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1.
In ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) urine deposition can be combined with two different tail configurations: (i) tail held up in an evident display (urinate tail-up, UT-up); (ii) tail slightly raised to avoid its impregnation with urine (urinate tail-down, UT-down). We used both signaller- and receiver-based approaches to search for functional differences between these two kinds of urine deposition. We predicted that UT-up might be a complex signal combining olfactory and visual cues. We carried out observations and scent tests on four captive groups of ring-tailed lemurs. Group members sniffed/licked UT-up scents more frequently than UT-down ones. Moreover, UT-up showed peak levels during the mating season whereas UT-down did not. These findings suggest that urine can play a role in intra-group reproductive communication. Lemurs more frequently performed UT-up in a few drops and UT-down in streams. Recognition experiments clearly showed that individuals can discriminate between urine of their own group and urine from a foreign group (a necessary prerequisite for the use of urine in inter-group communication). The possible function of UT-up in inter-troop communication was supported by the higher frequency of this pattern along a fence separating two of the study groups. Moreover, in the presence of a dummy, the frequency of UT-up increased significantly. In conclusion, UT-up is a complex signal with multiple characteristics. By using different sensory channels, UT-up provides different types of information (location and signaller quality) and contains multiple messages directed both at group-members and neighbouring groups....to conceal this letter, the Minister had resorted to the comprehensive and sagacious expedient of not attempting to conceal it at all (from the Purloined letter E. A. Poe, 1845) 相似文献
2.
Summary Chemical components of the cephalic labial gland secretion, which most likely is used as a precopulatory attracting signal, were identified in males of the cuckoo bumblebeesPsithyrus vestalis (Geoffroy) andP. bohemicus (Seidl.) by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The former species has geranylcitronellyl acetate as main component, plus in decreasing amounts geranylcitronellol, an eicosadienal, an eicosenol, and an eicosenal. Another 17 fatty acid derivatives are present in minor amounts. The labial secretion ofP. vestalis differs distinctly in its chemistry from that of all of the 8 other ScandinavianPsithyrus species. In the taxonomically closely related (same subgenus)P. bohemicus, the labial gland secretion contains 16 fatty acid derivatives, of which 12 (75%) are present also in the secretion ofP. vestalis. Thus, both the labial gland secretions, and morphological traits lend support to the hypothesis that the two species share a common ancestor. The reproductive isolation between them is, at least in part, supported by the inclusion of a second biosynthetical pathway (the mevalonic acid pathway producing terpenoids) inP. vestalis, in addition to the pathway common to both species (the polyketide pathway producing fatty acid derivatives). 相似文献
3.
Alexandra Bottcher Jorge Paulo Zolin Flávia Nogueira-de-Sá José Roberto Trigo 《Chemoecology》2009,19(1):63-66
The most frequently investigated defence mechanism among larvae of tortoise beetles is protection by faecal shields, which
generally present chemicals that are directly sequestered and/or modified from larval host-plants. In the present work we
investigate the tortoise beetle Chelymorpha reimoseri that feeds on the leaves of Ipomoea carnea fistulosa (Convolvulaceae), seeking for the importance of this mechanism to their larvae. We show that 4th instar larvae suffer low
predation regardless of the presence of shields in field and laboratory bioassays with ants and chicks. Chloroform extract
from larvae without shields provided high protection against predation as shown in bioassays in the field, as well as against
chicks, suggesting that C. reimoseri does not rely on the shield for protection. The aqueous extract of the shields did not show activity in such bioassays. The
compounds responsible for this protection have yet to be identified, and it remains an open question as to whether they are
sequestered from the host plant or de novo biosynthesized. This is the first record of chemical defence in cassidine beetles
without the need for faecal shields. These findings indicate that more attention should be paid to chemicals present in the
tissues of larvae and/or adults of tortoise beetles; the protective compounds sequestered from host plants or de novo biosynthesized
can provide an alternative or complementary strategy against predation in these insects. 相似文献
4.
