城市雨洪韧性评价及应对策略研究——以上海市静安区为例

全球气候变化加剧,同时城市快速发展建设,不透水下垫面增加,导致城市内涝灾害严重,对城市发展造成了严重影响。以上海市静安区为例,基于气象数据、水文数据、地形数据,运用SCS模型和ArcGIS空间分析工具,从雨洪廊道的分析与模拟、雨洪淹没区的范围定位和积水深度确定以及河流水域的安全缓冲区分析3个方面构建上海市静安区雨洪韧性体系,研究雨洪灾害对上海市静安区的影响,选取4个典型积水点,利用AHP-FCE综合评价模型进行雨洪韧性评价。在微观层次的积水点方面,针对性地提出具体空间类型的雨洪韧性设计策略,将静安区城市公共空间建设更新与城市内涝的可持续应对措施有效结合,为应对城市内涝问题提供研究基础。     

雨洪利用技术概述

以提高雨洪资源利用和转化效率为出发点，将防洪与补源相结合，寓资源利用于灾害防范之中的雨洪利用基本思路和科学依据。根据雨洪汇流的自然特点和汇流条件，将雨洪利用分为山区雨洪利用，平原雨洪利用以及城区雨洪利用。比较全面地总结了雨洪利用的各项技术措施。     

国外基于低影响开发的雨洪管理对我国海绵城市建设的启示

通过对低影响开发(Low Impact Development,LID)核心理念和我国海绵城市建设存在的问题的梳理,从工程措施和非工程措施方面探究国外基于低影响开发的雨洪管理中的成功经验,目的在于结合我国实际情况,借鉴国外雨洪管理先进经验,创建有中国特色的海绵城市。研究结果表明国外基于低影响开发的的雨洪管理措施都因地制宜地促使城市排水系统可持续发展,我国海绵城市的建设与低影响开发下的雨洪管理紧密相关。可见由于我国海绵城市的建设还处于初期阶段,这些成功经验对建设海绵城市理论、方向和技术有很深远影响的启示,包括海绵城市的系统性规划、加快"海绵体"建设和将海绵城市建设与基础设施和自然循环的有机结合等,同时对目前我国海绵城市的建设过程也有很大的指导意义。     

秦皇岛市“在水一方”住宅小区雨洪利用工程示范研究

秦皇岛市"在水一方"住宅小区在建设过程中实施了雨水收集或入渗回补地下等措施,取得了良好的经济效益、生态效益和社会效益。为促进城市水资源的可持续利用和城市水环境的不断改善,秦皇岛市要加大宣传力度,强化公众参与意识;完善相关政策,规范雨洪利用行为;利用经济手段,激励人们自觉利用雨洪资源。     

每年减少500万亩——中国湿地退化程度调查

<正>"我国水资源严重短缺,然而,雨洪利用率不足10%,每年1.6万亿立方米淡水白白流入大海,相当于全国全年6200亿立方米用水量的2.6倍。近年来,我国洪涝灾害频发,雨洪资源大量流失,不是因为降雨量明显增多了,而是由于森林湿地调水的功能减弱了。而作为盛雨水的湿地变小了,有水也留不住了。"今年2月2日,第19个世界湿地日活动启动之际,国家林业局局长赵树丛如是说。湿地是碳汇,又是碳源     

流域雨洪资源高效开发利用技术及示范

正近日,国家重点研发计划"水资源高效开发利用"重点专项2016年度项目立项工作已全部完成,共有31个项目获批立项。由水利部交通运输部国家能源局南京水利科学研究院牵头承担的"流域雨洪资源高效开发利用技术及示范"项目(项目编号:2016YFC0400900)名列其中,王银堂教授级高工担任该项目负责人。项目国拔经费为3500万元,实施周期为2016年7月至2020年12月。我国是世界上水资源严重短缺的国家之一,且水资源时程分配不均匀,降水和河川径流60%以上集中在汛期,雨洪利用在我国水资源开发利用中一直占有极其重     

揭秘奥运环保元素--节水

北京是座水资源相对紧缺的城市,因此北京人十分注意“节水”。在北京奥运场馆建设中,水资源节约得到了广泛的落实,充分体现了节能减排思想。如雨洪利用、建立污水处理站、充分利用中水（污水经处理后获取的非饮用水）……究竟北京奥运在节水方面有哪些亮点,本刊将为您一一揭秘。     

环境新闻

正联合国报告关注中国"海绵城市"计划联合国在日前发表的一份报告中说,为应对日益增长的节水需求,中国近年发起的海绵城市计划旨在回收70%的雨水。"海绵城市"是一种新型的城市雨洪管理概念,即让城市能够像海绵一样,在适应环境变化和应对自然灾害等方面     

浅析海绵城市建设的认识误区

自2014年11月住建部出台《海绵城市建设技术指南——低影响开发雨水系统的构建》以来,全国掀起了建设海绵城市的热潮。目前,国内对于海绵城市的建设仍处于探索阶段。在此大背景下,从低影响开发、雨洪调蓄系统、控制指标以及在城市洪涝灾害中的作用等方面分析了对于海绵城市建设在认识上的误区,以期对海绵城市的规划建设提供参考。     

