太阳山湿地浮游植物优势功能群季节演替特征及驱动因子分析

为探明太阳山湿地浮游植物优势功能群季节演替规律及其主要驱动因子,于2019年4月(春季)、7月(夏季)、10月(秋季)和2020年1月(冬季)采样分析了太阳山湿地浮游植物的种类组成、优势种、丰度、生物量及季节变化,同时测定了水环境理化因子指标,采用冗余分析方法研究了浮游植物优势功能群的优势度、丰度与水环境因子之间的关系。结果表明:太阳山湿地浮游植物可分为22个功能类群;优势功能群的季节演替和空间分异特征明显,存在一定的规律性。春、秋、冬3个季节的浮游植物以硅藻门为主,夏季以绿藻门和蓝藻门为主。春季优势功能群主要为D、C、P,以硅藻门种类为主;夏季优势功能群主要为J、Lo、TC、M、H1,以硅藻门、绿藻门、蓝藻门种类为主;秋季优势功能群主要为D、S1、MP,以硅藻门、绿藻门种类为主;冬季优势功能群主要为D、X3,以硅藻门种类为主。影响太阳山湿地浮游植物优势功能群季节演替的水环境因子有水温(WT)、pH、溶解氧(DO)、透明度(SD)、盐度(Sal)、氮磷营养元素含量、化学需氧量(COD_Cr)和高锰酸盐指数(COD_Mn)。4个湖区浮游植物优势功能群的时空差异与水环境因子密切相关,其中,西湖区浮游植物优势功能群的季节演替驱动因子为pH、DO、WT、总磷(TP),东湖区为pH、DO、WT、氮磷营养元素含量,南湖区为pH、DO、COD_Cr、五日生化需氧量(BOD₅),小南湖区为pH、DO、WT、BOD₅、COD_Cr、TP。pH、DO、WT、BOD₅、SD等水环境因子的季节差异以及TP、TN、氨氮(NH₃-N)、COD_Mn等水环境因子的湖区差异是太阳山湿地浮游植物优势功能群出现季节演替的主要原因。     

污染治理前后小清河上游浮游植物群落变化与水质评价

为研究小清河污染治理前后浮游植物群落与水质变化,分别于2015年(治理前)和2020年(治理后)在小清河上游进行采样调查。调查结果显示,2015年样品中共检出浮游植物6门35种,2020年样品中共检出4门31种。配对样本t检验结果显示,污染治理前后的浮游植物种类、密度都发生了显著改变。相比治理前,治理后的硅藻门和绿藻门相对丰度分别上升了51.6个百分点和13.3个百分点,蓝藻门下降了62.9个百分点,小环藻(Cyclotella spp.)取代微囊藻(Microcysitis spp.)成为绝对优势种,群落类型由蓝藻型演替为硅藻型。相似性分析结果和相似度百分比分析结果表明,小清河上游群落特征发生显著改变。非度量多维标度分析结果显示,治理后的S2与S3采样点群落特征表现出差异,S4与S1采样点群落特征相似。通过冗余分析发现,治理后,TP、DO对浮游植物群落的影响明显减弱,TN、NH₃-N、pH是目前影响群落特征的主要指标,主城区氮磷污染对浮游植物的影响范围由S2、S3、S4采样点缩小到S2采样点。治理前后的小清河上游Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数和Marglef丰富度指数存在显著差异。总体来看,治理后的小清河上游水质处于α-中污染状态,较治理前有明显改善。     

