危化品突发泄漏事故应急检测标准化作业研究

介绍了危化品突发泄漏事故应急检测方法,包括试纸法、气体速测管法和便携式分析仪器测定法。对硫化氢、氨、苯、可燃气4种典型有害物质的应急检测方法与标准检测方法进行了实验比对,结果表明其应急检测方法能够满足应急检测工作的要求。编写了危化品突发泄漏事故应急检测标准化作业文件集和《危化品突发泄漏事故应急检测作业指南》。文件集的建立能够规范应急检测工作流程、保证应急检测工作质量、提高工作效率。《危化品突发泄漏事件应急检测作业指南》,能够保证事故现场应急检测工作高效有序开展,为应急救援人员提供必要安全保障,为事故原因调查和分析提供充分可靠的数据依据。     

电感耦台等离子体发射光谱法测定锅炉水中硫、磷

本文对利用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法（ICP--AES）测定锅炉水中硫、磷含量的方法进行了探讨。对射频功率、泵速、雾化器流量和观察高度等仪器条件进行了优化选择,考察了检测方法的准确度和精密度。硫、磷的方法检出限分别为0．035mg／L、0．089mg／L,相对标准偏差（RSD,n=9）为0．52％～0．69％。     

喉间距对自吸式文丘里引射量的影响研究

以自吸式文丘里洗涤器为研究对象,建立以空气-水为工作介质的耦合理论模型,并搭建相应的实验装置,用于研究喉间距和喉部压差对自吸式文丘里引射量的影响。由理论分析与实验结果可知,自吸式文丘里引射量受操作条件和结构参数共同影响。其中,喉部静压通过喉部气速、高度差和阻力损失共同作用影响文丘里引射量;喉部间距对自吸式文丘里引射量影响较复杂。低于某一临界喉部气速时,引射量与喉部间距成正比;高于该气速后,喉部间距增大,引射量急剧减小。该研究为自吸式文丘里洗涤器结构设计、引射效率评估及参数优化等提供了可靠的理论支持。     

新型气流剪切错流旋转填料床的综合性能评判

针对旋转填料床除尘效率低和运行能耗高的问题,通过改变上旋转填料环填料（上填料）和下旋转填料环填料（下填料）的孔隙率,增加填料环直径形成填料床壁面外突实现设备优化,研究超重力因子和气速对气流剪切错流旋转填料床（GSC-RPB）和新型气流剪切错流旋转填料床（NGSC-RPB）的影响,并提出应用品质因子评判填料床综合性能的方法。实验结果表明:优化前后旋转填料床的除尘效率和气相压力随着气速和超重力因子的增加而增加;NGSC-RPB的除尘效率较GSC-RPB有显著提高,NGSC-RPB的气相压降则略有降低;在达到国家超低排放浓度标准即5 mg/m3的前提下,通过对品质因子的分析可知,NGSC-RPB的综合性能有所提高,在气速为1.3 m/s,超重力因子为90~120时NGSC-RPB的综合性能最优。     

HMX粒度、粒度级配对混合传爆药性能影响的研究

通过喷射方法把主体炸药 HMX重结晶后 ,将其制成粗细不同的几种粒度药粉 ,并按粗细不同比例进行级配 ,随后采用 SSGT和爆速测试 ,研究了不同粒度及粒度级配对其混合传爆药冲击波感度和爆速的影响规律 ,并对其结果进行了理论分析。由于实验条件的限制 ,还不能达到按要求控制条件以细化出要求的各种粒径 ,所以实验所选的几种级配粒度是随机的 ,因而具有代表性。     

混凝土结构火灾损伤检测技术研究

对混凝土在火灾条件下的热像平均温升、抗压强度、超声波速和损伤深度进行了检测,获得了混凝土热像平均温升、抗压强度、超声波速和损伤深度随着温度变化的规律,并对影响混凝土热像平均温升和超声波速的因素进行了分析,为混凝土结构火灾损伤程度的现场检测提供了一种科学的技术方法。     

