某化工企业厂界内及周边土壤中二噁英健康风险评估

在某化工企业厂界内及周边布设9个土壤点位,对其二噁英进行检测与分析,依据《污染场地风险评估技术导则》对土壤中二噁英进行健康风险评估。结果表明,9个土壤点位二噁英毒性当量浓度为3.72~20.3 pg/g,均值为9.1 pg/g,均处于安全水平;在经口摄入、皮肤接触和吸入土壤颗粒物3种暴露途径下,只有4#点位具有较低的致癌风险;4#点位代表的场地区域为风险不可接受的污染区域,基于致癌效应的土壤风险控制值为1.84×10-5mg/kg。提出,应尽快研究并制定土壤中二噁英的标准限值。     

多环芳烃的健康风险评价以及暴露参数的敏感性分析

在暴露情景假设和评估模型的确定下,有必要对污染场地的风险计算结果有影响的模型参数开展敏感性分析,以便在开展土壤健康风险评估工作时,提高评估的准确性和科学性,节约修复成本。以上海市某污染场地为例,对模型参数敏感性开展敏感性分析。贡献率结果显示,经口摄入土壤和皮肤接触土壤为场地表层污染土壤的主要致癌风险暴露途径。敏感性分析结果显示,致癌风险与体重呈反向变化,当体重参数减小时,暴露风险将向不利的方向移动。当体重参数在大范围减小时,敏感程度较高。致癌风险与暴露周期、暴露频率、每日摄入土壤量、暴露皮肤表面积、皮肤表面土壤粘附系数呈同向变化,当这些参数增大时,暴露风险将向不利的方向移动;其中暴露周期和暴露频率的敏感程度中等。上海市敏感用地下苯并(a)蒽、苯并(b)荧蒽、茚并(1,2,3-c,d)芘、苯并(a)芘、二苯并(a,h)蒽风险控制值分别为0.726、0.726、0.726、0.072 6、0.072 6 mg/kg。     

环鄱阳湖区地表尘土重金属污染及健康风险评价

通过2010年4月采集环鄱阳湖区地表尘土样品,对其重金属污染物进行分析研究,并运用美国环保局推荐的健康风险评价模型对所引起的健康风险做了初步评价。结果表明,地表尘土中Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn平均含量分别为0.909、74.64、78.37、78.33、213.62 mg/kg,5种重金属平均含量均高于江西土壤背景值。重金属非致癌风险Pb>Cr>Cu>Cd>Zn,均小于非致癌风险阈值1,对人体不会造成健康危害;致癌重金属致癌风险Cr>Cd,均低于癌症风险阈值,表明不具有致癌风险。暴露模型计算表明,重金属慢性每日平均暴露量为手-口接触摄入量>皮肤吸收量>吸入空气量,经手-口直接摄入是地表尘土暴露风险的主要途径。     

废弃农药厂土壤和地下水中有机磷农药的健康风险评价

采用气相色谱氮磷检测器法测定了某废弃农药厂土壤和地下水中有机磷农药(OPPs)的含量,并用美国环保署(USEPA)推荐的健康风险评价方法,对该场地土壤和地下水中OPPs引起的健康风险进行了初步评价。结果表明,土壤、地下水中∑OPPs的检出浓度范围分别为1.3~1 129μg/kg和48.0~149.2 ng/L,点位检出率分别为73%、100%。土壤和地下水中OPPs的非致癌总风险指数均小于1,致癌总风险指数均在10-4以下。根据USEPA的建议值,初步认为该场地土壤和地下水中OPPs不会对人体产生明显的健康危害。     

某化工厂致癌有机污染物分层健康风险评估

以某化工厂污染场地为例,根据《污染场地风险评估技术导则》(HJ 25.3-2014),运用HERA风险评估软件,将污染场地分为4层分别进行人体健康风险评估,结果表明:该场地存在高致癌风险,需要修复后才能开发再利用;关注污染物氯仿、苯,在地下0 m~3 m的风险控制值分别为0.07 mg/kg、0.83 mg/kg,在地下3 m~5 m的风险控制值分别为0.15 mg/kg、1.91 mg/kg,在地下5 m~9 m的风险控制值分别为0.40 mg/kg、5.05 mg/kg,在地下9 m~18 m的风险控制值分别为0.73 mg/kg、7.82 mg/kg。与以往计算单一的风险控制相比,分层计算污染物的风险控制值能有效减少治理土方量,降低治理成本。     