徐州九里湖沉水植物对富营养化湖泊的生态改善作用

为探究沉水植物对富营养化湖泊的生态改善作用，于2021年9月—2022年8月对徐州九里湖有、无沉水植物区的水质、沉积物磷形态、浮游植物群落分别进行监测。结果表明，九里湖沉水植物能够增加水体的透明度（SD）和溶解氧（DO），对总氮（TN）有一定程度的削减作用，对总磷（TP）、氨氮（NH₃-N）和浊度（TUB）的改善效果最明显，能够有效降低九里湖的富营养化水平。九里湖沉积物中无机磷（IP）对TP含量的贡献最大，占比为64.2%～93.2%。IP当中的盐酸提取磷（HCl-P）占绝对优势。有沉水植物区沉积物中TP和有机磷（OP）含量整体略高于无沉水植物区，说明沉水植物对上覆水中的磷元素沉降有一定的促进作用。九里湖全年共监测到浮游植物7门63属93种，群落密度为2.94×10⁶～7.0×10⁷个/L。除水温较低的1—4月外，蓝藻门中的假鱼腥藻（Pseudanahaena sp.）是其中的优势种。低温情况下，浮游植物密度整体大幅降低，但是绿藻门和硅藻门占比明显提升。沉水植物对浮游植物生长具有很好的抑制作用。香农-维纳（Shannon Wiener）多样性指数结果表明，沉水植物对浮游植物多样性有降低作用。     

北京减河-潮白河水系的浮游植物与水质分析

2009年的调查结果显示,在北京减河－潮白河(顺义段)水系的10个监测断面中共检出浮游植物6门72种,其中蓝藻、绿藻、硅藻种数分别占20.8％、38.9％、27.8％。Shannon-Weaver多样性指数为1.45~2.42, 属中度污染。浮游植物平均密度为2991.17×10⁴cells/L, 其中蓝藻、绿藻、硅藻分别占73.6％、8.1％、13.9％,群落中的优势种群均为耐有机污染的富营养型水体指示种。该水系6项理化指标(SD、TN、TP、COD_Cr、BOD₅、 Chla )的TSI_M值为86.02~89.66,属于富营养型水体,主要污染物是TP、TN、COD_Cr。在物理、化学和生物因素的综合作用下TN、TP含量在该水系中的降低率分别为79.36%,74.29%。浮游植物密度与COD_Cr、Chla呈极显著正相关(P＜0.01)。     

应用水质标识指数法评价太湖湖滨带水质

以2009年12月和2010年4、8月的全太湖湖滨带水质监测数据为基础,以TN、TP、NH₃-N、COD_Mn、DO为评价指标,采用水质标识指数评价法对太湖湖滨带水质进行评价。水质指标基本信息显示,NH₃-N冬季、春季空间变异较大,TP夏季空间变异较大;单因子标识指数评价结果显示,太湖湖滨带水体水质因子污染风险时空差异显著,TN冬季、春季全区域污染风险均较大,NH₃-N冬季和夏季在竺山湾、西部沿岸区域污染风险较大,TP三季在竺山湾、西部沿岸区域污染风险较大;综合标识指数评价结果显示,东太湖、东部沿岸、贡湖区域水质较好,为Ⅲ类水,竺山湾和西部沿岸水体水质最差,为Ⅴ类水,且竺山湾和西部沿岸水体三季均处于重度污染状态。该研究可为太湖湖滨带水环境的生态恢复和标识指数应用的推广提供一定的科学依据。     

空地协同模式在城市水环境监测中的应用研究

传统水质监测方法耗时且费力，而基于高光谱的水质监测技术可实现对水质的快速、直观、原位监测。以扬州古运河三湾段为研究区域，基于无人机高光谱成像仪与水质走航监测船相配合，采用空地协同模式和偏最小二乘回归算法对总磷（TP）、总氮（TN）、氨氮（NH₃-N）、高锰酸盐指数（I_Mn）4个水质参数进行定量反演研究。结果表明：该反演模型的决定系数（R²）为91%～97%；拟合效果依次为NH₃-N＞I_Mn＞TN＞TP；各指标反演误差绝对值为0.2%～4%。该方法具有较好的反演效果，可快速、准确地获取城市河道水质分布情况，适用于城市水环境监测。     

