安全整治聚焦

今年４月 ,国务院作出开展五项安全整治的决定。这五项安全整治分别是 :民爆器材和烟花爆竹专项整治 ,道路和水上交通运输专项整治 ,煤矿安全生产专项整治 ,化学危险品储运专项整治 ,公众聚集场所的消防安全专项整治。４个月过去了 ,这项工作进展如何？请看 :战绩安全整治 ,犹如一场战役 ,不是局部打响 ,而是在全国普遍开花。到７月底 ,已取得阶段性成果。全国重特大事故上升的势头有所遏制 ,安全生产状况目前趋于稳定。据统计 ,上半年全国共发生各类伤亡事故３５万多起、死亡４ ７万多人 ,其中发生一次死亡１０人以上特大事故６４起、死亡…     

从弱势群体入手增强安全理念

在2005年全国火灾分析报告中,有一个火灾特点十分引人关注,从火灾死亡情况看,老弱病残和流动务工人员等弱势群体所占比例居高不下.在很多地区,60岁以上老人、10岁以下儿童、伤残智障人员和进城就业的农民工占火灾死亡总人数的80%以上.     

Process plant safety information repository and support for safety applications

The consideration of safety of processing plants from design to operation involves many tasks. Different techniques and tools have been developed to assist in carry out those tasks. With the advances in computing technologies, both in hardware and software, there is the opportunity to bring together the vast amount of engineering, hazard and risk data and handle them in an efficient way to manage and improve safety throughout the life time of a plant. This paper proposes keeping such data in a process plant safety information repository which can be easily accessed by different safety-related tools to enhance the efficiency of safety identification and analysis tasks.     

Process safety challenges for SMEs in China

While process safety regulations and standards have been in place in western countries for more than two decades, China has only recently started to officially embrace these issues with the adoption of its Process Safety Management (PSM) regulation AQ/T 3034-2010 (SAWS, 2010). However, compliance with this regulatory framework requires substantial resources and may therefore appear too complex to be efficiently implemented by small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) in the chemical sector. This is of particular relevance as about 99% of chemical companies in China are SMEs, accounting for more than 80% of all chemical accidents. To address this issue, additional local regulations and planning activities related to process safety have been implemented in China, including the establishment of hundreds of chemical industry parks. Some of the process safety problems faced by chemical industry parks are identified and discussed in this paper. To help solve these problems, UNEP's “Responsible Production approach for Chemical Hazards Management along the Value-Chain” is introduced in this paper and suggested as a simplified PSM approach targeted specifically at SMEs which, regardless of handling hazardous chemicals in their daily operations, may not have the knowledge or capacity to efficiently implement PSM and may not fall in the scope of the PSM regulation AQ/T 3034-2010. By introducing PSM to SMEs in a more manageable way, relevant steps can be progressively implemented by companies towards full compliance with the current regulatory framework, contributing to increased safety in chemical industry parks in China.     

When workplace safety depends on behavior change: Topics for behavioral safety research

Introduction

Comprehensive interventions that address public-health concerns invariably include behavior-change strategies. In occupational safety and health, behavioral safety is an approach designed to improve safety performance directly through peer observations of safe behaviors, goal setting, performance feedback, and celebrations or incentives for reaching safety goals. Although the basic components of behavioral safety processes have been studied and widely documented, the current safety literature reveals several gaps in knowledge. These gaps are associated mostly with wide practice variations among the common process elements and uncertainty about the influence of organizational and other external factors.

Impact to Industry

A major objective of this paper was to highlight not only key topic areas that warrant further research, but also to propose a list of research questions that are tied to uncertainties about various intervention practices. If only a portion of these topic areas and research questions are addressed through systematic reviews, field interventions, surveys, and laboratory-based studies, then the knowledge gained will significantly improve the delivery and effectiveness of behavioral safety interventions and thus their impact on worker health and safety.     

安全管理新概念--关于"安全学习志"的探讨

本文提出了一种基于安全学习志的安全管理新概念.安全学习志是一种用于解答安全管理难题,将组织的经验知识转化为行动的管理工具.它继承了中华民族修志写史的优良文化传统,同时也借鉴了国外商业领域利用学习志集中学习互动的优点.具体从编撰方法、功能作用、推广应用及发展前景等几个方面阐述了这种管理概念的可行性.     