河南粮食核心区建设规划地下水环境影响评价

研究了实施河南粮食核心区规划对地下水环境的影响问题,提出了科学合理利用地下水资源的对策。河南粮食核心区北部区域已出现地下水超采情况,南部区域地下水开采潜力较大。超采区应采用井灌、渠灌联合运行方式,以及雨洪补源、引黄补源、地表水与地下水联合调蓄利用、节水灌溉等措施,控制地下水水位的下降。严格控制氮肥施用强度等措施可减轻地下水硝酸盐污染负荷。在规划实施中深入研究、跟踪评价农业面源对地下水的影响程度和范围,及时采取控制措施,保护地下水水质。     

A STORM WATER MANAGEMENT MODEL FOR URBAN AREAS IN KUWAIT1

ABSTRACT: A comprehensive study was conducted to implement the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) for urban areas in Kuwait. The updated version of the model designed to run on an IBM Personal Computer and compatibles (PCSWMM3.2C) was utilized. The study revealed that urban runoff simulation in arid areas by the SWMM model is a powerful and efficient tool in designing drainage systems and as such, a viable replacement of the commonly used rational method. It was found that only the streets and paved areas that are hydraulically connected to the drainage system contribute to runoff. Fine and coarse discretization approaches were used in the study. The difference between the hydrographs simulated by the two approaches were relatively small. The performance of the existing drainage system and the accuracy of the design method used were tested using a 25-year storm. The result of the simulation revealed that the storm sewers were oversized by factors ranging from 1.2 to 3.6. The SWMM model was used to estimate the storm water runoff volume collected from all urbanized areas in Kuwait City. The annual expected harvested runoff water was found to be significant; however, the quality of runoff water needs to be assessed before a decision is made on its reuse.     

STORM WATER MANAGEMENT: THE CONCEPT AND ITS APPLICATION1

ABSTRACT: Storm water management is a concept being applied in many urban areas to deal with the increasing problems of storm runoff control and flood damage prevention. This paper introduces the concept and describes the recently completed storm water management program in Columbus, Georgia. Columbus has spent five years and over $200,000 in the development of their problem which includes several basic elements: soils inventory and analysis, hydrologic data collection, sediment and erosion control ordinance, storm water management handbook, urban flood simulation model, interdepartment coordination study, drainage problem categorization study, and a pilot basin study. The results of the pilot basin study are presented including example output from the urban simulation model. The computer output illustrates both the hydrologic-hydraulic and economic capabilities of the model.     

A CRAZY IDEA ON URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT?1

ABSTRACT. High percentage of imperviousness in the city is the source of storm runoff. Roof area contributes significantly to the imperviousness. An attempt to make use of roofs as urban flood control device and water conservation measure is advocated. Two different schemes, one for built-up industrial-commercial area, the other for residential area, are suggested. The former utilizes the roof as detention reservoir for flood control, the latter employs recharge pit to convert runoff into ground water resource. The proposed schemes are not only hydrologically, hydraulically and structurally sound but also economically feasible. It is worth considering in the future planning of urban renewal and urban development.     

CONTRIBUTIONS OF RAINFALL TO CONSTITUENT LOADS IN STORM RUNOFF FROM URBAN CATCHMENTS1

ABSTRACT: Rainfall is a significant source of some constituents, particularly nitrogen species, in storm runoff from urban catchments. Median contributions of rainfall to storm runoff loads of 12 constituents from 31 urban catchments, representing eight geographic locations within the United States, ranged from 2 percent for suspended solids to 74 percent for total nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen. The median contribution of total nitrogen in rainfall to runoff loads was 41 percent. Median contributions of total-recoverable lead in rainfall to runoff loads varied by as much as an order of magnitude between catchments in the same geographic location. This indicates that average estimates of rainfall contributions to constituent loading in storm runoff may not be suitable in studies requiring accurate constituent mass-balance computations.     

Modeling the relationship between development and storm water and nutrient runoff

The EPA Storm Water Management Model was used to model the effects of urban and agricultural development on storm water runoff from uplands bordering a Louisiana swamp forest. Using this model, we examined the effects of changing land use patterns. By 1995 it is projected that urban land on the uplands bordering the swamp will increase by 321 percent, primarily at the expense of land currently in agriculture. Simulation results indicate that urbanization will cause storm water runoff rates to be up to 4.2 times greater in 1995 than in 1975. Nutrient runoff will increase 28 percent for nitrogen (N) and 16 percent for phosphorus (P) during the same period. The environmental effects of these changes in the receiving swamp forest are examined.     

