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1.
空气中水的存在会严重影响烷烃类扩散火焰中烟黑的生成,研究氧化剂流中水对烷烃类火焰的影响,对污染物控制及火灾扑救具有重要意义。模拟采用24步简化机理的有限速率化学反应模型、Moss-Brookes烟黑模型及Discrete Ordinates(DO)辐射模型,研究在空气中加入水对甲烷/空气层流伴流扩散火焰的影响,其中烟黑模型包括烟黑的成核、表面增长和氧化。结果表明,伴流空气中的水蒸气会降低火焰的温度、抑制烟黑的生成。这是因为:一方面,水蒸气降低了甲烷燃烧的温度,火焰温度的降低导致化学反应速率减慢,烟黑成核和表面生长速率随之降低,火焰中烟黑质量分数便减少;另一方面,由于水蒸气的加入使化学反应OH+H_2 H+H_2O(R(15))逆向反应加速,继而导致OH生成量增加。但由于氧气浓度降低使火焰体积增大,OH的浓度降低。从而导致烟黑的氧化速率降低,烟黑生成量增加。由于水蒸气的化学效应小于其温度效应,总体上烟黑质量分数降低。最后对比了模拟结果和试验结果。  相似文献   

2.
夹层电缆引发火灾的实验研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
模拟现代建筑夹层中贮藏大量未加金属导管防护的电线电缆所引发的火灾效应.在一个全尺寸燃烧套房模型中进行了起火室和顶棚夹层空间电缆火灾的实验研究,并采用大涡模拟的方法对实验中烟气速度场进行了数值模拟.结果表明,加明火源可以加强电缆的火灾功率;通风状况对夹层电缆火灾的温度场、烟气遮光度和火灾功率有明显影响.电缆燃烧产物中主要毒性气体为CO.电缆在夹层燃烧时,CO和CO2浓度均高于目标室和起火室中的浓度.而夹层毒气最为集中,其CO浓度远远超出OSHA和IDLH标准.电缆在夹层燃烧时发生火灾的危险性较大.  相似文献   

3.
三氟甲烷(CF3H,HFC - 23)是一种优良的哈龙替代物,在目前的气体灭火介质市场占据显著的位置.然而,在三氟甲烷和火焰作用的过程中产生的HF不仅对火灾现场设备具有严重的腐蚀,而且对灭火现场人员具有严重的伤害.首先采用k-ε涡黏湍流模型,对CF3H熄灭CH4/O2的二维稳态湍流非预混燃烧进行数值分析,讨论杯式燃烧器中CF3H熄灭CH4/O2火焰过程中HF组分变化规律,通过改变初始参数分析CF3H浓度、CH4/O2配比对HF生成量的影响;采用CHEMKIN 4.0程序模拟CF3H熄灭CH4/O2火焰中温度、反应物、主产物和自由基浓度随火焰高度的变化关系.结果表明,火焰上方20~25cm的区域为HF富集区;H、CF:O为生成HF的重要中间产物,可以通过降低中间产物浓度降低 HF.  相似文献   

4.
为了探究电动汽车火灾危险性,利用FDS软件建立锂离子电池火灾模型,并对电动汽车锂离子电池组火灾进行数值模拟研究,分析火灾过程中的热释放速率、烟气、能见度、温度、CO和CO2浓度变化规律。研究结果表明:电动汽车内锂离子电池组火灾发展迅速,其烟气、高温、CO等危害影响车内人员的安全;车辆内部锂离子电池组的数量决定其火灾危险性的大小,大电池容量电动汽车火灾风险较高;当电动大巴车后端电池组发生火灾时,人员后门逃离的安全性系数高于前门;电动汽车火灾可能发生蔓延,增大车辆密集型区域的消防安全难度。该模拟结果可为电动汽车消防提供参考。  相似文献   

5.
为指导有限空间机械通风,使用FDS软件研究机械通风过程中供热有限空间内流场、浓度场、温度场等的分布规律,同时将FDS软件模拟结果与FLUENT软件所得模拟结果进行对比分析。结果表明:机械通风过程中,检查室内风速总体较大,管沟内风速相对较小;各测点O2浓度、CO2浓度最终恢复至正常的时间相同,可仅以O2浓度恢复情况作为衡量通风效果的代表气体;采用FDS软件获得模拟结果与FLUENT软件较一致,但在风流的湍流细节方面FDS软件结果更理想。  相似文献   

6.
为研究高海拔地区火灾巷道内可燃物燃烧特性、烟气运移及相关烟气参数的变化规律。应用FDS火灾模拟软件建立实际尺寸的巷道无轨运输车辆火灾模型,分别研究海拔高度为0,1 700,3 000,4 000,5 000 m时无轨运输设备的动态燃烧过程;分析不同海拔高度下可燃物的燃烧特性、烟气运移情况及相关烟气参数(CO浓度、温度)的变化规律。结果表明:火灾巷道内烟气逆退距离随海拔的升高而减小;烟气的温度峰值与CO浓度均随海拔的升高而降低,且与海拔高度大致呈线性函数关系;海拔每升高1 000 m,烟流温度峰值降低3%,CO浓度降低0.98%;CO浓度在垂向上分布呈现出明显的分层现象,具有“上高下低”的分布规律;可燃物的最大热释放速率随着海拔的升高呈现出降低的趋势;高海拔地区的火势发展过程往往较低海拔地区的更缓慢,并增加燃料的燃烧时间。研究结果可为后续高海拔地区的矿井火灾研究提供参考。  相似文献   

