国内外生态环境观测研究台站网络发展概况

生态环境观测研究台站是开展生态环境研究的重要手段。《国家环境保护"十二五"科技发展规划》将国家环境保护野外观测研究站作为"十二五"能力建设重点内容。分析了目前国内外主要生态环境监测网络,如区域尺度的全球环境监测系统(GEMS)、全球陆地观测系统(GTOS)、国际长期生态研究网络(ILTER)、全球通量观测网络(FLUXNET)和国际生物多样性观测网络(GEO·BON),以及国家尺度的美国长期生态研究网络(US-LTER)、英国环境变化监测网络(ECN)和中国生态系统研究网络(CERN)的发展历程、观测研究进展;总结了生态环境监测网站的发展趋势,即重视台站的联网观测研究,注重观测标准化和规范化及数据共享,重视观测手段智能化与自动化,注重综合观测与模型模拟相结合;提出国家环境保护生态监测台站网络是现有国家环境监测网络的拓展和完善,也是今后开展区域生态环境综合监测与评估的重要基础。     

对国家环境保护野外观测研究站建设的几点思考

《国家环境保护"十二五"科技发展规划》提出将国家环境保护野外观测研究站作为"十二五"环境科技支撑能力建设内容之一;在《"十二五"国家自主创新能力建设规划》中也将国家野外科学观测研究站(网)作为科技创新基础条件的建设内容。在分析环保部门生态环境观测研究台站建设现状基础上,对国家环境保护野外观测研究台站的建设目标与定位、空间布局、运行机制、监测与评价技术体系构建、监测指标体系框架等进行分析探讨。在目标与定位上,国家环境保护野外观测研究台站既要与目前国内主要的生态环境监测网络(如中国生态系统研究网络和中国森林生态系统定位研究网络)形成补充,同时也要突出环保部门特色;在空间布局上既要关注水、空气、土壤污染的重点监控区,也要关注生态脆弱区、重要(点)生态功能区等生态敏感区;在技术体系上,要研究建立标准化、规范化的观测技术体系,同时也要注重生态环境评价方法研究,为生态环境精准化管理提供技术支持。     

浅议总体国家安全观下的驻市生态环境监测网络安全管理

随着我国生态环境保护要求的不断提高，生态环境安全已被提到了战略高度，成为国家安全的重要组成部分。生态环境监测作为环境保护的排头兵，主要通过计算机网络对环境监测数据信息实施采集、获取、传输、分析和管理，实现对生态环境状况和变化趋势的理解与感知，生态环境监测领域网络安全一旦遭到破坏，会导致监测数据“真、准、全”无法得到保障，甚至会危害生态环境安全，引发国家安全危机。以江苏省驻市生态环境监测领域为例，阐述了生态环境监测领域网络安全管理对于国家生态环境安全的实际意义以及现状机遇，并提出了明确网络安全战略地位，提升责任意识，完善网络安全管理要求和工作机制，强化网络安全保障能力以及深化沟通合作等建议。     

关于“十四五”生态环境监测支撑能力提升的思路与目标

生态环境监测是推进国家生态环境治理体系和治理能力现代化的重要支撑。党中央、国务院高度重视监测事业发展，将生态环境监测纳入生态文明改革的大局统筹推进。"十四五"时期，生态文明改革持续深入，生态环境治理将向精准治污、科学治污、依法治污转变，生态环境监测面临着全新的压力与挑战。因此，笔者以习近平生态文明思想为指导，按照"面向发展、服务公众、智慧监测、精准支撑"的原则，针对大气、地表水、土壤、地下水、生态等重点领域，提出了"十四五"时期生态环境监测的重点目标任务，为生态文明和美丽中国建设提供技术支撑。     

崇明岛生态环境预警监测网络优化研究

按照全面监控生态岛建设进程的要求,在分析和识别崇明岛生态环境质量监测工作现状及存在问题的基础上,依据相关规划、标准和技术规范,开展了崇明岛生态环境监测网络优化研究。采用遥感与地面相结合、人工与自动相结合、理化与生态相结合的手段,建立了全要素、全覆盖的“天地一体化”生态环境立体监测网络体系,围绕崇明岛五大功能分区,进一步优化了水、气、声等常规环境监测网络,拓展和完善了土壤、生物多样性等生态要素的监测网络,以期进一步优化预警监测网络,进而为崇明生态岛建设进程的动态评估提供基础。     

我国生态环境监测标准现状、问题及建议

简述了我国生态环境监测标准的基本情况、分类及数量占比。分析了生态环境监测标准制修订过程中存在的问题,包括:配套环境监管存在缺项、对生态环境保护专项支撑不够、标准更新不及时、标准效力受限、同一目标物质的多种监测方法缺乏等效性评价、标准制修订周期较长、生物和生态遥感监测标准薄弱等。提出了加快标准制修订工作进度、建立评估复审机制和基准方法体系、加强新污染物监测科学研究等工作建议。     