We investigated the ontogeny of responses to scent marks in immature terrestrial salamanders (Salamandra lanzai) that inhabit the southwest Alps. In this species, sexual maturity is usually reached at about 8 years, and adults exhibit territoriality. One should expect territoriality to take place largely before the acquisition of sexual maturity if sexual competition is not the main force driving territoriality. However, both the difficulties for inexperienced animals to find a suitable territory and size-related competition may delay the acquisition of territoriality in juveniles. We performed choice tests with juveniles belonging to two age groups (1±1 years old versus 4±1 years old). Each focal animal was offered, in random order, the choice between two shelters, one without scent and the other containing one of the following scents: own, same-aged animal, a juvenile belonging to the other age group, or adult female. We also performed choice tests with adult females for which the scents of two juveniles belonging to a different age group were successively offered in a random order. Older juveniles were strongly attracted toward their own shelter and mostly avoided the shelters that contained the scent of juveniles of about the same age and of adult females. Adult females avoided the scents of older juveniles but not younger juveniles. These results therefore suggest that older juveniles use territorial marking. Conversely, young juveniles behaved randomly with respect to their own scents and to those of a same-aged juvenile, and they were significantly attracted towards the odor of an older animal, especially adult females. Both older juveniles and adult females displayed a random behavior toward the scents of young juveniles. Our results suggest that young juveniles do not defend territories but use spaces occupied by older individuals.Communicated by A. Mathis 相似文献
5.
Summary. The oviposition-stimulating activity of (E)-capsaicin identified in the fruits of red pepper, Capsicum annuum L. (Solanaceae), towards the oriental tobacco budworm, Helicoverpa assulta (Guenée), was examined in the laboratory by using choice and no-choice bioassays. Results were compared with those of the
commercially available capsanthin and dihydrocapsaicin, another known constituents of C. annuum fruit, and (Z)-capsaicin. In no-choice oviposition bioassays at 10.5 μg/cm2, (E)-capsaicin was the most active oviposition stimulant. Weak stimulatory activity was observed with capsanthin, (Z)-capsaicin
and dihydrocapsaicin. In choice oviposition bioassays at 2.6 μg/cm2, there were significant differences in oviposition-stimulating activity between (E)-capsaicin and each of the other three alkaloids. Structure-activity relationships indicate that the presence of double bond
and its trans configuration appeared to play a crucial role in the oviposition-stimulating activity. On the basis of our results, (E)-capsaicin acts as a contact oviposition stimulant of female H. assulta. 相似文献
6.
Summary. Host selection in tree-killing bark beetles
(Coleoptera: Scolytidae) is mediated by a complex of semiochemical
cues. Using gas chromatographic-electroantennographic
detection (GC-EAD) and GC-mass spectrometric
analyses, we conducted a comparative study of the electrophysiological
responses of four species of tree-killing bark
beetles, the Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae,
Hopkins, the mountain pine beetle, D. ponderosae Hopkins,
the spruce beetle, D. rufipennis Kirby, and the western balsam
bark beetle, Dryocoetes confusus Swaine, to volatiles
captured by aeration of 1) bole and foliage of four sympatric
species of conifers, Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii
(Mirb.) Franco, lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta var. latifolia
Engelm., interior spruce, Picea engelmannii x glauca, and
interior fir, Abies lasiocarpa x bifolia, and 2) con- and
heterospecific beetles at three stages of attack. We identified
13 monoterpenes in the conifers and nine compounds in the
volatiles of beetles that elicited antennal responses. There
was no qualitative difference in the terpene constitution of
the four species of conifers and very little difference across
beetle species in their antennal response to compounds from
conifers or beetles. The lack of species-specific major or
minor components in conifers suggests that beetles would
need to detect differences in the ratios of different compounds
in conifers to discriminate among them. Attraction to
hosts and avoidance of nonhost conifers may be accentuated
by perception of compounds emitted by con- and heterospecific
beetles, respectively. The 22 compounds identified
are candidate semiochemicals with potential behavioural
roles in host location and discrimination. 相似文献
7.
Summary. Polyphagous caterpillars of the giant geometer
Biston robustum resemble the twigs of their respective food
sources in color and shape. Common predatory ants, including
Lasius and
Formica, were often observed to freely prowl directly on caterpillars bodies, even after antennal contact.