漓江桂林市区段浮游藻类群落调查

对漓江流经桂林市区段的4个采样点的浮游藻类进行了调查分析,鉴定出浮游藻类共计7门51属,种类数以绿藻门最多,其次为硅藻门,这2类藻类组成占漓江藻类总数的70%左右。各采样点藻类组成丰富性从北至南逐渐降低。数量上以硅藻门为优势种群,枯水期以绿藻门为优势种群,藻类数量增多,漓江流域常年以舟形藻、异极藻、针杆藻为优势类群,2-3月随着气温回升,绿藻门的角星鼓藻属明显增多。除枯水期外漓江藻类变化不是很明显。数量稳定在1.0×10⁴~1.4×10⁴个/L,枯水期可达到1.4×10⁶个/L。总体来看漓江除冬季枯水期外其余时间水质较好,属于贫营养化到中度营养化水体。     

连云港入海河流着生藻类群落特征及其水质评价

于2019年3月和7月对连云港主要入海河流着生藻类群落结构进行了调查，并基于水生态环境质量综合指数对15条入海河流水质进行评价。结果表明，良好以上的断面占总数的66.7%，调查共发现硅藻、绿藻、蓝藻、裸藻、黄藻及金藻共计106种着生藻类，其中春季60种，夏季80种；硅藻为全年优势种。着生藻类全年平均密度为42 266.7 个/cm²，各断面密度差异较大。Shannon-Wiener多样性指数（H’）为1.46~392，平均值为2.93，其中夏季H’_平均为3.07，高于春季的2.80，总体呈放置7 d样品多样性高于14 d样品的趋势。     

淮河流域淮安段着生藻类群落结构特征分析

于2021年5月对淮安境内淮河主要干支流8个点位的水质状况和着生藻类群落结构采样调查,应用3种多样性指数模型评价区域水生态健康状况,并探究影响着生藻类多样性的因素。结果表明：采样期间淮河流域淮安市域共检出着生藻类3门23科32属（种）,由硅藻门、蓝藻门和绿藻门组成,硅藻门占绝对优势;多样性指数计算结果显示,流域水生态状况良好,整体表现为清洁-轻污型水体,淮河上游水质稍差于其他水域;结合水质监测数据与卫星遥感影像分析,认为生境状况是影响着生藻类群落分布的主要因素。     

鄱阳湖平原区农村门塘浮游藻类群落特征及其生物学评价

于2018年—2019年在鄱阳湖区周边选取4个县（区）10个村庄的典型门塘开展浮游藻类采样调查。研究共鉴定出藻类6门83种,以蓝藻门、绿藻门和硅藻门为主;浮游藻类细胞密度全年范围为7.30×104个/L～2.78×1011个/L,年均值为1.4×1010个/L,其中夏季细胞密度最大,冬季细胞密度最小;优势种主要有小环藻、微囊藻、铜绿微囊藻、卵形隐藻等,且具有较为明显的季节演替,全年优势种为小环藻;藻类多样性指数（H′）年均值为1.49,丰富度指数（M）年均值为1.92,全年水体生物学评价结果为中度污染。     

A New Mathematical Approach in Environmental and Life Sciences: Gene–Environment Networks and Their Dynamics

An important research area in life sciences is devoted to modeling, prediction, and dynamics of gene-expression patterns. As clearly understood in these days, this enterprise cannot become satisfactory without acknowledging the role of the environment. To a representation of past, present, and most likely future states, we also encounter measurement errors and uncertainties. This paper surveys and improves recent advances in understanding the foundations and interdisciplinary implications of the newly introduced gene–environment networks, and it integrates the important theme of carbon dioxide emission reduction into the networks and dynamics. We also introduce some operational and managerial issues of practical working and decision making, expressed in terms of sliding windows, quadrants (modules) of parametric effects, and navigating (controlling) between such effects and directing them. Given data from DNA microarray experiments and environmental records, we extract nonlinear ordinary differential equations that contain parameters that have to be determined. For this, we employ modern (Chebychevian) approximation and (generalized semi-infinite) optimization. After this is provided, time- discretized dynamical systems are studied. A combinatorial algorithm with polyhedra sequences allows to detect the region of parametric stability. Finally, we analyze the topological landscape of gene–environment networks with its structural (in)stability. By embedding as a module and investigating CO₂ emission control and figuring out game theoretical aspects, we conclude. This pioneering work is theoretically elaborated, practically devoted to health care, medicine, education, living conditions, and environmental protection, and it invites the readers to future research.      

