Female territoriality in small rodents: Interrelations with local population persistence

Samples of small rodent populations inhabiting Crabapple Island on Beldany Lake in NE Poland revealed that Clethrionomys glareolus was continously present there, whereas Apodemus flavicollis and Microtus agrestis appeared, stayed for some period, vanished and reappeared. It appears that sexually mature females of the bank vole are strictly territorial, their numbers are limited, and immature individuals hardly disperse at high population size. Sexually mature females of the yellow-necked mouse seem to be territorial only at low population numbers, and their numbers increase linearly with population size. Sexually mature females of the field vole exhibit high level of aggregation, and their numbers increase in streight line with growing population size. We discuss the idea that different social organization of the rodent populations is connected with various strategies (sedentary and nomadic) supporting local population persistence.     

Population dynamics of Great Bittern (Botaurus stellaris) in the Netherlands: interaction effects of winter weather and habitat fragmentation

The increased variability in weather as a manifestation of climate change is expected to have negative impacts on population survival in wildlife species, because it will likely lead to increased variation in vital demographic rates (mortality and reproduction) in these populations. For the effective protection of biodiversity, adaptation measures are needed to compensate for the expected increase in weather variability and the negative interaction with habitat fragmentation. As a case study, we studied the fluctuations in Great Bittern numbers (Botaurus stellaris) from 28 monitoring plots scattered over the Netherlands to explore the interaction between the effect of weather and possible remediating effects of the landscape structure. Great Bittern habitat surrounding these plots differs with respect to area, quality, and degree of isolation of this habitat. In western Europe, Great Bitterns are found to be susceptible to continuous loss of suitable habitat due to vegetation succession and fragmentation. Moreover, year-to-year fluctuations in local Great Bittern populations can be caused by severe winter weather or other weather extremes. Our results show that severe winter weather has indeed a significant negative impact on Great Bittern population growth rates. Furthermore, we found that an increased carrying capacity and spatial cohesion (i.e. inverse of habitat fragmentation) contribute to an increase in mean growth rates over the years. As growth rates are higher in large, well-connected habitats, we argue that recovery from negative effects of, e.g. severe winters on Great Bittern population numbers is enhanced in these less-fragmented habitats. We derived generic adaptation measures for enhancing the recovery rate of populations of species in general: one should invest in more large, well-connected nature areas, not only to diminish the negative effects of habitat fragmentation on wildlife populations, but additionally to reduce the impacts of climatic variability.     

青海省自然环境、人口容量探讨

本文通过对青海省自然地理环境及不同类型土地资源生产潜力分析基础上,按不同的生活水平指标,对青海省人口容量进行了初步定量探讨,并就提高人口容量提出了措施与对策。     

基于流动人口特征的环洞庭湖区县域城镇化的水平和性质分析

改革开放以来,中国的人口迁流带有明显异地城镇化的性质,这种跨大区域的异地城镇化对人口流入区和人口流出区的影响是不同的。以环洞庭湖区为例,在第六次人口普查县域资料的基础上,利用SPSS170软件定量分析了湖区县域人口净流出率与城镇化率之间的关系,得出人口净流出区县域城镇化水平与县域人口净流出率呈高度负相关的结论;进而,按县域城乡人口内外流比(城镇人口净流入与农村人口净流出之间的比例),将本区城镇化划分为主动型城镇化、内流为主的被动型城镇化、外流为主的被动型城镇化和衰退型城镇等类型,并探讨了各类城镇化的人口流动的特征、动力机制和综合效益;在此基础上,提出了环洞庭湖区合理推进城镇化的对策     

Econometric analysis of the impacts of climate change on the livestock production in Qinghai Province

This study aims to investigate the effect of the impact mechanism of climate change on the livestock production at small watershed level and county level with the Multi-level Model(MLM)in Qinghai Province.The result indicated that the gross livestock output value was greatly influenced by the climatic factors of the small watershed level.Higher temperature promoted also by the increase of precipitation,relative humidity and sunshine duration was found to be beneficial to the development of livestock production,except in some areas where temperature rise restrained the development of local livestock production to some degree when exceeding a certain level;besides,the impact of the socioeconomic factors on the livestock output value is obvious at the county level.The gross economic output measured with GDP has some inhibitory effects on the reinvestment of livestock production,while population growth promotes development of livestock production to some degree.The results not only provide scientific basis for the management of livestock production in Qinghai Province,but also provide reference for formulating the policies and adaptation measures targeted at climate change to promote the sustainable development of livestock production in other regions.     

Phenotypic variation and adaptive reaction to the presence of predator in two Daphnia species (Daphniiformes, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Daphnia</Emphasis>) in Lake Baikal

The effect of invertebrate predation pressure by the cladoceran Leptodora kindti on the population structure of Daphnia galeata and D. hyalina has been estimated by analyzing the occurrence frequency of the normal and spined morphotypes in Lake Baikal. It is shown that the growth of L. kindti population density leads to an increase in the proportion of the spined morphotype, while that of that of the normal morphotype decreases.     

