环境与自然灾害类型的分析

在人口与经济快速增长的条件下，人与自然关系的不协调发展导致了自然灾害频繁发生。为了协调环境与资源的关系，拓展并良化人类生存空间，作者根据多年来收集的自然灾害资料与研究成果，对自然灾害的分类与危害进行了系统分析，在采用边缘科学相互交叉的基础，从社会经济可持续发展的战略角度出发，总结了国内外防灾工作的经验，提出了防御自然灾害的减免措。     

城市噪声对校园的干扰类型与特征浅析

对阿图什市区各学校所受的周边环境噪声干扰情况进行了监测，运用声环境评价方法，将市区10所学校校园划分为清静型、扰闹型和持续吵闹型3种噪声干扰类型。分析了各类型的特征和成因，并提出防治措施。     

SO2浓度的概率分布类型研究

用数理统计的原理，当样本容量满足检验方法要求时，用柯尔莫哥洛夫－－斯米尔诺夫、皮尔逊、概率纸等法对绵阳市城区ＳＯ２监测值进行分布类型的统计检验。其结果ＳＯ２的时空分布类型为近似对数正态。用几何均数代表样本的平均值，例行监测时段的ＳＯ２测值与增加采样频率后的测值基本无差异。而用算术均数表示平均值时，均值则落在总体均值的置信区间外。故当样本分布类型确定后，样本的主要特征数应由分布类型确定。     

湖泊生态类型分类的一个方案

提出以湖泊生态系统结构与功能为依据的生态类型分类方案。其原则主要是主导因素和综合分析相结合;多级划分;及为经济建设服务。分类的指标主要有三类:1.、化学指标、包括氮、磷、有机质等营养元素含量及比量作为营养型标准,总硬度、矿化度及钾、钠和钙镁离子比等水型标准,污染物质浓度是否超过环保标准为污染指标。2.自然地理指标,主要是以湖泊所在地所属自然地理及气候区划的类别、湖面大小、湖容发育系数及湖水交换率为标准。3.生物指标,包括群落结构中生产者的优势类群,营养盐在食物链网中主要流转途径和鱼产潜力。     

中国固体废物中镉检测能力现状与检测方法分析

2020年9月,新修订的《固体废物污染环境防治法》正式生效,固体废物污染防治相关制度进一步完善。为了解和掌握国内环境检测实验室固体废物检测能力水平,为环境管理部门提供客观准确的数据支撑,该研究组织了31个省(自治区、直辖市)各级各类生态环境检验检测机构共计368家实验室开展了固体废物中镉实验室间比对研究,利用稳健统计技术统计分析比对结果。结果显示:省级站、地市级以上站和社会化检测机构检测合格率分别为97.0%、89.8%、81.0%,整体合格率为87.5%,表明目前国内环境监测领域各级各类实验室固体废物中镉的整体检测能力较好。对实验室使用的检测方法进行分析比较,结果表明使用电感耦合等离子体质谱法的比对结果合格率最高(96.0%),其次为石墨炉原子吸收法(84.4%)、电感耦合等离子体法(83.9%),而火焰原子吸收法的合格率仅为57.9%,建议实验室应慎重选择使用火焰原子吸收法检测固体废物中低浓度的镉。     

阿图什市不同类型的炉灶及能源消耗现状调查评价

对不同类型的炉灶煤耗及污染物的排放量进行了定量计算,在大量的统计资料及监测数据的基础上,分析阿图什市各类型炉灶燃煤及污染物排放的情况,并通过定量计算进行了探讨,提出相关的对策和建议.     

荒漠化类型划分及其数量化评价体系

从我国荒漠化监测的实际需要出发，提出了包括气候区、外营力、土地利用类型、地表特征和荒漠化程度在内的多因素复叠式荒漠化分类体系；既可适用于小区域大比例尺的重点监测，又可适用于大区域小比例尺的宏观监测的各荒漠化类型数量化程度判定指标体系和判定方法；适用于各级行政区的荒漠化水平评价方法．     

都匀市区小学校园声环境质量类型变化

2003年都匀市区各小学校园声环境质量状况监测和系统聚类分析结果表明,市区的小学校园声环境质量状况分为清静型、扰闹型、持续吵闹型和断续吵闹型共4种类型。到2012年,这种状况发生了很大的变化,断续吵闹型校园消失,持续吵闹型小学校园的数量则明显增加了。     