APPLICATION OF RORB MODEL TO A CATCHMENT IN SINGAPORE1

ABSTRACT: Runoff Routing model (RORB) is a general model applicable to both rural and urban catchments. The performance of the model is illustrated through its simulation of flood runoff hydrographs in an urban catchment in Singapore. The essential feature of the model is the routing of rainfall excesses on subareas through some arrangement of concentrated storage elements, which represent the distribution of temporary storage of flood runoff on the watershed. This nonlinear routing procedure of the storage elements has two common parameters, k_c and m. With the limited data available, these two parameter values were determined through calibration runs. The same set of values of k_c and m were then used in the model to determine the runoff hydrographs of five other storms selected from the rainfall events between 1979 and 1981. It was found that the simulated runoff hydrographs matched reasonably well with the recorded hydrographs.     

ROLE OF BASEFLOW IN RAINFALL-RUNOFF RELATIONS1

ABSTRACT. The role of initial baseflow, or the baseflow at the beginning of storm precipitation, in modifying mathematical rainfall-runoff relations is analyzed by using data from 95 storms over a drainage basin in Illinois. A regression model is set up with total runoff, surface runoff, baseflow runoff, and peak flow as dependent variables, and storm precipitation, initial baseflow, effective and total storm durations, and highest and lowest temperatures during the storm as independent variables. Stepwise regression analyses show that storm precipitation and initial baseflow are the most important variables for making dependent variable estimates. The standard error estimates using only storm precipitation and initial baseflow as predictors show a seasonal trend with a peak in July, August, or September. An understanding of the role of baseflow as an indicator of average soil moisture condition over the basin can be of great help in short-term reservoir regulation and flood warning.     

THE EFFECTS OF A MOVING RAINSTORM ON DIRECT RUNOFF PROPERTIES1

ABSTRACT: The effects of a moving rainstorm on flood runoff characteristics were investigated. A flood hydrograph simulation model called “FH-Model” and a natural watershed were used. A hypothetical rainstorm of 50 years recurrence interval, 75 mm depth, and 4 hours duration was used to show the effects of velocity and direction of the moving rainstorm on the runoff characteristics. Compared with an equivalent stationary rainstorm (ESRS), the peak flow caused by a rainstorm moving in a downstream direction with a speed equal to channel velocity, V, was 27.5 percent higher and the peak flow caused by the same rainstorm moving in an upstream direction was 21.7 percent smaller. These percentages reduced to 10.5 percent and 8.6 percent for storms moving downstream and upstream, respectively, at three times the channel velocity, 3V. There were negligible differences in the time of peak, T_p between runoff caused by storms moving downstream and runoff produced by ESRS. However, T_p for a storm moving upstream at V velocity was 82 percent higher than that produced by ESRS, but was reduced to 27 percent higher when the storm velocity was 3V.     

Management of Urban Road Runoff Containing PAHs: Probabilistic Modeling and Its Application in Beijing,China1

Abstract: Pollutant loading from storm runoff is considered to be an important component of nonpoint source pollution in urban areas. In developing countries, because of the accelerated urbanization and motorization, storm runoff pollution has become a challenge for improving aquatic environmental quality. An effective storm runoff management plan needs to be developed, and questions concerning how much and which proportion of a storm should be treated need to be answered. In this study, a model is developed to determine the fraction of storm runoff that needs to be treated to meet the discharge standard within a given probability. The model considers that the pollutants can be mobilized during the early stage of a storm. The model is applied to a field study of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in road runoff in Beijing, China. In this case, the probability that the PAH load will be mobilized with suspended sediments by the earlier portion of the flush is 73%. Given the high PAH loading in the study area and the referenced discharge standard, the probability that the entire runoff should be captured and treated is 94%. Thus, urban planners need to consider treatment systems for the majority of the storms in this area, whether the PAH load is in the first flush or not. This methodology can be applied to other regions where PAH loads may result in different management outcomes.     

Impacts of Climate Change on Extreme Precipitation Events Over Flamingo Tropicana Watershed1

Abstract: Climate change, particularly the projected changes to precipitation patterns, is likely to affect runoff both regionally and temporally. Extreme rainfall events are expected to become more intense in the future in arid urban areas and this will likely lead to higher streamflow. Through hydrological modeling, this article simulates an urban basin response to the most intense storm under anthropogenic climate change conditions. This study performs an event‐based simulation for shorter duration storms in the Flamingo Tropicana (FT) watershed in Las Vegas, Nevada. An extreme storm, defined as a 100‐year return period storm, is selected from historical records and perturbed to future climatic conditions with respect to multimodel multiscenario (A1B, A2, B1) bias corrected and spatially disaggregated data from the World Climate Research Programme's (WCRP's) database. The cumulative annual precipitation for each 30‐year period shows a continuous decrease from 2011 to 2099; however, the summer convective storms, which are considered as extreme storms for the study area, are expected to be more intense in future. Extreme storm events show larger changes in streamflow under different climate scenarios and time periods. The simulated peak streamflow and total runoff volume shows an increase from 40% to more than 150% (during 2041‐2099) for different climate scenarios. This type of analysis can help evaluate the vulnerability of existing flood control system and flood control policies.