微囊藻毒素检测方法的研究进展

随着水体富营养化日益严重,有毒蓝藻水华引起的污染事件在世界范围内频繁发生,其产生的毒素对生物有潜在的危害。所以迫切需要建立一种工作原理简单易行、分析速度快、灵敏度较高的统一的检测方法,对水体中特别是饮用水源中的微囊藻毒素进行检测。文章简要介绍了近年来发展起来的几类微囊藻毒素检测技术,以及微囊藻毒素检测技术尚要解决的问题和未来的发展方向。     

在线固相萃取-液质联用法检测太湖水体微囊藻毒素技术研究

研究建立了一种利用在线固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱检测技术测定地表水中3种微囊藻毒素(MC-LR、MC-RR、MC-YR)的分析方法,实现了水样过滤后直接进样的高效定量检测模式。研究表明,该方法灵敏度高、前处理步骤简单、单个样品20 min内检测完毕,线性关系相关系数≥0.999 4,回收率为85.40%~115.44%,相对标准偏差小于6.85%,检出限为0.046~0.078μg/L。利用该方法对2016年2—12月太湖24个测点的实际水样进行检测,结果显示,样品中未检测到超标现象,全湖藻毒素含量7月最高、2月最低,西部沿岸高于其他各湖区,表层水体藻毒素含量相对更高。     

微囊藻毒素的极谱测定法

建立了微囊藻毒素的一种新的测定方法.在Ni2 -硼砂为支持电解质的体系中,微囊藻毒素-RR在-1.55V产生一个极谱波.在此实验条件下,微囊藻毒素在1.50～8.00mg/L浓度范围内,极谱波高与微囊藻毒素浓度有良好的线性关系,线性相关系数为0.998,检测限为0.07mg/L.同时对测定条件进行了研究,并探讨了极谱电流的性质,认为该极谱波是一个催化氢波;常见无机物和有机物不干扰本法测定,具有良好的选择性.该方法用于实际水样测定,获得了满意结果.     

超高效液相色谱-电喷雾串联四级杆质谱法快速分析水中微囊藻毒素LR

建立超高效液相色谱-电喷雾串联四极杆质谱快速测定水中微囊藻毒素LR(MC-LR)的方法。水样经0.2μmGHP一次性针头过滤器过滤,应用超高效液相色谱/电喷雾串联四极杆质谱仪多离子反应监测(MRM)法定量检测MC-LR。经方法学验证,该方法对MC-LR的最低检出限LOD为0.08μg/L(进样量10μl),最低定量限LOQ是0.10μg/L。在0.2~20.0μg/L的线性范围中,相关系数r=0.9982,回收率范围91.5%~110.3%。方法灵敏度高,专属性强,操作简便快速,定量准确,测定浓度范围宽,是环境水质样品中MC-LR含量检测的理想方法。     

水中微囊藻毒素的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法研究

建立测定水体中微囊藻毒素(MCYST)的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱分析方法.水样通过固相萃取富集净化,采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱测定,6min内完成3种MCYST的分离及检测.MCYST-LR、MCYST-RR、MCYST-YR检出限分别为3.5、2.5、5.0ng/L,回收率为85.6％～107.9％,为水质微囊藻毒素监测提供了一种快速、准确、灵敏的分析方法.     

利用MALDI-TOF MS技术简便、快速检测水华蓝藻的方法研究

以水华蓝藻为研究对象,用基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF MS)技术对其进行测定分析并获得了蛋白质指纹图谱。对铜绿微囊藻标准株(NIES-843)样品通过3种前处理方法得到的质谱图进行对比,确定了质谱分析的样品前处理方法,建立了利用MALDI-TOF MS技术简便、快速检测水华蓝藻的方法。对在水华中出现的4种不同蓝藻进行MALDI-TOF MS分析,结果表明各种蓝藻具有其特征性波谱,可据此对水华蓝藻进行区分和鉴定。该方法快速、简便、精确、可程序化,具有广泛的应用前景。     

铅蓄电池企业废气中铅及其化合物便携式XRF检测方法

在企业污染源现场实现污染物排放浓度水平的快速判定和超标风险筛查,对生态环境管理部门提高执法效率、企业提高环境管理水平意义重大。铅是一种对人体危害极大的有毒重金属,目前缺少含铅废气中铅及其化合物的便携式直读检测设备和检测方法。探索性地将X射线荧光光谱(XRF)法应用于铅蓄电池企业含铅废气中铅及其化合物的便携式快速、直读检测。研究结果表明,基于XRF的面密度法适用于铅蓄电池企业含铅废气处理设施后铅及其化合物的快速、直读检测,相对国标方法具有快速、直读、对样品无损、便于复测等特点,可用于铅及其化合物排放浓度水平的快速判定和超标风险筛查。     

太湖梅梁湾水源水中微囊藻毒素浓度的变化

对太湖梅梁湾水源水中的总藻毒素TMC[(TMC-LR) (TMC-RR)]和胞外藻毒素EMC[(EMC-LR) (EMC-RR)]进行了跟踪检测.结果表明,水体中TMC-RR、TMC-LR、EMC-RR、EMC-LR质量浓度平均分别为1.819 μg/L、1.090 μg/L、0.491 μg/L和0.077 μg/L,无锡市的主要水源地水质已受到微囊藻毒素的污染.提出,应加强水源地水体中微囊藻毒素浓度的监测,确保饮用水的安全.     