智能化林格曼黑度检测系统设计与开发

针对传统林格曼黑度检测自动化程度低、不利于数据溯源等缺点,提出了一种基于自动烟气图像采集、GPRS自动上传、图像处理判定结果的智能化林格曼黑度检测系统。经过多次实地测定,该系统所测定的烟气黑度等级与人工测定的黑度等级一致。     

不同绿地类型在城市中的滞尘作用研究

通过对在城市各种适宜的不同绿地类型对空气尘的阻滞作用研究，从而提供在城市绿化中不同功能区所采有各种不同绿地搭配，使之发挥出更好的作用。     

基于天津臭氧污染特点的气象条件与天气分型研究

使用天津市2013—2019年连续污染物监测数据和气象观测数据探讨臭氧污染现状,分析气象条件对臭氧浓度的影响,对不同臭氧污染过程案例进行天气分型,统计出现臭氧污染时的污染气象特征。结果表明:天津市臭氧浓度不降反升,2017—2019年连续3年超过国家二级浓度限值,2019年以臭氧为首要污染物的重污染天约占全年的1/2。春季和秋季臭氧污染日益突出,4月臭氧浓度已明显升高。天津市臭氧日最大8 h滑动平均质量浓度(O₃-8 h)在日最高气温超过30℃、相对湿度20%~70%、西南风或东南风风速1~2.5 m/s、白天边界层高度1 400 m以下时较高。将臭氧污染天气形势分为春夏之交、盛夏高温和夏秋静稳3种类型。其中春夏之交天气型易出现臭氧与PM_2.5协同污染;盛夏高温天气型平均风速较大,日最高气温大于35℃;夏秋静稳天气型平均风速小、边界层低。     

Types of Ectomycorrhiza of Mature Beech and Spruce at Ozone-Fumigated and Control Forest Plots

In the Kranzberg forest near Freising (Germany) a novel “Free-Air Canopy O₃ Exposure” system has been employed for analysing O₃-induced responses from sub-cellular to ecosystem levels that are relevant for carbon balance and CO₂ demand of 60-year-old beech trees. The below-ground ectomycorrhizal community was studied in two-fold ambient O₃ concentrations (five cores per sampling) and in a control plot with an ambient O₃ concentration (four cores per sampling). Five samplings were taken throughout two vegetation seasons (2003 and 2004). Types of ectomycorrhiza were determined by their morphological, anatomical and molecular characteristics and quantified by counting. The total number of mycorrhizal fine roots was higher at the fumigated plot as compared with the control site. The numbers of ectomycorrhizal types at the fumigated and control plots were 28 and 26, respectively. Cenococcum geophilum was present in all soil cores at all sampling times with a significant increase in abundance under ozone-fumigated trees. Other mycorrhizal types present at higher abundance at the fumigated than at the control plot were identified as Russula densiflora, R. fellea, R. illota, Tuber puberulum, Lactarius sp. 2 and Russula sp. 2. Some mycorrhizal types were present exclusively at the fumigated plot (Fagirhiza fusca, F. setifera, Lactarius acris, Piceirhiza nigra and Russula sp. 1). A possible ecological role for the abundant types of ectomycorrhiza and their putative application in bio-indication is discussed.     

广西臭氧时空分布特征及污染天气类型研究

基于2015—2017年广西14个城市环境空气质量日监测数据和相关气象资料,分析了广西O_3时空分布特征,利用主观分型方法归纳了广西O_3污染的典型天气类型。结果表明,广西2015—2017年O_3累积超标天数分别为74,41和89 d,年均值分别为122,120和128μg/m~3,日变化呈现单峰型分布特征,O_3超标占比最高的时段均为4—5月和8—10月; 2017年O_3高值区面积明显增大,呈现连片式的特征;台风外围型(53. 4%)、副高控制型(26. 5%)和冷高压脊变性控制型(16. 7%)是造成广西O_3污染的典型天气类型。广西O_3污染受气象条件影响较大,天气形势变化导致的污染规律较明显。     

揭西不同土地利用类型土壤重金属污染特征及风险评价

监测分析了以揭西县林地、农业用地和建设用地的331个土壤样品中的重金属含量,运用潜在生态风险指数法、健康风险指数法以及克里金插值法等对镍、锌、汞、砷、铜、镉、铅和铬的潜在生态风险和潜在健康风险进行研究。结果表明：汞超出《土壤破坏质量 农用地土壤污染风险管控标准》风险筛选值,存在一定风险。研究区具有轻微潜在生态风险,汞和镉是主要生态风险因子,高值区主要分布在建设用地,综合潜在生态风险高值区主要分布在建设用地。成人和儿童的单项非致癌风险指数总和（HQ_总）和总非致癌风险指数（HI）均<1,非致癌风险在可接受范围内。铬、砷和铅是主要非致癌贡献因子。砷对成人和儿童具有较高的致癌风险,是主要致癌风险因子。不同土地利用类型下成人和儿童总致癌风险指数（TCR）依次为农业用地>林地>建设用地。单项致癌风险指数总和（CR_总）均为砷>镉>铬。     