中国五大湖秀丽白虾地理种群的形态差异与判别分析

测量了326尾采自鄱阳湖、洞庭湖、太湖、巢湖和洪泽湖5个地理种群的秀丽白虾的8个形态学特征,经过校正后形成10个形态学比例参数。运用3种多元统计方法对不同地理种群间的形态差异进行了比较研究。主成分分析构建的前3个主成分的方差贡献率依次为31216%、21577%、15239%,累积贡献率为68032%,主成分分析结果表明5个地理种群间的形态差异主要取决于腹部宽/体长、腹部宽/腹部长和头胸甲宽/体长3个形态学特征;聚类分析结果表明,太湖种群最先和鄱阳湖种群聚成一类,随后与巢湖种群、洪泽湖种群聚集,最后才和洞庭湖种群聚集,说明太湖种群和鄱阳湖种群形态差异最小而和洞庭湖种群形态差异最大;建立了5个种群的判别函数,判别准确率为767%~967%,综合判别率为807% 。计算了差异系数,根据Mayr等提出的75%规则,认为不同地理种群间的形态差异还没有上升到亚种水平的差异。推测遗传差异和环境因子是不同种群秀丽白虾产生形态变异的主要原因.     

1990~2015年青海省湖泊时空变化及其对气候变化的响应分析

湖泊作为陆地水圈重要组成部分，是揭示全球气候变化与区域响应的重要信息载体。利用遥感技术获取青海省1990~2015年湖泊时空变化特征，并结合近25 a青海省气温和降雨量的时空变化特征以探究湖泊对气候的响应。结果表明:近25 a，青海省湖泊面积从12 757 km2增加到15 167 km2，湖泊数量由241个增加到286个。不同区域湖泊时空变化存在差异，主要包括3个区域：东部地区（Ⅰ）、西北地区（Ⅱ）和西南地区（Ⅲ）。其中，降雨量的增加促进了Ⅰ区域湖泊面积和数量的增加，湖泊面积由7 173 km2增加到8 474 km2，湖泊数量增加19个。Ⅱ区域湖泊面积由1 369 km2增加到1 542 km2，湖泊数量增加7个。该区域主要地形为柴达木盆地，是我国干旱区之一，干燥少雨，湖泊面积较少且变化剧烈。其湖泊扩张主要是因为降雨量增加，而较强的蒸散发极易导致湖泊萎缩。Ⅲ区域湖泊面积由4 215 km2增加到5 152 km2，湖泊数量增加19个。湖泊扩张的主要原因为降雨量的增加和蒸发的减少。研究为青海省湖泊科学利用与水资源合理配置提供了基础数据。 关键词： 青海省；湖泊；时空变化；气候变化响应     

Research on the Variation of Population Distribution and Its Characteristics Based on Spatial Autocorrelation Method: A Case Study of Poyang Lake Region in Jiangxi Province

Abstract

According to Statistical Yearbook of Jiangxi Province (2001~2006), We analyze the time-space variation of population distribution of Poyang Lake region from the two points of view. The former is quality of population, which involves culture structure, occupational structure, age structure and sex structure of population. The latter is quantity of population, which only involves the amount of population. Furthermore, we can reveal the internal relations and action mechanism of variation of population distribution by analyzing the regional economic development, population urbanization, land use and ecological landscape of Poyang Lake region. It is important to provide help for region planning, ecological landscape planning and environmental protection by correct understanding the man-land relationship of natural-human ecosystem in Poyang Lake region.     

堑秋湖渔业模式对鄱阳湖南矶湿地越冬候鸟种群数量的影响和保育对策

鄱阳湖是我国最大的淡水湖、国际重要湿地。“堑秋湖”是当地老百姓根据鄱阳湖夏涨秋落的规律,在湖底低洼处堑壕沟、围矮堤,以便在秋季退水时截留更多的鱼和水,最后将鱼类资源一网打尽的渔业方式;也是长江流域中下游湖区以及鄱阳湖流域老百姓利用季节性浅水蝶形湖泊中渔业资源最主要的捕鱼和管理方式。采用PRA方法对江西鄱阳湖南矶湿地国家级自然保护区“堑秋湖”历史及现状进行问卷调查,采用样线样点结合方法对越冬候鸟种群数量进行调查分析。研究表明：鄱阳湖南矶湿地国家级自然保护区拥有蝶形湖泊26个,均已承包给个人管理并存在养鱼虾蟹等行为,为典型的“堑秋湖”渔业模式;不同月份越冬候鸟数量变化呈“M”型,不同样线候鸟数量差异较大,而候鸟种类在月份和样线方面差异不大;“堑秋湖”渔业模式对鄱阳湖越冬候鸟的种群数量、分布及栖息地生态功能的发挥存在明显正负面影响。对于建立经济社会可持续发展的“堑秋湖”经营模式进行了探讨,提出了有利于越冬候鸟栖息的保育对策     

