Existing forest management systems are not effective in maintenance of a large basal
area in forests together with high levels of species richness, soil fertility and resistance to invasive alien species Lantana camara. Farmers have to spend huge amount of labour and time in producing manure, managing livestock and other subsidiary farm activities.
Interlinkages among agriculture, forests and rural economy suggest a need of replacing the present policies of treating agricultural
development, forest conservation and economic development as independent sectors by an integrated sustainable development
policy. The policy should promote technological and institutional innovations enabling parallel improvements in agricultural
productivity and functions of forest ecosystems. 相似文献
15.
Land Resource Sustainability for Urban Development: Spatial Decision Support System Prototype 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Banai R 《Environmental management》2005,36(2):282-296
Land resource sustainability for urban development characterizes the problem of decision-making with multiplicity and uncertainty. A decision support system prototype aids in the assessment of incremental land development plan proposals put forth within the long-term community priority of a sustainable growth. Facilitating this assessment is the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), a multicriteria evaluation and decision support system. The decision support system incorporates multiple sustainability criteria, weighted strategically responsive to local public policy priorities and community–specific situations and values, while gauging and directing desirable future courses of development. Furthermore, the decision support system uses a GIS, which facilitates an assessment of urban form with multiple indicators of sustainability as spatial criteria thematically. The resultant land-use sustainability scores indicate, on the ratio-scale of AHP, whether or not a desirable urban form is likely in the long run, and if so, to what degree. The two alternative modes of synthesis in AHP—ideal and distributive—provide assessments of a land development plan incrementally (short-term) and city-wide pattern comprehensively (long-term), respectively. Thus, the spatial decision support system facilitates proactive and collective public policy determination of land resource for future sustainable urban development. 相似文献
16.
Marco Beccali Maurizio Cellura Maria Iudicello Marina Mistretta 《Environmental management》2009,43(4):707-724
Food production and consumption cause significant environmental burdens during the product life cycles. As a result of intensive
development and the changing social attitudes and behaviors in the last century, the agrofood sector is the highest resource
consumer after housing in the EU. This paper is part of an effort to estimate environmental impacts associated with life cycles
of the agrofood chain, such as primary energy consumption, water exploitation, and global warming. Life cycle assessment is
used to investigate the production of the following citrus-based products in Italy: essential oil, natural juice, and concentrated
juice from oranges and lemons. The related process flowcharts, the relevant mass and energy flows, and the key environmental
issues are identified for each product. This paper represents one of the first studies on the environmental impacts from cradle
to gate for citrus products in order to suggest feasible strategies and actions to improve their environmental performance.
相似文献
Marina Mistretta (Corresponding author)Email: |
17.
Multi-criteria analysis via the VIKOR method for prioritizing land-use restraint strategies in the Tseng-Wen reservoir watershed 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
It is important to adopt proper water and soil conservation and land-use planning in a watershed for lowering adverse impacts on reservoir water quality. Although reservoir watersheds occupy a large amount of land in Taiwan, high population density has exerted development pressures on such land. Therefore, the priority ranking of land-use restrictions for the subdivisions with different degrees of environmental vulnerability is necessary in watershed management. Since there are several criteria for evaluating the potential environmental impact from the subdivisions, multi-criteria analysis was applied as a technique for solving these problems in this study. The VIKOR method was applied to determine the best feasible solution according to the selected criteria, including geographical and meteorological factors. The objective of this study was to establish the priority ranking of land-use restrictions in the Tseng-Wen reservoir wastershed in southern Taiwan. The results show that subdivisions close to the outlet or reservoir area should have the priority of land-use restrictions. 相似文献
18.
Modeling the spatial dynamics of regional land use: the CLUE-S model 总被引:92,自引:3,他引:92
Verburg PH Soepboer W Veldkamp A Limpiada R Espaldon V Mastura SS 《Environmental management》2002,30(3):391-405
Land-use change models are important tools for integrated environmental management. Through scenario analysis they can help
to identify near-future critical locations in the face of environmental change. A dynamic, spatially explicit, land-use change
model is presented for the regional scale: CLUE-S. The model is specifically developed for the analysis of land use in small
regions (e.g., a watershed or province) at a fine spatial resolution. The model structure is based on systems theory to allow
the integrated analysis of land-use change in relation to socio-economic and biophysical driving factors. The model explicitly
addresses the hierarchical organization of land use systems, spatial connectivity between locations and stability. Stability
is incorporated by a set of variables that define the relative elasticity of the actual land-use type to conversion. The user
can specify these settings based on expert knowledge or survey data. Two applications of the model in the Philippines and
Malaysia are used to illustrate the functioning of the model and its validation. 相似文献
19.
Corporate strategy and viable future land use: planning for closure from the outset of mining 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
This paper provides an overview of the environmental impact of mining on viable future land use and underlines the imperative of improved environmental management and closure planning. It argues that pollution prevention, through planning for closure, can lead to cost-effective strategies for sustainable minerals development and viable future land use. This seems to be most true for greenfield sites since, generally, the earlier closure planning and pollution prevention is built into a project, the more cost-effective and environmentally benign closure will be. Further, for greenfield sites, pollution prevention techniques can be employed from the outset, at the stages of exploration and mine development, and then monitored and improved through the operation stage to closure, and can be kept in place to manage future land use.
The paper discusses how global changes in the industry, following the liberalisation of investment regimes, and mergers and strategic alliances between key firms, has, by virtue of the diffusion of new technology, led to further opportunities to prevent pollution and optimise future land use through planning for closure from the outset. The objectives and components of closure plans are also reviewed as the paper draws on case studies to highlight some of the possible constraints and challenges to pollution prevention that may be faced at the level of both public policy and corporate strategy. The article concludes by suggesting a forward-looking approach to integrated environmental management and viable future land-use planning based on a dynamic model for environmental management. 相似文献
The paper discusses how global changes in the industry, following the liberalisation of investment regimes, and mergers and strategic alliances between key firms, has, by virtue of the diffusion of new technology, led to further opportunities to prevent pollution and optimise future land use through planning for closure from the outset. The objectives and components of closure plans are also reviewed as the paper draws on case studies to highlight some of the possible constraints and challenges to pollution prevention that may be faced at the level of both public policy and corporate strategy. The article concludes by suggesting a forward-looking approach to integrated environmental management and viable future land-use planning based on a dynamic model for environmental management. 相似文献
20.
In 1991, provisions for environmental impact assessment in New Zealand were changed significantly with the enactment of the
Resource Management Act. Among other provisions, this act requires consideration of cumulative impacts in environmental assessment
activities undertaken by planners in newly created regional authorities and district and city councils. The institutional
context in which the act is being implemented offers both opportunities and constraints to cumulative impact assessment. A
lack of methods for CIA is a recognized problem. However, methods that have been developed for environmental impact assessments
can be modified to incorporate second-, third-, and fourth-order impacts as well as to identify the direction and magnitude
of additive and synergistic impacts. Layered matrices and combined networks are examples of such methods. While they do not
allow for scientific prediction, they do provide the practitioner with the ability to consider the cumulative impacts of decisions.
This is crucial in New Zealand, where statutory requirements are ahead of established methodologies. 相似文献