微波消解-原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜锌铅镉镍铬

用微波消解－原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜，锌，铅，镉，镍和铬。通过硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液对土壤样品消解，选择出微波最佳消解条件。对硝酸－盐酸－过氧化氢体系消解液和硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液进行消解对比试验，发现前者不能将土壤样品完全消解，后者能将样品消解完全，但需将消解液中剩余的酸赶尽，否则测定结果将明显偏低。微波消解土壤与传统电热消解相比，操作简便快速，可提高工作效率。     

Topsoil and Housedust Metal Concentrations in the Vicinity of a Lead Battery Manufacturing Plant

The aim of the study was to determine the extent of heavy metal pollution in the vicinity of a lead battery manufacturing plant in the Czech Republic, both in the general environment and within homes. Topsoils (0–5 cm) were sampled from 100 sites along 4 transects which crossed the battery factory, the town centre and outlying rural areas. Housedust samples were collected from 15 plant-workers' homes and 15 non plant-workers' homes located at various distances from the factory. Samples were analysed for levels of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb, using ICP-AES. Soil concentrations of Pb, Cd, As and Sb peaked at the perimeter fence of the battery factory with Pb levels of up to 12 650 g g> ^-1. Concentrations of these metals decreased exponentially within 500 m of the plant. Whilst the battery factory does appear to be a source of all the metals with the exception of Zn, emissions do not appear to be transported to any great extent over distances of more than 0.5 km. Topsoil and housedust concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb in the general Mlada Boleslav area do not appear to be significantly different from those recorded in a large scale survey of urban soils in the United Kingdom. A comparison of housedust Pb concentrations in homes of plant workers and non-plant workers suggests that there may be a small input of Pb into the home environment by battery plant employees.     

An Overview of Contaminant-Related Issues Identified by Monitoring in San Francisco Bay

The San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances (RMP) began in 1993 and is sponsored by 74 local, state, and federal agencies and companies through their discharge or Bay use permits. The RMP monitors water, sediment, toxicity, and bivalve bioaccumulation at 25 sites in the Bay that are considered to represent "background" conditions. Several major environmental issues have been identified by the RMP. Polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury were often above water quality guidelines, and often occurred in fish tissues above U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) screening values. Concentrations do not appear to be decreasing, suggesting continuing inputs. Episodes of aquatic toxicity often occurred following runoff events that transport contaminants into the Bay from urbanized and agricultural portions of the watershed. Sediment toxicity occurred throughout the Bay, and has been correlated with concentrations of specific contaminants (chlordanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) at some locations; mixtures of contaminants were probably also important. Since the RMP does not monitor all ecosystem components, assessments of the overall condition of the Bay cannot be made. However, in terms of contamination, the RMP samples suggest that the South Bay, and North Bay sites are moderately contaminated.     

Cyanobacterial Flora from Polluted Marine Shores

Citation of cyanobacterial cultures from the shores of south west coast of Gujarat, India and their relationship with sea water quality, influenced by extensive pollutant runoff is reported in this study. Intensity of pollution was evaluated by physico-chemical analysis of water. Higher load of suspended solids (60–1000 mg l⁻¹) and nutrients (PO₄ ⁻P: 1.3–4 μmole l⁻¹ and NO₃ ⁻N: 12.5–17.8 μmole l⁻¹) were persistent throughout the analysis. Community structure is seen to be influenced by such persistent pollution. Twenty nine cyanobacterial species were isolated belonging to 9 genera of 4 families, with an elevated occurrence of Oscillatoria and Lyngbya species. No heterocystous cyanobacteria were isolated throughout the study.     