昆明市湿地公园地表灰尘重金属污染特征及健康风险评价

城市湿地公园是人们休闲娱乐的重要场所,但其地表灰尘的人群暴露健康风险却鲜有报道。该研究收集昆明市3个最受欢迎的湿地公园景区地表灰尘样品,利用等离子发射光谱仪(ICP-OES)测定灰尘中Pb、Cd、Hg、As、Zn、Cr、Cu、Ni、Co、Mn含量,使用地累积指数法(I_geo)、污染负荷指数法(PLI)和潜在生态风险指数法(RI)探讨湿地公园灰尘重金属污染特征,借助美国环保署健康风险评价模型,开展成人和儿童的重金属健康风险评价。结果表明：灰尘中10种重金属平均含量均超昆明市土壤背景值,其中Cd、Hg和Zn平均含量超背景值6倍,Cr、Ni、Co的I_geo<1。污染负荷指数法结果显示Hg、Cd、Zn中度污染,Pb、Cu和As则具有中等以上生态风险。人体健康风险评价结果显示,经口摄入为重金属主要暴露途径,其次是皮肤直接接触和呼吸吸入。Ni、As、Cd、Co和Cr的致癌风险值均小于10^-6,但若长期处于此种环境,可能会存在潜在的致癌风险。对于非致癌元素而言,Pb、Zn、Cu、Mn非致癌健康风险值都远小于1,即风险可以忽略。     

重庆某工业园土壤重金属污染特征、风险及源解析

以重庆市某工业园区表层土壤为研究对象,探讨了土壤重金属在不同季节的污染特征,利用污染指数法、健康风险模型和主成分/绝对主成分得分受体模型进行风险评价和源分析。结果表明:不同季节土壤样品间各重金属含量差异显著。35.5%的样品中汞含量超出土壤污染风险筛选值,其他元素未超标。与土壤背景值相比,各元素表现出不同程度的富集,汞超标约110~1300倍。内梅罗指数显示土壤整体和汞元素处于轻度污染及以下,其他元素为安全。潜在生态危害指数显示,土壤整体和汞属于极强污染,镉属于轻微~强污染,其他元素为轻微污染。土壤重金属总致癌风险为2.6×10^-7~1.0×10^-5,总非致癌风险熵均小于1,砷存在致癌风险,主要通过经口摄入暴露。秋季中,汞、六价铬、铅、镍、砷和铜来自工业源,镉主要来源于自然成因。春季中,镉和铅来自交通、冶金和燃煤等排放,镍、砷和铜源于冶炼和金属表面处理等排放,汞主要来自化工生产和燃料燃烧。交通运输、工业生产和燃料燃烧等污染的排放是土壤重金属的主要来源,今后应加强园区内汞、砷和镉的源头减排和治理。     

农药企业搬迁土地挥发性有机物风险评价

对常州某农药生产场地土壤中挥发性有机物(VOCs)污染状况以及健康风险和生态风险进行了调查评价。结果表明,该场地土壤中挥发性有机物污染以苯系物和卤代烃为主。苯系物质量浓度为0~56.6 mg/kg,卤代烃质量浓度为0~1.14 mg/kg。健康风险评价结果均在可接受范围内,而生态风险评价显示生产车间内的土壤VOCs生态风险较大,存在着对生物的危害。     