中国生态监测存在问题及发展趋势

在生态学的基本理论基础上,探讨了生态监测的科学内涵,明确了生态监测对象就是生态系统,目标是认识反映生态系统的状态和演变趋势,为管理和决策提供科学依据。深入分析了中国生态监测存在的5个问题:生态监测缺乏统一管理,部门间任务存在交叉和重复;生态监测技术不够规范,信息整合与利用困难;生态监测网络松散,国家级生态监测网络建立缓慢;环境监测法律依据不足,法制保障力度亟待加强;生态监测能力水平普遍较低,亟待建设。最后,从国家现实需求、生态监测现状以及监测技术发展的历史规律,探讨了未来中国生态监测的总体发展趋势。     

山东省生态环境监测网络建设发展建议

介绍了山东省生态环境监测网络建设状况,“十三五”期间全省基本实现大气、水、土壤、噪声、生态、污染源等全覆盖,“十四五”初期优化调整了地表水、地下水、海洋、土壤等环境质量监测点位,加大了自动监测力度。通过分析当前全省监测网络建设中存在的覆盖不全面、技术不完善、服务不深入等问题,提出了环境质量监测、生态质量监测、污染源监测、应急监测等各要素的发展建议。     

江苏省设区市生态环境监测监控规划关键问题研究

生态环境监测是生态文明建设的重要支撑。在设区市级环境监测监控能力普遍较弱、生态环境保护压力巨大的双重背景下,编制设区市生态环境监测监控规划具有重要意义。在调查了江苏省部分设区市环境监测监控规划的基础上,总结了规划编制在监测监控网络建设、监测监控能力建设、质量管理、大数据应用建设、人才队伍建设等方面的主要内容,针对规划中普遍存在的组织架构不清晰、特色发展定位不明确、环境监测监控融合发展谋划不足、项目建设可行性论证不够等关键问题,提出应理顺组织架构、明确特色发展定位、加强环境监测监控一体化发展谋划、加强项目建设可行性论证等对策建议,以期为今后的规划编制工作提供相关借鉴。     

我国生态环境监测网络建设成效与展望

2015年中央全面深化改革领导小组审议通过《生态环境监测网络建设方案》,推动全国生态环境监测网络建设取得重大成就.对照《生态环境监测网络建设方案》提出的"全面设点,完善生态环境监测网络"方面的任务与要求,对生态环境监测网络建设成效进行客观评估,并对生态环境监测面临的形势与不足进行了深入剖析.针对加强生态环境监测网络建设...     

装潢居室空气中甲醛采样方法改进

对空气中甲醛测定的采样方法进行了探讨 ,分别用水和稀硫酸作吸收液对空气甲醛进行采样研究。结果表明 ,用 0 .0 0 5mol LH2 SO4 作吸收液的采样方法 ,可有效、稳定地延长样品的保存时间 ,且又符合方法灵敏度和精密度的要求。     

从履约压力看环境监测发展方向

分析了在当前履约压力下环境监测的薄弱与不足之处,提出了拓展环境空气监测内容,将生态调查和多样性监测纳入常规体系,推进有机监测技术发展,加大多边合作与联合监测的发展思路.     

泰东河疏浚工程对通榆河水质的影响

为了解泰东河疏浚工程对通榆河水质的影响,于2012年6月8日、9月12日、12月6日,对泰东河沿线以及通榆河东台段进行调查取样,分析施工期间河体水质变化。结果表明,施工期间水质参数基本保持在Ⅱ~Ⅲ类。根据江苏省水环境监测中心盐城分中心2011年、2013年监测资料评价分析,泰东河河道疏浚后,清理了河床淤泥,提高了泰东河的行洪、抗洪以及通航能力,其水质的好转有效地改善了下游通榆河的水质,确保了饮水安全。     

锅炉污染物监测中运行负荷的现场判断

简述了锅炉的风量和烟气量、锅炉燃料的消耗量以及锅炉运行负荷的估算方法。通过实例分析,用现场监测的实际风量与理论值比较,粗略估算出监测时段锅炉运行负荷,比对锅炉污染物监测时段的锅炉运行负荷标准,从而判断监测数据的准确性与有效性。     

空气质量监测中标准状态对测定结果的影响及建议

环境空气质量标准中各种污染物的浓度限值是评价、考核空气质量状况的基本依据。为了保证在不同时空、不同环境状况下监测数据的可比性,各个国家或组织在制定的空气质量标准中对标准状态(温度和压力)进行了定义。但是,由于标准状态定义不同,即使是同一环境状况下的同一实测结果进行标化计算后的污染物浓度也不相同,达不到可比性的基本原则。因此,建议中国在未来修订空气质量标准所采用的标准状态,进一步与国际接轨。     

Estimating the Ecological Condition of the Estuaries of the Gulf of Mexico

Monitoring of estuaries in the Louisianian Province was performed annually from 1991–1994 to assess ecological conditions on a regional scale. We found over the four years of monitoring, 25±6% of Gulf of Mexico estuarine sediments in the Louisianian Province displayed poor biological conditions, as measured by benthic community structure, and 14±7% of the area was characterized by poor water clarity, the presence of marine debris, and elevated levels of fish tissue contaminants. Using statistical associations to discern relationships between ecological condition and exposure or stressor data has shown that much of this degraded' condition co-occurs with sediment contamination.     