This suggests that the cuticular chemicals of the caterpillars
resemble those of the twigs of the foodplants, so we analyzed
both by GC and GC-MS. The chemical compositions
differed among caterpillars fed on a cherry, Prunus yedoensis,
a chinquapin Castanopsis cuspidata, and a camellia Camellia japonica. The cuticular chemicals of the caterpillars
resembled those of their corresponding food sources.
When the caterpillar diets were switched from the cherry to
camellia or chinquapin at the 4th instars, the caterpillars
cuticular chemicals changed after molting to resemble those
of their respective foods. Caterpillars also changed their
cuticular chemicals when they perched on cherry twigs and
fed on camellia or chinquapin leaves, but not when they
perched on camellia or chinquapin twigs and fed on cherry
leaves. The chemical similarities between the caterpillars
and the twigs were due to the digestion of host leaves, which
indicates that this is a diet-induced adaptation. 相似文献
8.
When two closely related species are sympatric the process of species recognition (identifying conspecifics) and mate-quality recognition (increased fitness benefits) can yield a conflict when heterospecifics resemble high-quality conspecifics. Conflict in species versus mate-quality recognition may serve as a possible mechanism for the persistence of unisexual, gynogenetic Amazon mollies (Poecilia formosa). Amazon mollies require sperm from closely related species (e.g., sailfin mollies, P. latipinna) to start embryogenesis but inheritance is strictly maternal. When choosing mates, male sailfin mollies from populations sympatric with Amazon mollies may rely on traits indicating species identity rather than those indicating mate quality. Conversely, males from allopatric populations may rely more on traits indicating mate quality. Previous work has found that male sailfin mollies in sympatry exhibit a significantly greater mating preference for female sailfin mollies over Amazon mollies compared to males in allopatry. In addition, male sailfin mollies prefer to associate with and produce more sperm in the presence of larger conspecific females, which are more fecund. We hypothesized that male sailfin mollies experience a conflict in species recognition and mate-quality recognition in the presence of Amazon mollies that are relatively larger than female sailfin mollies. To test this hypothesis, we paired males from sympatric and allopatric populations with a larger Amazon molly and a smaller female sailfin molly. We scored the number of mating attempts that males directed to conspecific and heterospecific females. Males in most sympatric and allopatric populations demonstrate no clear preference for conspecifics. In addition, we found some evidence for a difference in mating preference between allopatric and sympatric populations with males from allopatry showing a greater heterospecific mate preference. These results indicate a conflict between species and mate-quality recognition. In sympatry this conflict may contribute to the persistence of gynogenetic Amazon mollies. 相似文献
9.
Summary. In a local population of Ostrinia zaguliaevi Mutuura & Munroe (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), extensive variation was found in the blend ratio of three sex pheromone components,
(Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (Z9-14:OAc, 10.2-63.8%), (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (Z11-14:OAc, 32.2-86.8%), and (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (E11-14:OAc, 2.1-11.9%). The variation was observed over a three-year period (2002-2004). Mother-daughter
regression analyses have shown that although the heritability of the minor component E11-14:OAc was not significant, the heritability
of the proportions of Z9-14:OAc and Z11-14:OAc were substantial (0.5–0.6). In artificial selection experiments, the mean % Z9-14:OAc in the sex pheromone changed significantly within three generations (37% in the control line, 48 and 52% for two
lines selected for increase, and 23 and 30% for two lines selected for decrease). Despite these changes, the amounts of fatty
acyl pheromone precursors, (Z)-9-, (Z)-11- and (E)-11-tetradecenoate, in the pheromone gland were not significantly affected by the selection. Taken together, variation in
the pheromone blend of O. zaguliaevi is likely to be attributable to a few genes involved in the reduction or acetylation of fatty acyl pheromone precursors,
the last two steps in pheromone biosynthesis. 相似文献
10.