CRC-ICP-MS在重金属突发环境事件中的半定量方法研究

采用非反应性的He碰撞模式和动能歧视与ICP-MS的联用技术,建立了一套在重金属环境突发事件中的半定量检测方法.通过对三江口表层水样加标回收及ESS-2标准土壤样品的半定量分析,结果显示,该方法能够有效消除各种来源和各种活性的多原子离子干扰,实现多种重金属元素的一次性快速测定,水样的回收率85.5%～09%,标准土壤样品的回收率84%～107%.该方法已成功应用于两次突发环境事件中,为快速处理提供了科学依据.     

饮用水源微生物快速检测技术的发展及应用

微生物是威胁饮用水安全的首要问题,水环境微生物快速检测技术的开发和应用是推动饮用水源微生物快速检测和水质安全预警技术发展的保障。随着对水质微生物污染快速检测和准确预警新要求的提出,水环境中微生物在线检测和预警技术得到了越来越多的开发和应用。笔者总结了水环境常见微生物检测方法和技术的发展,重点讨论了饮用水源微生物快速检测技术的发展和应用,根据各项技术的应用和推广使用程度,将其归纳为常用快速检测技术、潜在适用快速检测技术和新型快速检测技术等类别,并详细阐述了一些应用较广的技术,以期为构建水质微生物污染早期预警系统提供参考。     

危险废物生态毒性鉴别指标研究

生态毒性是危险废物的危险特性鉴别指标之一,生态毒性鉴别指标确定的基础是关于毒性化学物质和固体废物的生态毒理学(评估指标)研究.比较研究了国外毒性物质和危险废物的生态毒性鉴别指标及其制定的方法学,分析了中国的研究现状,对中国危险废物生态毒性鉴别指标制定的方法学提出了建议.     

欧盟优先水污染物与环境质量标准制定及其对我国的借鉴作用

综述了欧盟水框架指令和水政策环境质量标准指令框架下,水环境优先污染物和优先危害物质的确定方法、程序和清单,以及地表水质量标准与生物体质量标准的制定方法及监测要求。提出,我国可借鉴欧盟水框架指令和水政策环境质量标准指令,明确水环境管理和污染物控制目标,制定优先污染物筛选评估技术规范及质量标准,持续评估确定地表水优先污染物,同时,建立潜在高风险物质监测监控制度,进一步完善地表水环境质量标准的指标体系,使得水环境的保护更加科学合理。     

斑马鱼在环境检测领域中的应用

斑马鱼易饲养、易管理,体外受精和体外发育,可常年产卵、孵化,因此早期被作为模型动物广泛用于生物学研究中.近年来,随着环境问题日益突出,迫切需要有效、全面的环境监测手段和方法.斑马鱼或其转基因品种就是非常好的环境监测首选生物.因其对许多环境污染物十分敏感,可实时检测进入水环境的污染物.对斑马鱼在水体中重金属毒性、环境激素...     

斑马鱼在环境保护中的应用

斑马鱼易饲养、易管理,体外受精和体外发育,可常年产卵、孵化,且胚胎透明,因此早期作为模型动物广泛用于生物学研究中.近年来,随着水环境问题日益突出,迫切需要有效、全面的环境监测手段.斑马鱼或其转基因品种不失为水环境监测的首选生物.因为它们对各类水环境污染十分敏感,可实时检测进入水环境的污染物.文章对斑马鱼在环境激素、水质...     

Gene-TEQ--a standardized comparative assessment of effects in the comet assay using genotoxicity equivalents