New Models of Sustainability for the Resources Sector: A Focus on Minerals and Metals

The role of the resources sector in sustainable development is indisputable. A world without water, energy, agriculture and minerals is impossible to envisage. Increasingly, however, these same sectors are disconnected from the social fabric of life in countries with developed economies—the consumer society demands instant gratification, with scant regard to the resources which underpin supposed quality of life. In developing countries, however, the picture is distinctly different—these same sectors are the lifeblood of the economy, and their role is obvious to all. The ‘disconnect’ between these two perspectives is real (and growing).On a different level, chemical engineers understand mass conservation, the guiding principles of thermodynamics and their combined role in defining sustainability—but whether policy makers, business strategists, and consumers do is a moot question.This paper explores these two dichotomies using the minerals and metals sector as an example. It suggests new operational models which could position the resources sector at the heart of materials value chains, focusing on the role of networks and partnerships in enhancing the contribution of this sector to sustainability. Such partnerships have the potential to help heal the ‘north-south’ divide between resource extraction and resource consuming economies. Discussion is offered on desirable futures for the sector, and the implications of such for strategic planning and decision support—both for public policy and business practice; the operation of existing operations, and broader societal stewardship of primary resources. Specific consideration is given to the role of chemical engineering in both structuring and analysing problems in this realm of complex systems, and to points of engagement with cognate approaches from the behavioural and management sciences.     

Process hazards review applied to the use of anhydrous ammonia in agriculture: an example of chemical process safety for small business

Process hazards review (PHR) techniques have generally been applied by large, sophisticated companies in the nuclear, aerospace, and chemical process industries. There remains, however, a large population of smaller distributors and consumers of hazardous materials which could benefit equally from the application of PHR. These consumers unfortunately are generally less sophisticated and individually lack the necessary resources required to apply such state-of-the-art safety techniques.

Where common processes can be identified, it is possible to conduct a more generic PHR that will provide a sound technical basis for recognizing and preventing the development of hazards wherever these processes are used. Some facility-specific issues will always need to be considered, but the existence of the generic PHR should make the conduct of a PHR by each facility considerably easier and less costly.

Researchers from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) contracted with DNV Technica Inc. to lead a hazard and operability study (HAZOP) of agricultural handling of anhydrous ammonia, from the receipt of ammonia at the retail distribution centre to the application of the ammonia by farmers to the fields. The multidisciplinary HAZOP team consisted of representatives from NIOSH, an agricultural chemical trade association, an ammonia producer, state ammonia facility inspectors, a retail distributor, and an equipment manufacturer. Several participants were part-time farmers with ammonia application experience.

Some specific aspects of applying the HAZOP technique in the context of this study, the findings obtained, and the plans to disseminate the important safety information developed during the course of the PHR are discussed. Finally, it is suggested that this approach could prove to be a useful addition to the product stewardship activities of chemical producers.     

交通安全,重在预防

总结经验,提高预防事故工作的有效性和系统性近年来,全国各级公安交通管理部门以创建平安大道和实施畅通工程为载体,大力整治道路交通秩序,取得了成效;客货机动车严重超载现象得到遏制;交通事故万车死亡率呈逐年下降趋势,2001年全国有4个省(区、市)交通事故4项统计数字下降,11个省(区)交通事故死亡人数也有所下降。     

中国电信技防为重防患未然

随着社会经济的不断发展,电信业在社会中的地位也在逐步提高,信息的传递和人民生活息息相关,社会各行各业都离不开电信服务.银行经营、海关报关、民航导航、卫星发射监控,都是通过电信的线路来完成的.通讯没有保证,社会生活可能就无法正常进行,这就给电信行业的安全防范工作提出了新的要求.     

Process safety aspects in water-gas-shift (WGS) membrane reactors used for pure hydrogen production

The syngas produced by coal gasification processes can be utilized in Pd-based water-gas-shift membrane reactors for the production of pure H₂. Pd/alloy composite membrane reactors exhibit comparative advantages over traditional packed bed reactors such as simultaneous reaction/separation in one compact unit and increased reaction yields. Furthermore, the development of comprehensive process intensification strategies could further enhance membrane reactor performance resulting in a substantially smaller and functional, inherently safer, environmentally friendlier and more energy efficient process.A systematic non-isothermal modeling framework under both steady state and dynamic/transient conditions for a catalytic high temperature water-gas shift reaction in a Pd-based membrane reactor has been developed to characterize the dynamic behavior of the process system at various operating conditions from a process safety standpoint. In particular, various reaction conditions as well as key process variables such as feed temperature and flow rate, catalyst loading, driving force for H₂ permeation are considered as they are critically related to various safety aspects in the operation of a Pd-based membrane reactor. Within the proposed framework, process parameters and operating conditions which may induce hazards and compromise process safety are identified, analyzed and characterized. Finally, the proposed approach is evaluated through detailed simulation studies in an illustrative case study involving a real Pd-based membrane reactor used for pure hydrogen production and separation that exhibits complex behavior over a wide operating regime.     