7.
为研究室内可燃装修材料的耐高温及燃烧特性,该文用火灾动力学模拟软件Fire DynamicSimulator(FDS)对火灾实际场景的温度场进行数值模拟分析。对热释放速率曲线进行拟合分析,发现火灾发展初期是由一个慢速增长火和一个超快速增长火两个阶段组成。比较温度场的模拟结果与实际场景的燃烧图痕,得出火场温度的快速升高源于可燃材料的热释放速率和燃料消耗速率快速增加。同时分析了火场中一氧化碳、二氧化碳等有害气体的浓度与燃烧温度场的变化规律,为选择合适的室内装饰材料提供有效的数值参考。  相似文献   

8.
李一涵  邱榕  蒋勇 《火灾科学》2005,14(4):199-206
本文使用了详细化学反应动力学机理计算模拟了混合有乙醇及典型自由基引导的甲烷预混火焰结构.该反应机理由Marinov研究组研究发表,包含有56个组分以及372个反应.本文的计算使用了CHEMKIN-3以及预混火焰代码,热力学及输运部分的计算基于Sandia国家实验室和Marinov研究室发布的数据库.火焰结构中主要产物的变化,关键中间产物和次要组分的计算结果显示加入乙醇和自由基都可以减少着火延迟.本文计算了三种不同条件下的火焰结构,分别为预混CH4/O2/N2火焰;预混甲烷/乙醇火焰;和加入引导自由基在甲烷/乙醇混合燃料中.此外还有含有自由基的甲烷火焰和加入乙醇的甲烷火焰比较.  相似文献   

9.
利用FDS模拟某酒店火灾发展过程,获得火灾增长过程、烟气蔓延规律及相关参数,分析人体极限温度、CO致死体积分数及极限O2体积分数3项致死因素,验证酒店火灾致死的主要原因。结果表明,酒店火灾发生360 s时,夹层火势达到全盛时期;477 s时,各楼层客房内均有烟气进入。最后验证了导致酒店人员死亡最主要的原因是CO中毒,其次为高温灼伤。离火源位置越近,致死原因越有可能是高温灼伤;离火源位置越远,致死原因越有可能是CO中毒。  相似文献   

10.
陈胜朋  梁栋  莫善军 《火灾科学》2018,27(2):100-106
楼梯井电动车火灾呈典型的烟囱效应现象,短暂燃烧,浓烟迅猛,往往危害很大。模拟结合全尺寸实验结果,基于FDS软件对电动车在楼梯井内燃烧进行动态仿真,相关数据进行对比分析。研究结果表明:物理实验数据与数值模拟数据比较吻合,楼梯间平均温度370℃左右,最高温度超过1 000℃,楼梯间浓烟毒性很大;火焰卷吸处上方的无量纲温度随楼梯井竖直高度的增加而减小,同一区域的近墙处温度较高;火灾后期在喷淋作用下,CO浓度在火灾熄灭阶段有所增加。  相似文献   

11.
在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.  相似文献   

12.
为克服传统危险与可操作性(HAZOP)定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if(故障假设)方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。  相似文献   

13.
为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。  相似文献   

14.
Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.  相似文献   

15.
Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).  相似文献   

16.
为了减少滑坡造成的损失,提高滑坡预测的准确性,通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据,在获得多组模拟实验数据后,分析各变量的特性。首先,通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)算法,对滑坡进行危险度划分;然后,通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)建立模型,遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数,提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据,通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好,实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合,与单一SVM相比,精度更高,结果更好,更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。  相似文献   

17.
Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

18.
Occupational Safety and Health in Finland   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.  相似文献   

19.
森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现   总被引:6,自引:1,他引:5  
杜飞  候遵泽  刘家琦 《火灾科学》2001,10(4):204-208
进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素(气象因子、气候、地形等),进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。  相似文献   

20.
公路隧道火灾逃生疏散研究   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1  
以苍岭隧道为背景,首先采用经验计算理论和计算软件building EXODUS相结合的方式,从被困人员的安全疏散时间、高温烟气的影响、隧道横通道的利用率以及人员的疏散行为特性进行了研究。结果表明:中小规模火灾情况下的安全疏散时间控制在8 min之内,高温烟气影响不大,但横通道的利用率不平均,且人员疏散路线相对集中。然后对存在的逃生疏散问题提出针对性建议以及其他相关建议,旨在为更大程度降低事故的严重性和经济财产损失。  相似文献   

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