Seasonal replacement of populations and abundance dynamics of European robins, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Erithacus rubecula</Emphasis> (L.), in the Highland Crimea

Complete seasonal replacement of European robin populations takes place in the Crimea: local birds of the subspecies E. r. valens depart from the peninsula to be replaced by birds of the nominative subspecies E. r. rubecula, which arrive for wintering. The overall population dynamics of the European robin in the Highland Crimea are determined by seasonal changes in the abundance of local birds, fluctuations in the abundance of birds from northern populations, or variation in the ratio between these groups of birds during their staying together in the Crimea during the periods of seasonal migrations.     

长江八里江江段江豚种群数量、行为及其活动规律与保护

1989－1999年，在长江八里江江段对江豚进行了28次往返观察和8次定点观察。结果表明，近10年八里江江段江豚种群数量遥感量逐年呈明显递减趋势，平均每年以7．3％速率递减；1996年后，枯水季节江豚不再进行江一湖迁移，其活动范围仅限于约20km长的八里江江口上下江段，较1993年以前缩短了约40km。江豚在八里江江段的行为多种多样，通过对江豚种群在八里江江段的集群、摄食、逃避、发情与交配、抚幼、歇息和玩耍行为的描述、比较和分析，认为长江八里江江段是江豚典型的摄食和抚幼场所，同时也是江豚大规模集群的适宜栖居地。提出了加强八里江江段江豚种群常年监测的必要性，并对八里江江段江豚种群的就地保护提出了建议。     

Research on the Variation of Population Distribution and Its Characteristics Based on Spatial Autocorrelation Method: A Case Study of Poyang Lake Region in Jiangxi Province

According to Statistical Yearbook of Jiangxi Province (2001-2006), We analyze the time-space variation of population distribution of Poyang Lake region from the two points of view.The former is quality of population, which involves culture struc-ture, occupational structure, age structure and sex structure of pop-ulation. The latter is quantity of population, which only involves the amount of population. Furthermore, we can reveal the internal relations and action mechanism of variation of population distribu-tion by analyzing the regional economic development, population urbanization, land use and ecological landscape of Poyang Lake region. It is important to provide help for region planning, ecological landscape planning and environmental protection by correct understanding the man-land relationship of natural-human ecosys-tem in Poyang Lake region.     

气候变化下水资源适应性系统脆弱性评价——以鄱阳湖流域为例

从系统科学的视角出发,分析气候变化下水资源适应性系统脆弱性的内涵,基于脆弱性PSR分析框架,从胁迫性、敏感性、适应性3个维度构建了脆弱性评价指标体系,并采用熵值法和集对分析相结合的方法对脆弱性进行评价。结合2001～2010年鄱阳湖流域数据进行了实证研究,结果表明：10 a间鄱阳湖流域水资源适应性系统脆弱性的变化受胁迫性、敏感性和适应性的综合影响,脆弱性先明显增加后缓慢下降,但基本处于中等偏差水平。鄱阳湖流域水资源适应性系统脆弱性主要由降水量变化、自然灾害和经济发展产生的能源消耗、污染问题引发,提高系统适应性对缓解脆弱性有明显作用。根据评价分析,建议鄱阳湖流域未来从提高管理能力、经济及社会响应能力和加强环境生态治理等方面采取适应性对策;通过改善鄱阳湖流域发展方式和生态环境,减少脆弱性和提高可持续发展能力,更好地发挥鄱阳湖流域对国家生态安全的保障作用     

Prognosis of the State of Aquatic Animal Populations under Conditions of Disturbed Ionic Composition of Water

In the crustacean Eudiaptomus gracilisSars, relationships between mortality (D) and the ratio of main cations (R, the ratio of the sum of potassium and sodium equivalent concentrations to the sum of calcium and magnesium equivalent concentrations) were studied. The calculated regression equation D= 315 – 355/Rwas used for predicting the state of E. gracilispopulation in Lake Poppalijarvi (Karelia) polluted with mining waste. At R< 0.47, the population will survive; at R> 1.53, its extinction should be expected. The results of hydrobiological observations on Lake Poppalijarvi confirmed the prognosis based on the equation.     