安全系统安全完整性等级确定方法比较研究

安全完整性等级的确定是开发和设计安全相关系统的前提和基础。为避免因方法选择不当而导致安全完整性等级确定不恰当的问题,针对常用的后果法、风险矩阵法、改进的HAZOP法、风险图法、保护层分析法和定量分析法进行了对比研究。在阐述和分析安全完整性等级内涵及其确定原理的基础上,根据每种方法自身的特点,从准确性、可量化性、工作量和运用的难易程度等方面对其进行了对比和研究,并分析和探讨了选择安全完整性等级确定方法时应重点考虑的因素。研究结果对合理选择安全完整性等级确定方法具有一定的实用价值和借鉴意义。     

The safety observer effect: the effects of conducting safety observations

INTRODUCTION: Some research suggests that conducting safety observations of another's safety performance may serve as an effective tool in increasing the safety performance of the observer. The primary purpose of the present study was to assess the effects of conducting safety observations on the postural safety performance of observers engaging in an assembly task for short time periods. The secondary objectives of the study were: (a) to measure productivity, and (b) to measure the accuracy of participant safety observations. METHOD: An ABC (A: baseline, B: information, C: observation) multiple-baseline design counterbalanced across postural behaviors (back, shoulder, and feet position) was implemented with six participants. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Substantial improvements in postural safety occurred after participants conducted safety observations, and these improvements did not appear to negatively affect productivity. Results also suggest that there is no relation between the accuracy of an observer's safety observation and their subsequent safety performance. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: This research provides evidence that a safety observation process can function to increase safe postural behavior of observers. Thus, the implementation of such a process may contribute to the prevention of musculoskeletal disorders and related costs in the workplace.     

安全氛围对企业安全行为的影响研究

国外大量研究表明,安全氛围调查在改进企业的安全行为方面有积极的作用,为组织制订未来的安全政策提供依据。本研究通过查阅文献、国外类似的诊断调查工具及软件,根据所提出的理论假设,采用线性结构方程建模的方法,构建了本研究的LISREL理论模型,并设计了相应的调查问卷和量表。从所建立的安全氛围的三个构面(安全管理、安全认知、安全态度)入手探讨企业的安全氛围对企业的安全行为(两个构面:安全执行、安全处理)的影响。本研究采用问卷调查的方式采集数据,将所得资料用SPSS11.0和LISREL8.3软件来分析处理和检验研究假设,研究结果为实证单位改进企业的安全行为提供了帮助。     

制氧企业安全现状评价技术方法探讨

对制氧企业进行的安全现状评价,其评价结果是企业能否获得安全生产许可证的条件之一。因此,如何选择合适的评价方法,得到符合制氧企业实际的评价结果,准确反映企业的安全生产状况,为制氧企业的事故预防和安全管理工作提供有效途径,同时也为国家安全生产监督管理部门安全生产许可证的发放提供技术支撑,是一个十分现实的问题。本文针对制氧企业生产的特点,将其划分为不同的评价单元,综合运用故障模式和影响及严重度分析、故障模式及影响分析、事故统计分析、故障树分析、安全检查表分析、作业条件危险性评价法和事故后果模拟分析等方法,对制氧企业安全现状评价进行了探讨。     

Biotechnological research on the most dangerous pathogens: Challenges for risk governance and safety management

Biotechnological research on the deadliest pathogens has rapidly grown into a vast enterprise in the United States. With over $50 billion from federal agencies, thousands of projects are conducted at hundreds of university laboratories and other facilities in a national effort to gain the knowledge and methods for preventing the natural occurrence of pathogenic disease and protecting against bioterrorism. This paper describes this enterprise, defines several risk scenarios unrelated to terrorism which threaten lab workers and the public with lethal and contagious pathogenic disease, and evaluates the official policy framework for decision-making with regard to preventing and responding to the risk scenarios. It finds that the framework emphasizes physical security and secrecy to prevent terrorist exploitation of the enterprise, but fails to sufficiently address prevention of lab mishaps, accidental releases, and other incidents during the routine conduct of research which would expose workers and the public to the lethal pathogens. Nor does the framework effectively provide for the emergency response measures needed to prevent an accidental release of the more highly contagious pathogens from spiraling into a local or larger scale disease epidemic. These findings, supported by the growing number of near misses and small-scale incidents and lawsuits, point to major weaknesses in federal oversight and regulation, official disregard for siting criteria, inadequate self-regulation and management of lab safety practices, breakdowns in reporting systems, and obstacles to organizational learning and emergency response created by secrecy and security policies. Recommendations are made regarding these inadequacies of the federal framework and urge application of lessons learned from safety science experience with other hazardous technologies where increasing attention is being given to safety culture initiatives.     

Vigilance monitoring for operator safety: A simulation study on highway driving

INTRODUCTION: Alertness of individuals operating vehicles, aircrafts, and machinery is a pre-requisite for safety of the individual and for avoiding economic losses. In this paper, we present a new technique for determining the alertness level of the operator and elaborate the methodology for the specific case of highway driving METHOD: Our hypothesis is that the time derivative of force exerted by the driver at the vehicle-human interfaces can be used to construct a signature of individual driving styles and to discern different levels of alertness RESULTS: In this study, we present experimental results corroborating this hypothesis and introduce a parameter, 'spikiness index,' for the time series data of the force derivative to quantify driver alertness IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: The low cost, ruggedness, and low-volume data processing requirements of the proposed technique give it a competitive edge over existing predominantly image processing based vigilance monitoring systems.