珠海市农业土壤和农产品PAEs污染健康风险评估

在珠海市3种不同类型农业区域内采集69个表层土壤和26个农产品样品,使用GC FID方法检测6种优先控制的邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)化合物,分析区域内PAEs的污染特征和对人体的健康风险。结果表明,农业土壤样品中Σ6PAEs值范围为未检出～1.21 mg/kg,平均值为0.40 mg/kg,空间分布上表现出中西部高、东部低的特征,土壤中PAEs以DnBP和DEP为主。农产品中∑6PAEs值范围为0.08 mg/kg～3.80 mg/kg,平均值为1.54 mg/kg,水稻、水果和蔬菜对PAEs的富集系数分别为6.23、2.50和2.80～7.06。成人和儿童PAEs的致癌风险分别为2.86×10-5和5.02×10-5,均高于人体致癌风险10-6水平。饮食摄入PAEs是致癌和非致癌风险的最大暴露途径,DEHP对人体两种风险的贡献最大。     

基于不同用地规划的人体健康风险评估

以某化工厂搬迁遗留场地为例,比较3种不同规划用地(居住用地、商业用地和高架建设用地)的人体健康风险差异,根据评估结果,该场地作为高架建设用地人体健康风险水平处于10~(-5)左右,风险相对较低,且风险主要集中于表层土壤及微承压地下水,推荐优先用作高架建设用地。结合规划用途给出土壤及地下水的风险控制值:地下0 m~1.5 m土壤中,苯、六氯丁二烯分别为7.72 mg/kg、38.5 mg/kg;地下水中,苯、六氯丁二烯分别为355 mg/L、53.5 mg/L。     

A New Mathematical Approach in Environmental and Life Sciences: Gene–Environment Networks and Their Dynamics

An important research area in life sciences is devoted to modeling, prediction, and dynamics of gene-expression patterns. As clearly understood in these days, this enterprise cannot become satisfactory without acknowledging the role of the environment. To a representation of past, present, and most likely future states, we also encounter measurement errors and uncertainties. This paper surveys and improves recent advances in understanding the foundations and interdisciplinary implications of the newly introduced gene–environment networks, and it integrates the important theme of carbon dioxide emission reduction into the networks and dynamics. We also introduce some operational and managerial issues of practical working and decision making, expressed in terms of sliding windows, quadrants (modules) of parametric effects, and navigating (controlling) between such effects and directing them. Given data from DNA microarray experiments and environmental records, we extract nonlinear ordinary differential equations that contain parameters that have to be determined. For this, we employ modern (Chebychevian) approximation and (generalized semi-infinite) optimization. After this is provided, time- discretized dynamical systems are studied. A combinatorial algorithm with polyhedra sequences allows to detect the region of parametric stability. Finally, we analyze the topological landscape of gene–environment networks with its structural (in)stability. By embedding as a module and investigating CO₂ emission control and figuring out game theoretical aspects, we conclude. This pioneering work is theoretically elaborated, practically devoted to health care, medicine, education, living conditions, and environmental protection, and it invites the readers to future research.      

微波消解-原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜锌铅镉镍铬

用微波消解－原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜，锌，铅，镉，镍和铬。通过硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液对土壤样品消解，选择出微波最佳消解条件。对硝酸－盐酸－过氧化氢体系消解液和硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液进行消解对比试验，发现前者不能将土壤样品完全消解，后者能将样品消解完全，但需将消解液中剩余的酸赶尽，否则测定结果将明显偏低。微波消解土壤与传统电热消解相比，操作简便快速，可提高工作效率。     

Topsoil and Housedust Metal Concentrations in the Vicinity of a Lead Battery Manufacturing Plant

The aim of the study was to determine the extent of heavy metal pollution in the vicinity of a lead battery manufacturing plant in the Czech Republic, both in the general environment and within homes. Topsoils (0–5 cm) were sampled from 100 sites along 4 transects which crossed the battery factory, the town centre and outlying rural areas. Housedust samples were collected from 15 plant-workers' homes and 15 non plant-workers' homes located at various distances from the factory. Samples were analysed for levels of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb, using ICP-AES. Soil concentrations of Pb, Cd, As and Sb peaked at the perimeter fence of the battery factory with Pb levels of up to 12 650 g g> ^-1. Concentrations of these metals decreased exponentially within 500 m of the plant. Whilst the battery factory does appear to be a source of all the metals with the exception of Zn, emissions do not appear to be transported to any great extent over distances of more than 0.5 km. Topsoil and housedust concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb in the general Mlada Boleslav area do not appear to be significantly different from those recorded in a large scale survey of urban soils in the United Kingdom. A comparison of housedust Pb concentrations in homes of plant workers and non-plant workers suggests that there may be a small input of Pb into the home environment by battery plant employees.     