Relict Crustaceans under Conditions of Long-Term Pollution of Subarctic Lake Imandra: Results of Observations in 1930–1998

Changes in the role of relict crustaceans in the zoobenthic communities of large subarctic Lake Imandra are analyzed over the long period of economic development in its drainage area. To date, Mysis relicta as a species highly sensitive to anthropogenic pollution has apparently disappeared from the lake fauna. The currently recorded maximum values of Pontoporeia affinis abundance and biomass are more than 20 times as great as those between 1968 and 1986. As in other lakes with mass development of P. affinis, the populations of this crustacean inhibit chironomid larvae in the communities of Lake Imandra.     

巢湖流域土地景观格局变化及生态风险驱动力研究

健康的流域生态系统是区域经济社会可持续发展的重要基础。探讨流域土地景观格局变化及生态风险驱动机制有助于生态系统状况诊断与风险来源认识,为有效制定生态风险管控措施提供决策依据。应用空间信息技术平台及计量分析方法,探讨了基于县域行政单元的快速城市化阶段巢湖流域土地景观格局变化及生态风险驱动力。研究表明:(1)2000~2013年,巢湖流域土地景观类型变化表现出农地、林地、水体景观面积下降,建设用地景观面积显著增加的趋势;流域景观水平上多样性和均匀度呈下降、优势度呈上升趋势,景观空间异质性下降;(2)近15 a来,巢湖流域9个行政单元内生态风险均呈上升趋势,生态风险整体恶化,需加强对流域生态风险上升的管控;(3)生态风险驱动力分析表明,快速城市化阶段巢湖流域生态风险的主要驱动因子为第二产业值、城市化率、人口密度和固定资产投资,而人均GDP的增加在一定程度上会降低生态风险水平。     

Genetic differentiation of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus mugo</Emphasis> Turra and <Emphasis Type="Italic">P. sylvestris</Emphasis> L. populations in the Ukrainian Carpathians and the Swiss Alps

The allozyme analysis of six local populations of Pinus mugo Turra and six populations of P. sylvestris L. in the Ukrainian Carpathians, Swiss Alps, and Schwarzwald has shown a higher polymorphism and greater interpopulation differentiation of the Carpathian group of P. mugo populations compared to the Alpine group (Nei’s genetic distance DN ₇₈ at the level of geographic population group is −0.023). A genetic differentiation of DN ₇₈ = 0.049 between these populations, which are isolated by a distance of more than 1000 km, has been found. This confirms the existence of the subspecies P. mugo ssp. mugo and P. mugo ssp. uncinata in the Carpathians and Alps, respectively. The hypothesis is put forward that the former subspecies has been formed in the Balkans and the latter, in the Pyreneans. It has been demonstrated that regional populations and geographic groups of P. sylvestris are less differentiated than those of P. mugo.     

武汉东湖富营养化现状分析及治理对策

随着人口的增长和经济的快速发展,东湖的水环境污染日益严重,尤其以富营养化的危害最大。采用营养状态指数法,对武汉东湖十个湖区进行了富营养化评价,得出富营养化的水体占到整个面积的62.21%,中营养的水体占到37.79%。磷是东湖富营养化的主控因素,在明确水体中磷富集的主要原因是点源污染的前提下,分析了东湖现有治理措施和存在的问题,建议东湖富营养化的治理要因湖区而宜,在彻底控制点源污染的同时,结合生态建设,用人工湿地的方法控制面源污染,并对富营养化严重的湖区,采取底泥疏浚工程削减内源营养盐。在东湖富营养化治理的同时,必须加强对东湖的管理,健全环境立法,强化环境监督,将东湖污染的控制纳入法制化轨道。     

基于SLEUTH模型的滇池流域城市扩展模拟分析

通过滇池流域1992～2010年城市扩张研究,发现城市建设用地增长主要表现为两种形态：一是边缘增长,表现为城市建成区范围不断扩大;二是道路影响增长,表现为环滇池道路两边新城市单元的产生。基于滇池流域城市扩展变化遥感数据,对SLEUTH城市扩展模型进行校准,模拟30 a间（2010～2040年）3种预案下的昆明城市扩展变化过程,并对模拟结果进行分析。3种模拟预测结果表明：任意管理预案下城市无序扩张,大量农林用地被城市建设用地占用,人口和城市建设用地呈现爆发式增长,滇池沿岸被城市包围,会对滇池水环境产生极大的压力;土地总量控制预案下城市的发展完全按照城市总体规划内容进行,没有考虑城市实际发展过程中的经济、人口等因素影响,没有达到滇池生态环境保护的需要;生态环境保护预案下,能相对有效控制建设用地,减少对农林用地、湿地的侵占,利于滇池环境保护。预测发现,从滇池流域水资源现状来看,即使实施了环境保护模式,人均水资源量仍处于“严重短缺”状态。需要通过调整昆明城镇体系和产业布局,降低城市首位度和人口;采取更为严格的空间管制策略,有效控制城市空间扩展,以减少对滇池流域的环境压力