An ecosystem report on the Panama Canal: monitoring the status of the forest communities and the watershed

In 1996, the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute and the Republic of Panama's Environmental Authority, with support fromthe United States Agency for International Development, undertook a comprehensive program to monitor the ecosystem of the Panama Canal watershed. The goals were to establish baselineindicators for the integrity of forest communities and rivers. Based on satellite image classification and ground surveys, the2790 km² watershed had 1570 km² of forest in 1997, 1080 km² of which was in national parks and nature monuments. Most of the 490 km² of forest not currently in protected areas lies along the west bank of the Canal, and its managementstatus after the year 2000 turnover of the Canal from the U.S. to Panama remains uncertain. In forest plots designed to monitorforest diversity and change, a total of 963 woody plant specieswere identified and mapped. We estimate there are a total of 850–1000 woody species in forests of the Canal corridor. Forestsof the wetter upper reaches of the watershed are distinct in species composition from the Canal corridor, and have considerably higher diversity and many unknown species. Theseremote areas are extensively forested, poorly explored, and harbor an estimated 1400–2200 woody species. Vertebrate monitoring programs were also initiated, focusing on species threatened by hunting and forest fragmentation. Large mammals are heavily hunted in most forests of Canal corridor, and therewas clear evidence that mammal density is greatly reduced in hunted areas and that this affects seed predation and dispersal. The human population of the watershed was 113 000 in 1990, and grew by nearly 4% per year from 1980 to 1990. Much of this growth was in a small region of the watershed on the outskirts of Panama City, but even rural areas, including villages near and within national parks, grew by 2% per year. There is no sewage treatment in the watershed, and many towns have no trashcollection, thus streams near large towns are heavily polluted. Analyses of sediment loads in rivers throughout the watershed did not indicate that erosion has been increasing as a result ofdeforestation, rather, erosion seems to be driven largely by total rainfall and heavy rainfall events that cause landslides.Still, models suggest that large-scale deforestation would increase landslide frequency, and failure to detect increases inerosion could be due to the gradual deforestation rate and the short time period over which data are available. A study of runoff showed deforestation increased the amount of water fromrainfall that passed directly into streams. As a result, dry season flow was reduced in a deforested catchment relative to aforested one. Currently, the Panama Canal watershed has extensive forest areasand streams relatively unaffected by humans. But impacts of hunting and pollution near towns are clear, and the burgeoningpopulation will exacerbate these impacts in the next few decades.Changes in policies regarding forest protection and pollution control are necessary.     

Environmental Assessment of the Impact of Ozone to the Neuston of the Sea-Surface Microlayer of the Gulf of Mexico

Substantial amounts of NOx (146 000 t/y) and total hydrocarbons (294 000 t/y) are released to the marine atmosphere by the large number of oil and gas operations over Federal waters of the Gulf of Mexico (GOM). Under appropriate meteorological conditions these emissions react to form ozone (0–54 g/m3 over-water) which can affect the marine environment. Using a dry deposition model, this work examines the amount of ozone derived from oil and gas offshore operations and deposited in the sea surface of the Gulf of Mexico, and assesses its impact on the neuston of the sea-surface microlayer. Surface integrated estimates of ozone deposited from oil and gas operations over the sea surface ranges from 400 kg to 1800 kg which results in sea surface concentrations of 15 g/m3. This estimate and the actual toxic ozone levels suggest no acute, toxic impacts to the neuston. However, indirect effects may occur through changes to the pelagic foodwebs and organic carbon pathways. Another potential pathway for ozone impacting the environment is through the production of bromate. Based on the concentrations and time scales (11–139 days) only sublethal effects appear to occur, but uncertainties associated with this assessment need to be further studied. From an ecological perspective, the environmental impacts and risks of NOx and VOC discharges from offshore platforms need to be assessed for neuston and other components of the marine ecosystem.     

北方重工业城市降水pH值与相关因素关系的研究

针对北方重工业城市出现的酸性降水和pH值降低的现象,采用集中监测、纵横对比、统计分析的方法,对降水pH值现状及与相关因子的关系进行了研究。结果显示,降水pH值依污染源排放的烟(粉)量的减少、环境空气中总悬浮微粒浓度的降低、机动车保有量的增加而向酸性发展,空气质量好的区域易发生酸雨,北方重工业城市"尘"重点治理以后酸雨和二氧化硫污染将出现加重趋势。仅靠削减二氧化硫排放量控制污染是不够的,重工业城市必须综合防治。     

太湖流域水体富营养化成因及防治对策的初步研究

以较丰富的素材分析了太湖流域富营养化的成因及其危害性,同时阐述了水体富营养化的治理对策。