An Overview of Contaminant-Related Issues Identified by Monitoring in San Francisco Bay

The San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances (RMP) began in 1993 and is sponsored by 74 local, state, and federal agencies and companies through their discharge or Bay use permits. The RMP monitors water, sediment, toxicity, and bivalve bioaccumulation at 25 sites in the Bay that are considered to represent "background" conditions. Several major environmental issues have been identified by the RMP. Polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury were often above water quality guidelines, and often occurred in fish tissues above U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) screening values. Concentrations do not appear to be decreasing, suggesting continuing inputs. Episodes of aquatic toxicity often occurred following runoff events that transport contaminants into the Bay from urbanized and agricultural portions of the watershed. Sediment toxicity occurred throughout the Bay, and has been correlated with concentrations of specific contaminants (chlordanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) at some locations; mixtures of contaminants were probably also important. Since the RMP does not monitor all ecosystem components, assessments of the overall condition of the Bay cannot be made. However, in terms of contamination, the RMP samples suggest that the South Bay, and North Bay sites are moderately contaminated.     

Biomagnification factors (fish to Osprey eggs from Willamette River,Oregon, U.S.A.) for PCDDs,PCDFs, PCBs and OC pesticides

A migratory population of 78 pairs of Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) nesting along the Willamette River in westernOregon was studied in 1993. The study was designed to determinecontaminant concentrations in eggs, contaminant concentrationsin fish species predominant in the Ospreys diet, andBiomagnification Factors (BMFs) of contaminants from fish specieseaten to Osprey eggs. Ten Osprey eggs and 25 composite samplesof fish (3 species) were used to evaluate organochlorine (OC)pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs). Mercury was also analyzed in fish. Geometric meanresidues in Osprey eggs were judged low, e.g., DDE 2.3 g g^-1 wet weight (ww), PCBs 0.69 g g^-1, 2,3,7,8-TCDD 2.3 ng kg^-1, and generally well below known threshold values for adverse effects on productivity, and the population was increasing. Osprey egg residue data presentedby River Mile (RM) are discussed, e.g., higher PCDDs were generally found immediately downstream of paper mills and eggsfrom the Willamette River had significantly elevated PCBs and PCDDs compared to reference eggs collected nearby in the CascadeMountains. Prey remains at nest sites indicated that the Largescale Sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus) and NorthernPikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) accounted for an estimated 90.1% of the biomass in the Osprey diet, and composite samples of these two species were collected from different sampling sites throughout the study area for contaminant analyses. With the large percentage of the fishbiomass in the Osprey diet sampled for contaminants (and fisheaten by Ospreys similar in size to those chemically analyzed),and fish contaminant concentrations weighted by biomass intake, a mean BMF was estimated from fish to Osprey eggs for the largeseries of contaminants. BMFs ranged from no biomagnification(0.42) for 2,3,7,8-TCDF to 174 for OCDD. Our findings for themigratory Osprey were compared to BMFs for the resident HerringGull (Larus argentatus), and differences are discussed. Webelieve a BMF approach provides some basic understanding ofrelationships between contaminant burdens in prey species offish-eating birds and contaminants incorporated into their eggs,and may prove useful in understanding sources of contaminants inmigratory species although additional studies are needed.     