Existing methods for the comparison of genotoxic effects in the comet assay bear considerable disadvantages such as the problem to link information about concentration dependence and severity of effects. Moreover, given the lack of standardized protocols and the use of various standards, it may be extremely difficult to compare different studies. In order to provide a method for standardized comparative assessment of genotoxic effects, the concept of genotoxicity equivalents (Gene-TEQ) was developed. As potential reference compounds for genotoxic effects, three directly acting (N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), methyl-methanesulfonate, and N-methyl-N-nitrosourea) and three indirectly acting (cyclophosphamide, dimethylnitrosamine, and 4-nitroquinoline-oxide) genotoxic substances were compared with respect to their cytotoxic (neutral red) and genotoxic (comet assay) concentration-response profiles in the permanent fish cell line RTL-W1. For further comparison, two sediment extracts from the upper Danube River were investigated as environmental samples. Based on the results of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity testing, MNNG was selected as the reference compound. At several exposure levels and durations, genotoxic effects of both the other pure substances and the environmental samples were calculated as percentages of the maximum MNNG effect and related to the absolute MNNG effect (EC values). Thus, genotoxicity equivalent factors (Gene-TEQs) relative to MNNG could be calculated. Gene-TEQs can easily be applied to pure substances, mixtures and field samples to provide information about their toxicity relative to the reference compound. Furthermore, the Gene-TEQ concept allows a direct comparison of environmental samples from different laboratories.     

膜分离技术在环境分析中的应用

膜分离技术在环境分析中起着十分重要的作用。本文对滤膜分离、渗透汽化膜、渗析法、电渗析法、液膜分离等分离技术在水、土、气和生物样品中阴离子、阳离子、金属元素、有机物、生物毒素等指标检测的应用进行了深入介绍。     

Population monitoring for genetic damage induced by environmental physical and chemical agents

The short-term tests performed in vitro on different systems, from phage to human cells, or in vivo, on laboratory animals, allow only a qualitative estimate of the action of mutagenic agents, and the extrapolation of such experimental results to man may encounter many difficulties.Direct biomonitoring of populations exposed to chemicals could represent a more realistic approach for an evaluation of the hazards to man. Certain methods are still under development. Nevertheless, other ones can already by used routinely, e.g. the cytogenetic observations on peripheral blood lymphocytes and the Ames test for mutagenic substances in urine, and can provide useful suggestions how to set threshold limits for chemical substances encountered in the working environment.     

Higher plants as indicators and accumulators of gaseous air pollution

Some higher plant species or varieties are very sensitive to certain gaseous air pollutants, and the resulting effects show sometimes more or less specific, well-visible and measurable symptoms.On this basis several species and varieties of natural and cultivated plants have been selected to serve as biological indicators for the possible presence of certain air polluting substances. But these indicator plants may also be used for the quantitative determination of the effect intensities of the air pollutants involved.Besides, some plant species or varieties may accumulate certain components of air pollution, without changing these substances, in such a way that after accumulation in the plants these substances may be analyzed physicochemically (qualitatively and quantitatively).Definitions are proposed and examples are given of both indicator and accumulator plants. Also information is displayed on the methods for the use of plants as indicators and accumulators of air pollutants (standardized system of plant cultivation and exposure). Some applications of biomonitoring the effects of air pollution with plants are discussed and illustrated with data from The Netherlands.Paper presented at a Symposium held on 14 and 15 October 1982, in Utrecht, The Netherlands.     

The effects of biotic and abiotic factors on the spatial heterogeneity of alpine grassland vegetation at a small scale on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP), China

Understanding the complex effects of biotic and abiotic factors on the composition of vegetation is very important for developing and implementing strategies for promoting sustainable grassland development. The vegetation–disturbance–environment relationship was examined in degraded alpine grasslands in the headwater areas of three rivers on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau in this study. The investigated hypotheses were that (1) the heterogeneity of the vegetation of the alpine grassland is due to a combination of biotic and abiotic factors and that (2) at a small scale, biotic factors are more important for the distribution of alpine vegetation. On this basis, four transects were set along altitudinal gradients from 3,770 to 3,890 m on a sunny slope, and four parallel transects were set along altitudinal gradients on a shady slope in alpine grasslands in Guoluo Prefecture of Qinghai Province, China. It was found that biological disturbances were the major forces driving the spatial heterogeneity of the alpine grassland vegetation and abiotic factors were of secondary importance. Heavy grazing and intensive rat activity resulted in increases in unpalatable and poisonous weeds and decreased fine forages in the form of sedges, forbs, and grasses in the vegetation composition. Habitat degradation associated with biological disturbances significantly affected the spatial variation of the alpine grassland vegetation, i.e., more pioneer plants of poisonous or unpalatable weed species, such as Ligularia virgaurea and Euphorbia fischeriana, were found in bare patches. Environmental/abiotic factors were less important than biological disturbances in affecting the spatial distribution of the alpine grassland vegetation at a small scale. It was concluded that rat control and light grazing should be applied first in implementing restoration strategies. The primary vegetation in lightly grazed and less rat-damaged sites should be regarded as a reference for devising vegetation restoration measures in alpine pastoral regions.     

环境中合成麝香污染现状研究

合成麝香广泛分布于环境中,难降解,易生物富集,对水生生物和人体均呈现一定的生物毒性.综述了合成麝香在环境中的污染现状和分布特点,以及在水生生物和人体中的生物富集作用,并对合成麝香污染研究进行了展望.