Summary. In this paper we report on the chemical basis for trail recognition in Lasius nipponensis. On and near trails in the field, workers became aggressive against conspecific intruders and succeeded in protective contests, while intruders usually avoided confrontation. Such asymmetric interactions were also observed in the laboratory when two non-nestmate workers were sequentially placed in a clean glass dish, while mutual aggression was observed when they were placed simultaneously. Asymmetric aggression was also observed when the workers were placed in a dish previously conditioned by other workers, or when the dish was treated with the hexane rinse of the conditioned dish. The rinse contained a series of hydrocarbons, in which components and proportion were almost identical to those of the cuticular hydrocarbons of the workers, except for a lack of n-alkanes. Amounts of the hydrocarbons that remained on the dish were very small when all the tarsi of the workers were incapacitated. We therefore consider that the hydrocarbons are not adhesion of the cuticular hydrocarbons but secretion from the tarsi of workers, and serve as a key signal for trail recognition in this ant. 相似文献
11.
12.
The red grouper (Epinephelus morio) has historically been one of the most important fisheries of the Campeche Bank area in the Gulf of México, where two fleets from México and one from Cuba participate. Current stocks have been estimated to be a third or less as abundant as in the 1970s; hence, the fishery has been declared to be over-exploited. The federal government of México has expressed the need to investigate the potential use of protected areas as a management tool for recovery of this species. Based on artificial neural network (ANN) modelling, we analysed the spatial distribution of red grouper with respect substrate, considering the demographic structure of the stock. We found a significant relationship between the type of substrate and the three stages of development (juveniles, pre-adults and adults). Juveniles are distributed in shallow waters close to the coast on coral substrates; pre-adults are also associated with coral substrates, but at an intermediate depth; adults are found in deeper waters on sandy substrates. We also identified seasonal reproductive aggregation patterns, always in relation to substrate types. Reproductive aggregation during the winter and early spring in the north-eastern continental shelf and the almost permanent (exception in autumn) concentration of juveniles in coastal waters around the central and eastern coast of Yucatan are of particular importance for management. These patterns represent seasons and areas of high fish vulnerability, which is the basic criterion for further analysis of protected areas. 相似文献
13.
David Sillam-Dussès Etienne Sémon Céline Moreau Irena Valterová Jan Šobotník Alain Robert Christian Bordereau 《Chemoecology》2005,15(1):1-6
Summary. The diterpene neocembrene A or (1E,5E,9E,12R)-1,5,9-trimethyl-12-(1-methylethenyl)-1,5,9-cyclotetradecatriene, known as the trail-following pheromone of the advanced Termitidae Nasutitermitinae Nasutitermes exitiosus and Trinervitermes bettonianus, has been identified after SPME-GC/MS as the major component of the trail-following pheromone of the Rhinotermitidae Prorhinotermitinae, Prorhinotermes canalifrons and P. simplex. In all the other Rhinotermitidae studied until now, the major component of their trail pheromones is dodecatrienol ((3Z,6Z,8E)-dodeca-3,6,8-trien-1-ol). This biochemical data further add to the anatomical and molecular characteristics that give a special status to the taxon Prorhinotermes among Rhinotermitidae. In Prorhinotermes canalifrons and P. simplex, neocembrene A was the only secretory compound specific to the sternal gland surface that could be detected after SPME. It elicited orientation as well as recruitment behavioral effects. However, the comparison of the respective biological activities triggered by neocembrene A and by sternal gland secretion suggests that minor components of the latter are acting in synergy with neocembrene A. 相似文献
14.
Summary. Feeding by belowground herbivores may induce systemic changes in shoot defence levels that affect the performance of above
ground herbivores and higher trophic levels. In this paper two wild Brassica species, B. nigra and B. oleracea were experimentally infested with 10 larvae of the cabbage root fly, Delia radicum. Plant dry masses and glucosinolate levels in shoots, main roots, and fine roots were determined at 3, 7, 12 and 14 days
after infestation and compared to those of control plants.
The systemic response in the leaves differed between plant species. In B. nigra shoot glucosinolate levels in D. radicum infested plants steadily increased with time until they were almost twice those of controls 14 days after infestation. B. oleracea plants infested with D. radicum did not show significant changes in shoot glucosinolate levels within 14 days, which may be due to the unexpected poorer
performance of D. radicum on this species.
