Development and Evaluation of a Multiplexed Real-Time TaqMan RT-PCR Assay with a Sample Process Control for Detection of F-specific RNA Coliphage Genogroups I and IV

There are increasing concerns of zoonotic transmission of some animal enteric viruses, such as calicivirus, hepatitis E virus, and rotavirus, which are closely related to human pathogenic strains. Most enteric viruses are detected by molecular techniques because they cannot be cultured. Surrogates such as F-RNA coliphages are cultivable but few molecular methods exist. Individual real-time TaqMan RT-PCR assays for the replicase gene of F-RNA coliphage genogroups I and IV were developed and multiplexed with a real-time TaqMan RT-PCR assay for feline calicivirus as a sample process control for the simultaneous detection and enumeration of genogroup I and IV F-RNA coliphages. Genogroup IV were successfully detected with the multiplexed assay in 80% of fecal samples that contained F-RNA coliphage levels ≥3.2 log plaque forming units (pfu). F-RNA coliphage were at or below the limit of detection in most fecal samples when levels were ≤4 log pfu/g.     

Distribution of Naturally Occurring Norovirus Genogroups I,II, and IV in Oyster Tissues

This study evaluated different tissues of naturally contaminated oysters (Crassostrea belcheri) for the presence of noroviruses. RNA from digestive tissues, gills, and mantle of the oysters was extracted and tested for norovirus genogroup (G) I, GII, and GIV using RT-nested PCR. In spiking experiments with a known norovirus, GII.4, the detection limits were 2.97 × 10² RNA copies/g of digestive tissues, 2.62 × 10² RNA copies/g of gills, and 1.61 × 10³ RNA copies/g of mantle. A total of 85 oyster samples were collected from a fresh market in Bangkok, Thailand. Noroviruses were found in the oyster samples (40/85, 47%): GI (29/85, 34.1%), GII (9/85, 10.5%), mixed GI and GII (1/85, 1.2%), and GIV (1/85, 1.2%). All three genogroups were found in the digestive tissues of oysters. Norovirus GI was present in all three tissues with the highest frequency in the mantle, and was additionally detected in multiple tissues in some oysters. GII was also detected in all three tissues, but was not detected in multiple tissues in the same oyster. For genogroup I, only GI.2 could be identified and it was found in all tissues. For genogroup II, three different genotypes were identified, namely GII.4 which was detected in the gills and the mantle, GII.17 which was detected in the digestive tissues, and GII.21 which was detected in the mantle. GIV.1 was identified in the digestive tissues of one oyster. This is the first report on the presence of human GIV.1 in oyster in Thailand, and the results indicate oyster as a possible vehicle for transmission of all norovirus genogroups in Thailand.     

Application of a Swab Sampling Method for the Detection of Norovirus and Rotavirus on Artificially Contaminated Food and Environmental Surfaces

Noroviruses and rotaviruses are the leading causes of non-bacterial gastroenteritis in humans worldwide. Virus-contaminated food and surfaces represent an important risk to public health. However, established detection methods for the viruses in food products are laborious and time-consuming. Here, we describe a detailed swabbing protocol combined with real-time RT-PCR for norovirus and rotavirus detection on artificially contaminated food and environmental surfaces. Recovery rates between 2 and 78% for norovirus and between 8 and 42% for rotavirus were determined for contaminated food surfaces of apple, pepper, cooked ham and salami. From contaminated environmental surfaces (stainless steel, ceramic plate, polyethylene, wood), recovery rates between 26 and 52% (norovirus) and between 10 and 58% (rotavirus) were determined. The results demonstrate the suitability of the swab sample method for virus detection on food and environmental surfaces. Compared to other methods, it is easy to perform and significantly time-saving, predestining it for routine testing.     

Methods Evaluation for Rapid Concentration and Quantification of SARS-CoV-2 in Raw Wastewater Using Droplet Digital and Quantitative RT-PCR

Food and Environmental Virology - Wastewater surveillance of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an emerging public health tool to understand the spread of Coronavirus...     

环境样品中抗生素的预处理及检测分析

环境样品中抗生素残留的检测是目前环境健康安全评价中的重要课题,但环境中的抗生素往往是痕量的,难以使用现有仪器直接检测,对样品进行有效的预处理往往是必要的。针对环境样品中抗生素的检测,阐述了目前抗生素样品的前处理和检测方法,并对未来的研究趋势进行展望。     

悬浮液进样火焰原子吸收光谱法测定环境样品中钙、镁

将环境样品制成悬浮液，用空气／乙炔火焰原子吸收光谱法测定钙、镁、以三氯化镧、丙三醇和高氯酸为混合抗干扰剂，有效消除了环境样品中铅、磷、硫、硅等共存元素的干扰，其中丙三醇不仅是抗干扰剂，而且还起着稳定剂的作用，进一步简化了测定步骤，有效提高了分析速度。本文通过水溶液标准曲线校正，使测定更加方便。对测定结果与湿法消化法比较，具有较好的相关性。本法简便、快速、测定分析结果准确可靠。     

海洋环境样品中PCBs的测定

建立了ＧＣ－ＥＣＤ测定海洋环境样品中ＰＣＢｓ的分析方法，通过毛细管ＧＣ／ＭＳ－ＳＩＭ和ＧＣ－ＥＣＤ对ＣＢｓ的分析，得出了的检出限，回收率线性范围以及Ａｍｅｌｏｒ－１２５４和环境样品中的含量。     