起伏管道积水运动特征实验研究*

为研究油流携水过程中的积水运动特性,明确排除积水临界条件。以0#柴油、自来水为实验介质,利用内径（D）为50,80 mm,上倾倾角（β）为1°,5°,10°的水平-上倾实验环道,对表观油速（Uos）为0.25 m/s、无量纲水相高度（h/D）在0.5范围内,油流剪切作用下的管道积水运动特征进行实验。研究结果表明:积水流型随表观油速、无量纲水相高度、上倾倾角的增大由光滑分层流逐渐向波状分层流、液滴分层流过渡,其中表观油速影响最为显著;积水爬坡距离随表观油速增加而显著增加,随上倾倾角增大而减小,随无量纲水相高度减小而减小;实验说明弗劳德相似准则能较为准确地预测起伏管道中积水携带临界表观油速;由弗劳德相似准则预测可知,内径为489 mm管道积水排除的临界表观油速约为1.60 m/s,研究结果对减少管道内腐蚀有一定指导意义。     

现场滤膜测尘实验

对碎样、刻槽取样和坑探现场进行了布点测尘实验,取得了不同测试结果,并对采样地点提出了意见。     

现场滤膜测尘实验

对碎样,刻槽取样和坑深现场进行了布点测尘实验,取得了不同测试结果,并对采样地点提出了意见。     

基于BP神经网络技术的实验数据分析处理

许多热灾害实验的危险性和成本相对较高,很难进行多次实验,且数据较少。针对这些的问题,笔者根据BP神经网络基本原理,建立多层反向传播的神经网络,以现有实验数据为训练样本,对神经网络进行训练,利用训练后的网络对待测样本进行预测。以喷射火作用下液化气储罐热响应实验的数据处理为例,利用BP神经网络进行压力值预测。将预测的结果和实验数据进行比较,结果表明了神经网络对实验数据进行处理和预测的可行性。     

Optimal control of distillation column using Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II

Many control problems involve simultaneous optimization of multiple performance measures that are often non-commensurable and competing with each other. The presence of multiple objectives in a problem usually gives rise to one set of optimal solutions, largely known as Pareto-optimal solutions. In this paper, the Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II (NSGA-II) has been successfully applied to optimization of dynamic state of simple distillation process. This paper presents the tuning of Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controllers by minimizing of three objective functions (overshoot, response time, and Integral of Absolute Error (IAE)) through NSGA-II. A MATLAB code for real-parameter NSGA-II has been coupled with HYSYS v.3.1 process simulator for simulation and optimization of process. Optimization numerical results show that genetic algorithm is more suitable method for optimal control of distillation columns than traditional methods.     

Equipment selection for the optimal system unavailability of jacketed reactors with discrete cost data

This study introduces a method that selects equipment, so as to reach the required unavailability level, by carrying out an optimization analysis which considers the reliability data and cost of the equipment. A more practical optimization problem has been formulated using the objective function based on the discrete function and constraints.For the cooling system of a jacketed reactor, an optimization analysis was performed on equipment that have different failure rates depending on their costs in order to reach the target unavailability level required by the system. The integer programming was used for this optimization analysis. When the method developed through this study is used, cost can be reduced and the target level of the system unavailability can be reached by selecting proper equipment for chemical plants through the optimization analysis. This is more cost efficient than the former method of selection, which does not perform any economical analysis thus leading to the usage of overly expensive equipment with low failure rates.     

Optimizing safety-constrained solvent selection for process systems with economic uncertainties

Solvents are very commonly used in industrial facilities for a multitude of reasons. Traditionally, solvent selection has been based on minimizing the process operating cost while satisfying a set of operational requirements. Regrettably, safety considerations have typically been overlooked during the design phase. In this paper, a systematic approach is introduced to integrate safety issues into solvent selection and provides a computationally effective method for establishing tradeoffs between the economic and safety objectives. In order to quantify the risk associated with the solvent, we focus on the potential spillage of the solvent and introduce a risk index that is a function of the amount of solvent used and stored, as well as the Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) dictated by regulatory directives. An optimization formulation is developed and the associated mathematical program solved to select optimal solvents and blends while incorporating economic, technical, and safety considerations. Tradeoff (Pareto) curves are developed to represent the multi-objective optimization results and tradeoffs. Furthermore, economic-data uncertainty and variability over expected ranges are included in the optimization formulation to conduct an insightful sensitivity analysis. Finally, an illustrative case study is considered via increasing levels of complexity in order to evaluate the proposed optimization method which considers both operating cost and safety risk implications in the presence of economic uncertainties.     