Both plant species showed a local increase in indole glucosinolates in the main roots, which are the preferred feeding site
of D. radicum larvae. B. oleracea plants however showed a stronger (1.9 – 4.7 times) increase in indole glucosinolate levels than B. nigra (1.5 – 2.6 times). The increase in indole glucosinolates in B. nigra main roots, was counterbalanced by a significant decrease in aromatic glucosinolate levels. These differences in local responses
to D. radicum feeding between the two species may have contributed to the slower growth rates of the larvae on B. oleracea. D. radicum feeding did not result in altered glucosinolate levels in the fine roots in either plant species. The differences in glucosinolate
induction patterns between the summer annual B. nigra and the perennial B. oleracea are discussed in the light of their different life histories. 相似文献
15.
Stephen J. Martin Nicolas Châline Falko Drijfhout Graeme R. Jones 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2005,59(1):24-29
In queen-right honeybee colonies workers detect and eat the vast majority of worker-laid eggs, a behaviour known as worker policing. However, if a colony becomes permanently queen-less then up to 25% of the worker population develops their ovaries and lay eggs, which are normally reared into a final batch of males. Ovary development in workers is accompanied by changes in the chemical secretion of the Dufour's gland with the production of queen-like esters. We show that ester production increases with the period that the colony is queen-less. The increased ester production also corresponds to an increase in persistence of worker-laid eggs in queen-right colonies, since the esters somehow mask the eggs true identity. However, in a rare queen-less colony phenotype, workers always eat eggs indiscriminately. We found that the egg-laying workers in these colonies were unusual in that they were unable to produce esters. This apparently maladaptive egg eating behaviour is also seen in queen-less colonies prior to the appearance of egg-laying workers, a period when esters are also absent. However, the indiscriminate egg eating behaviour stops with the appearance of ester-producing egg-laying workers. These observations suggest that esters are providing some contextual information, which affects the egg eating behaviour of the workers. 相似文献
16.
Christine Errard Francisca Ruano Freddie-Jeanne Richard Alain Lenoir Alberto Tinaut Abraham Hefetz 《Chemoecology》2006,16(4):235-240
Summary. Proformica longiseta exists as two populations in the Sierra Nevada Mountains in Spain, only one of which is parasitized by the slave-maker ant
Rossomyrmex minuchae. To investigate the possible effect of co-evolutionary pressures on cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) profiles (the presumed nestmate
recognition cues), we performed a comparative analysis of the CHC of R. minuchae and P. longiseta colonies from both the allopatric and sympatric populations; the latter includes samples of enslaved as well as free-living
workers. Discriminant analyses based on these chemical profiles showed two clear profile groups: the first comprised R. minuchae and both enslaved and free-living P. longiseta from the sympatric population; and the second the allopatric P. longiseta workers. As expected, the profiles of the two sympatric P. longiseta groups (enslaved and free-living) were distinct; but, interestingly, those of the enslaved P. longiseta and its parasite R. minuchae were also distinguishable. This indicates that despite their cohabitation each species maintains its own chemical identity.
Profile similarity between the sympatric free-living P. longiseta and its parasite may explain the lower than expected aggression observed during raids. We further speculate that in view
of the differences between the sympatric and allopatric population of P. longiseta, co-evolutionary pressures have driven changes in the profile of the former to better match that of its parasite R. minuchae. Such an adjustment may have enabled nests of the sympatric P. longiseta to endure multiple raids by the parasite (due to the reduced aggression) and thus to continue to reproduce despite the damage
inflicted by the raids. 相似文献
17.