An investigation on biological stability of product water generated by lab-scale and pilot-scale distillation systems

Material Disposal Area G is the primary low-levelradioactive waste disposal site at Los Alamos NationalLaboratory, New Mexico, and is adjacent to Pueblo of SanIldefonso lands. Pueblo residents and Los Alamos scientists areconcerned about radiological doses resulting from uptake of AreaG radionuclides by mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) andRocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus), then consumption ofdeer and elk meat by humans. Tissue samples were collected fromdeer and elk accidentally killed near Area G and were analyzedfor ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, total U, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu,²⁴¹Am, and ¹³⁷Cs. These data were used to estimatehuman doses based on meat consumption of 23 kg y^-1. Humandoses were also modeled using RESRAD, and dose rates to deer andelk were estimated with a screening model. Dose estimates tohumans from tissue consumption were 2.9 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1and 1.6 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1 from deer and elk, respectively,and RESRAD dose estimates were of the same order of magnitude. Estimated dose rates to deer and elk were 2.1 × 10^-4 mGyd^-1 and 4.7 × 10^-4 mGy d^-1, respectively. Allestimated doses were significantly less than established exposurelimits or guidelines.     

The Draft of the New German Guideline VDI 3782/8 to Model Automobile Exhaust Dispersion

The draft of the German guideline to calculate automobile exhaust dispersion is explained. It contains a two-stage-system: For first quick estimates the guideline contains the simple models MLuS and STREET. In case these models are not applicable or their results shows concentration levels close to the air quality standards, the more complex models PROKAS_V and MISKAM are recommended. PROKAS_V is a Gaussian plume model, MISKAM is a 3-dimensional microscale non hydrostatic flow model for built-up areas with an Eulerian dispersion model. The guideline comprises cases in rural areas without or with few adjacent buildings as well as urban areas with buildings near the roads. The contribution gives information about the models, typical results and some of the problems showing up presently.     

Hydrocarbon Utilization in Yeast Isolates Found to Grow in Association with Petroleum in a Polluted Ultisol of Midwestern Nigeria

The population counts of hydrocarbon-utilising yeasts weremonitored at six sampling stations in the Benin City municipalarea over a four-week period. Although the population countswere relatively constant in each locality, the highest countsoccurred in areas heavily polluted by domestic and industrialeffluents. A total of thirty-five hydrocarbon-degrading yeastswere isolated from soil at the sampling stations usingn-hexadecane as sole carbon source. The isolates were identifiedas belonging to the genera Candida (27 strains), Endomycopsis (4 strains). All the organisms grew on long-chainn-alkane, kerosene, diesel oil and crude oil but failed to growon short-chain n-alkane, aromatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons.Measurement of growth attributes of the isolates usingn-hexadecane, diesel oil and crude oil as substrates showed thatthe Candida species were better utilizers of hydrocarbonsubstrates relative to Endomycopsis and Schizosaccharomyces species.     

Hydrologic–Economic Model for Managing Irrigation Intensity in Irrigation Areas under Watertable and Soil Salinity Targets

This paper gives mathematical details and sample applications of SWAGMAN Farm (SWAGMAN, Salt Water and Groundwater Management), a farm-scale hydrologic economic model that integrates agronomic, climatic, irrigation, hydrogeological and economic aspects of irrigated agriculture. The model is capable of determining optimum mix of land use to keep watertable and soil salinity within acceptable limits while maximising the economic returns. Alternatively, the model can simulate water and salt balance and economics of a given cropping preference. Web-based and Geographic Information Systems versions of the model are available for integration with the environmental reporting systems of the irrigation areas.     

Assessing health consequences in an environmental impact assessment: The case of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol

In this article a comprehensive approach for the evaluation of possible health effects in an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is described, illustrated with the example of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. Unlike many EIAs, we estimated quantitatively the impact of aircraft-related pollution in terms of the number of affected people for aircraft noise annoyance, odour annoyance and hypertension. In addition, an analysis of health registry data on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and a short survey on annoyance and risk perception were carried out. The scope of a health impact assessment depends on the situation, available knowledge and data, concern in the population about the impact and the number of people concerned. It is important to pay attention to the perception of risks and concerns from all parties involved. Moreover, the results demonstrate that far more people outside the area for which standards apply were affected than inside.