CBERS-2B数据提取平原区细小地物系数的方法探讨

利用Landsat TM等中等分辨率影像对区域生态环境进行监测与评价时,由于影像分辨率的局限性,仍有许多地物无法解译出来,如农田中的道路、水渠等,文章主要研究了利用图像融合增强和人机交互式解译等技术方法,对CBERS-2B的CCD影像和HR影像进行处理,提取平原区农田中道路面积比系数,从而将农田中未解译的地物扣除。结果表明,CCD影像与HR影像经过融合增强处理后,可以进行平原地区村级及以上道路的提取。     

自动监测仪器检测方法规范化的研究

文章对进口自动监测仪器检测方法的规范化进行了初步的研究 ,提出了一系列仪器检测的规范化方法。以 NO-NO2 -NOX 分析仪和 PM1 0 采样仪为例进行具体说明 ,然后给出了规范化验收的一般步骤 ,并且专门设计出在进行仪器验收时所用的记录表格。该规范化方法不仅可用于监测仪器的验收工作 ,同时可用于其它分析仪器的常规化质检工作     

实验室能力验证中的分割水平检测样品与稳健统计技术

论述了分割水平检测样品和稳健统计技术在对实验室能力验证活动中的应用,并对导致CNAL T040水中金属元素检测能力验证计划中部分结果异常的原因进行了分析。     

快速测试管法现场测定水中总余氯

余氯在水中极不稳定 ,需现场测定。通过研制一种测试管 ,从而能快速、简便地测水中的总余氯。常规法测定时间需要 3～ 5小时 ,而该测试管法仅需 1 0分钟。分析成本也大为降低     

Exposure assessment in Beijing, China: biological agents, ultrafine particles, and lead

In this study, air samples were taken using a BioSampler and gelatin filters from six sites in Beijing: office, hospital, student dormitory, train station, subway, and a commercial street. Dust samples were also collected using a surface sampler from the same environments. Limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL) and Glucatell assays were used to quantify sample endotoxin and (1,3)- ${\rm{\beta}} $ -d-glucan concentration levels, respectively. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure the dust mite allergens (Der p 1 and Der f 1). Ultrafine particle and lead concentrations in these sampling sites were also measured using P-Trak and atomic absorption spectrometer, respectively. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and linear regression analysis were used to analyze the concentration data. Higher culturable bacteria (12,639 CFU/m³) and fungi (1,806 CFU/m³) concentrations were observed for the train station and the subway system, respectively. For the rest of sampling sites, their concentrations were comparable to those found in western countries, ranging from 990 to 2,276 CFU/m³ for bacteria, and from 119 to 269 CFU/m³ for fungi. ANOVA analysis indicated that there were statistically significant differences between the culturable bacterial and fungal concentration levels obtained for different sites (p value = 0.0001 and 0.0047). As for dust allergens, endotoxin, and (1,3)-β -d-glucan, their concentrations also seemed to be comparable to those found in the developed countries. Airborne allergen concentrations ranged from 16 to 68 ng/m³. The dust-borne allergen concentration was observed to range from 0.063 to 0.327 ng/mg. As for endotoxin, the highest airborne concentration of 25.24 ng/m³ was observed for the commercial street, and others ranged from 0.0427 to 0.1259 ng/m³. And dust-borne endotoxin concentration ranged from 58.83 to 6,427.4 ng/mg. For (1,3)-β -d-glucan, the airborne concentration ranged from 0.02 to 1.2 ng/m³. Linear regression analyses showed that there existed poor correlations between those in airborne and dust-borne states (R²?=?0.002~0.43). In our study, the lowest ultrafine particle concentration about 5,203 pt/cm³ was observed in office and the highest was observed at the train station, up to 32,783 pt/cm³. Lead concentration was shown to range from 80 to 170 ng/mg with the highest also observed at the train station. The information provided in this work can be used to learn the general situation of relevant health risks in Beijing. And the results here suggested that when characterizing exposure both airborne and dust-borne as well as the environments should be considered.