一种改进的事故再现蒙特卡罗优化算法

为使事故再现结果更符合实际情况,对事故再现中的计算过程进行优化。基于蒙特卡罗方法和随机加权方法,提出一种改进的事故再现蒙特卡罗优化算法。该算法以二维碰撞模型和车辆轨迹模型为计算模型,选择碰撞点位置、碰撞前速度、法向恢复系数为优化参数,以实际车辆碰撞后运动轨迹离差最小为优化目标。分别用所提出的改进算法和Pc-Crash中的优化方法对一算例进行优化。结果表明,改进算法在准确度和稳定性等方面优于Pc-Crash中的方法。利用改进的事故再现蒙特卡罗优化算法,不仅能获得最优的事故再现结果,还能获得再现结果落在任意区间的概率。     

公路隧道施工安全风险评估方法优化研究

我国在建公路隧道工程数量增长迅速,施工安全事故时有发生,因此通过风险评估实现施工过程的风险控制就显得非常重要。在此背景下,交通运输部出台了《公路桥梁和隧道工程施工安全风险评估指南（试行）》,而在实际应用过程中,该评估指南无法完全适应多变的工程实际。针对该问题,在对隧道施工安全风险评估的各类评估方法及其适用性进行详细研究的基础上,将该评估指南与国内外其他相关成果和做法进行分析比对,指出该评估指南存在的不足之处,进一步提出相关优化与修订建议;最后,以湖南某高速公路隧道洞口坍塌事故为例,利用提出的施工前专项风险评估方法,综合运用数值模拟计算与事故后果当量估计,计算相应的风险等级,所得到的结果与实际情况更为接近,进一步说明本文所提优化方法的合理性和可操作性。     

新钢三炼钢转炉除尘系统的优化改造

新余钢铁公司第三炼钢厂转炉除尘系统除尘效果差,外排烟气含尘浓度高,严重污染环境.针对这些缺陷,采用未燃法工艺对其进行了优化改造,取得了较好的经济效益和环境效益.     

基于χ~2优化方法的铸钢侧架原始裂纹尺寸分布研究

将铸钢侧架清砂后未经修复的原始裂纹尺寸进行了统计 ,综合运用参数的点估计方法和区间估计方法 ,以置信区间作为优化的约束条件 ,提出了对检验值进行最优化处理的方法 ,并运用二参数约束非线性优化方法的直接解法 ,搜索出最佳点估计值。经过对裂纹尺寸分布参数的计算证明 ,其结果符合对数正态分布     

Alarm management optimization in chemical installations based on adapted HAZOP reports

Most current alarm systems used in chemical installations show poor performance due to alarm flooding. This study focuses on alarm management systems optimization using the deviation propagation relationship hidden in the hazard and operability study (HAZOP) report, which can be transformed into a critical information source for alarm optimization management. More concretely, this means matching the alarm tag number with the process deviations in the deviation column, possible cause column, and consequence column. Furthermore, a backtracking method and a reasoning method were established to identify the initial alarm and associated alarms. Besides, a root fault diagnosis was carried out. A method of detecting hardware faults and unreasonable alarm thresholds is established using alarm causality corresponding to the deviation causality and associated alarm generation-skipping tracing method. According to the severity of the consequence corresponding to the deviation, a determined alarm priority method is constructed. The results show that the deviation propagation relationship in the HAZOP report is clear, and the topological relationship is easy to build based on the deviation propagation relationship. With comprehensive and in-depth HAZOP analysis reports in China, the alarm management optimization technology based on adapted HAZOP reports shows good prospects for application and promotion.     

最优指标法在环境监测优化布点中的应用

采用最优指标法对郑州市17个大气环境采样点的监测数据进行优选,得到的优化点位基本能反映城市空气质量的总体情况,可以达到环境监测优化布点的目的.     

突发事件下城市群应急医疗床位共享建模

为给突发事件下城市群应急医疗床位共享提供理论依据,针对突发事件下城市群应急医疗床位共享问题,阐述突发事件下城市群应急医疗床位共享的必要性和可行性,并运用Multi-Hub理论,建立应急医疗床位在城市群集中的优化网络模型,并分析其内涵。在此基础上,采用基于层次分析法的线性回归方法,对多出救点、单个资源、多受灾点的应急医疗床位共享进行优化与讨论,并采用排队分配原则进行应急医疗床位具体去向的落实。研究结果表明:基于Multi-Hub理论的应急医疗床位区域集中优化模型与基于层次分析法的线性规划应急医疗床位调配优化模型,对突发事件下城市群应急医疗床位的共享具有优化和指导作用,能够提高突发事件下城市群应急医疗床位共享的效率,排队分配法能够在不超过医院容纳限度的前提下,保障应急救援的有序性和及时性。