河南省水环境污染管理与控制对策

在分析了河南省自然环境、水污染状况的基础上，提出了对水环境污染管理与控制的建议，以及需要采取的一系列措施和策略，为政府制定环境规划，治理水污染，进行目标管理提供参考。     

Detection and Molecular Characterization of Gemycircularvirus from Environmental Samples in Brazil

Gemycircularvirus (GemyCV) is a group of viruses which has been recently proposed as a new viral genus detected in fecal and environmental samples around the world. GemyCVs have been detected in human blood, brain tissue, cerebrospinal fluid, and stool sample. In the present study, we demonstrate for the first time, through molecular detection and characterization, the presence of GemyCVs in environmental samples from Brazil. Our results show a percentage of positivity ranging from 69 (25/36) to 97 % (35/36) in river water samples collected in Manaus, Amazon region, and wastewater from a wastewater treatment plant located in Rio de Janeiro, respectively, revealing GemyCVs as an important environmental contaminant.     

离子色谱法测定环境地表水中碱金属试验

环境水样中Na^＋、K^＋、Mg^2＋、Ca^2＋离子的监测方法,目前主要使用原子吸收法。本次试验选用离子色谱法测定环境水样中Na^＋、K^＋、Mg^2＋、Ca^2＋离子,与原子吸收法做一比较。通过试验分析结果看,该方法样品的浓度和响应值间的线性较好,混合环境标准样的平行双样Na、K、Mg、Ca的各相对标准偏差（RSD）值均符合质量控制标准;各个样品加标回收率最高为104.4%、最低为96.0%均在控制范围之内;与原子吸收法方法测定结果比较,两种方法测定结果没有显著性差异,表明该方法精密度高、准确性好;操作简便,尤其适用于大批样品多项目的测定。     

调水及梯级开发对汉江襄阳段水环境容量影响

汉江是襄阳市主城区唯一水源地和纳污水体,其水质状况对襄阳市和汉江中下游的社会经济发展和人民生活影响重大。对南水北调中线调水及汉江梯级崔家营建成后的汉江襄阳段环境容量进行了预测,为该区域的水污染物总量控制提供科学依据。结合汉江襄阳段的水质、水文条件以及排污状况,采用零维和二维水质模型相结合,对该江段的水环境容量进行了计算。结果表明:与现状相比,2015年汉江襄阳段主要污染物COD和NH1-N的水环境容量在多数江段呈下降的趋势,尤其是丰水期和平水期下降较为明显。     

中子活化分析环境样品干扰元素的分离

环境样品使用中子活化法分析,在γ多道测量过程中,常有干扰发生。若将铜载体加入松叶分解液中,可与CH_3CSNH_2反应形成硫化物沉淀,在共沉淀过程中可去除干扰元素。在不同的pH条件下,松叶中各种被测元素的回收率不同。使用放射性核素示踪方法测量,当pH增大时,Ag、Cd和Cu的回收率随之增大,而Sb和As的回收率将减小,Hg的回收率变化不大。     

Detection of Norovirus and Hepatitis A Virus in Strawberry and Green Leafy Vegetables by Using RT-qPCR in Egypt

Food and Environmental Virology - There is an upward trend of consumption of organic fresh vegetables due to consumer demand for healthy foods without chemical additives. On the other hand, the...     

投影寻踪模型在水环境质量评价中的应用

介绍了投影寻踪模型的基本原理，总结了投影寻踪模型在水质评价、水资源承载力评价、水资源可持续利用评价及地下水脆弱性评价等领域的应用研究现状，探讨了投影寻踪模型在水环境质量评价领域的研究方向。     

水中钙、镁及其总量的半自动光度滴定

我国的环境标准分析方法中,水的硬度系采用EDTA滴定法。标准方法提及:“有些金属离子使铬黑T退色,或使终点不明显”;“水样中的悬浮物或胶状物也影响终点”;“滴定时最好在常温下进行,因为温度太低时颜色变化较缓慢,而整个滴定过程要求     

Verification of Bacteroidales 16S rRNA markers as a complementary tool for detecting swine fecal pollution in the Yangtze Delta

To correctly assess and properly manage the public health risks associated with exposure to contaminated water,it is necessary to identify the source of fecal pollution in a watershed.In this study,we evaluated the efficacy of our two previously developed real time-quantitative PCR(qPCR) assays for the detection of swine-associated Bacteroidales genetic markers(gene 1-38,gene 3-53) in the Yangtze Delta watershed of southeastern China.The results indicated that the gene 1-38 and 3-53 markers exhi...     

苏州地区城镇化过程中水环境变化及影响因子分析

随着近20年来经济的飞速发展和小城镇建设,苏州地区已成为我国城镇化程度较高的地区之一。但经济增长的同时也对水环境带来了巨大压力,在分析对苏州地区水环境变化的基础上,对人口因素、地区产业结构、行业结构及其城乡生活方式对水环境的影响进行了探讨。     

上杭紫金山金矿废水废渣的处理及生态环境影响

金矿的开采会产生大量的废渣和废矿石，氰化法提金则产生大量含氰废水，如果未能妥善处理，将严重污染地表水和地下水，以及周边生态环境。该文对上杭紫金山金矿的生产工艺、废水废渣处理情况进行了调研，并提出矿山生态环境保护措施建议。