为检测海洋中环境激素及芳烃类化合物对端足类生物的污染危害,实验选择端足类河蜾蠃蜚(Corophium acherusicum)为受试生物,研究了其在壬基酚、五氯酚、硝基苯三种有机污染物暴露下的96 h急性致死毒性效应和7 d慢性DNA损伤毒性效应。计算获得壬基酚、五氯酚和硝基苯对河蜾蠃蜚的96 h半致死浓度(LC50)分别为70、465、25 000μg·L-1,三种有机污染物对河蜾蠃蜚的毒性强弱顺序为壬基酚五氯酚硝基苯。运用碱解旋法检测壬基酚、五氯酚和硝基苯对河蜾蠃蜚DNA损伤的程度,计算得到7 d半效应浓度(EC50)分别为30、256、11 000μg·L-1。实验结果表明:三种有机污染物浓度的不断加大,引起河蜾蠃蜚DNA损伤程度的不断增加,呈显著的剂量-效应关系。 相似文献
18.
Individuals living in social groups are predicted to live under unequal predation risk due to their spatial location within the group. Previous work has indicated that individuals located at the edge of groups have higher “domains of danger”, thus are more likely to engage in vigilance or antipredator behavior. We studied the determinants of vigilance behavior in two groups of ring-tailed coatis in Iguazu National Park, Argentina. In addition to the expected pattern that coatis were more vigilant at the edge of the group, we found that individuals were particularly vigilant at the front edge of the group. This pattern conforms to predictions of differing predation risk caused by sit-and-wait predators with respect to mobile animal groups. In addition, coatis exhibited less vigilance when the number of neighbors within 5 m and group size increased. Of the three spatial variables tested, within-group spatial position was the most important predictor variable determining vigilance levels. These results confirm that spatial position has major effects on vigilance behavior, and that group directionality is an important factor which should be taken into account when measuring vigilance behavior. Coatis were more vigilant when juveniles less than 6 months old were in the groups. The presence of these young juveniles also affected the relationship between alarm response and vigilance levels. Coatis were more vigilant after strong alarm reactions, but only when young juveniles were not present in the groups. This may indicate that coatis give differential responses to alarm calls depending on the age of the caller. A comparison of antipredator vigilance between coatis and sympatric capuchin monkeys is consistent with the hypothesis that terrestriality leads to higher perceive predation risk for coatis. 相似文献
19.
Summary. Leaf disc choice and oviposition bioassays were used to examine the effects of larval experience with a Hoodia gordonii latex on subsequent behaviors. The latex deterred feeding and oviposition by “naïve” cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni, Noctuidae) larvae and moths with no previous exposure to the material. “Experienced” insects, reared on a diet with the H. gordonii latex (1000 ppm), exhibited lesser feeding deterrence relative to naïve insects. Experienced female moths actually preferred to lay eggs on treated rather than control leaves. There was no observed transfer of behavioral preferences from experienced parents to their offspring. Our results suggest that moths may be acquiring oviposition preferences from larval feeding experience as described by Hopkins’ host selection principal (HHSP) or through chemical legacy. 相似文献
20.
Bioassays were performed to investigate and compare the toxic properties of the contact venoms of three Neotropical Crematogaster species (C. sp. prox. abstinens, C. distans and C. brevispinosa rochai), whose main venom compounds are chemically different (long chain derivatives linked to an aldehyde or a primary acetate,
and furanocembrenoid diterpenes, respectively). Different quantities of venom were topically applied on the bodies of three
target insect species (workers of the termite Nasutitermes ephratae, workers of the ant Solenopsis sp., “media” and “major” workers of the ant Cephalotes pusillus). The toxicity of the venom greatly varied according to the Crematogaster species, the venom of C. b. rochai showing the highest toxic activity towards all target species. The sensitivity of the target species also greatly varied,
the workers of N. ephratae showing a great sensitivity to the venoms, while the heavily armoured workers of the ant C. pusillus, particularly “major” ones, were resistant. Cuticle thickness was found to be a key factor in the resistance to the toxic
effects of Crematogaster venom. Sensitivity of the target workers was also directly related to the amount of venom applied to their cuticle. Workers
of C. distans were resistant to topical application of their own venom, while C. sp. prox. abstinens and C. b. rochai were not. In all cases, the venoms were slow acting, as several hours to one or even several days were needed to obtain a
significant mortality. The main biological activities of the Crematogaster venom could be related to more immediate repellent properties, as recently shown with the European species C. scutellaris. 相似文献