Biomagnification factors (fish to Osprey eggs from Willamette River,Oregon, U.S.A.) for PCDDs,PCDFs, PCBs and OC pesticides

A migratory population of 78 pairs of Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) nesting along the Willamette River in westernOregon was studied in 1993. The study was designed to determinecontaminant concentrations in eggs, contaminant concentrationsin fish species predominant in the Ospreys diet, andBiomagnification Factors (BMFs) of contaminants from fish specieseaten to Osprey eggs. Ten Osprey eggs and 25 composite samplesof fish (3 species) were used to evaluate organochlorine (OC)pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs). Mercury was also analyzed in fish. Geometric meanresidues in Osprey eggs were judged low, e.g., DDE 2.3 g g^-1 wet weight (ww), PCBs 0.69 g g^-1, 2,3,7,8-TCDD 2.3 ng kg^-1, and generally well below known threshold values for adverse effects on productivity, and the population was increasing. Osprey egg residue data presentedby River Mile (RM) are discussed, e.g., higher PCDDs were generally found immediately downstream of paper mills and eggsfrom the Willamette River had significantly elevated PCBs and PCDDs compared to reference eggs collected nearby in the CascadeMountains. Prey remains at nest sites indicated that the Largescale Sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus) and NorthernPikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) accounted for an estimated 90.1% of the biomass in the Osprey diet, and composite samples of these two species were collected from different sampling sites throughout the study area for contaminant analyses. With the large percentage of the fishbiomass in the Osprey diet sampled for contaminants (and fisheaten by Ospreys similar in size to those chemically analyzed),and fish contaminant concentrations weighted by biomass intake, a mean BMF was estimated from fish to Osprey eggs for the largeseries of contaminants. BMFs ranged from no biomagnification(0.42) for 2,3,7,8-TCDF to 174 for OCDD. Our findings for themigratory Osprey were compared to BMFs for the resident HerringGull (Larus argentatus), and differences are discussed. Webelieve a BMF approach provides some basic understanding ofrelationships between contaminant burdens in prey species offish-eating birds and contaminants incorporated into their eggs,and may prove useful in understanding sources of contaminants inmigratory species although additional studies are needed.     

An investigation on biological stability of product water generated by lab-scale and pilot-scale distillation systems

Material Disposal Area G is the primary low-levelradioactive waste disposal site at Los Alamos NationalLaboratory, New Mexico, and is adjacent to Pueblo of SanIldefonso lands. Pueblo residents and Los Alamos scientists areconcerned about radiological doses resulting from uptake of AreaG radionuclides by mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) andRocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus), then consumption ofdeer and elk meat by humans. Tissue samples were collected fromdeer and elk accidentally killed near Area G and were analyzedfor ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, total U, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu,²⁴¹Am, and ¹³⁷Cs. These data were used to estimatehuman doses based on meat consumption of 23 kg y^-1. Humandoses were also modeled using RESRAD, and dose rates to deer andelk were estimated with a screening model. Dose estimates tohumans from tissue consumption were 2.9 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1and 1.6 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1 from deer and elk, respectively,and RESRAD dose estimates were of the same order of magnitude. Estimated dose rates to deer and elk were 2.1 × 10^-4 mGyd^-1 and 4.7 × 10^-4 mGy d^-1, respectively. Allestimated doses were significantly less than established exposurelimits or guidelines.     

The Draft of the New German Guideline VDI 3782/8 to Model Automobile Exhaust Dispersion

The draft of the German guideline to calculate automobile exhaust dispersion is explained. It contains a two-stage-system: For first quick estimates the guideline contains the simple models MLuS and STREET. In case these models are not applicable or their results shows concentration levels close to the air quality standards, the more complex models PROKAS_V and MISKAM are recommended. PROKAS_V is a Gaussian plume model, MISKAM is a 3-dimensional microscale non hydrostatic flow model for built-up areas with an Eulerian dispersion model. The guideline comprises cases in rural areas without or with few adjacent buildings as well as urban areas with buildings near the roads. The contribution gives information about the models, typical results and some of the problems showing up presently.     

Hydrocarbon Utilization in Yeast Isolates Found to Grow in Association with Petroleum in a Polluted Ultisol of Midwestern Nigeria

The population counts of hydrocarbon-utilising yeasts weremonitored at six sampling stations in the Benin City municipalarea over a four-week period. Although the population countswere relatively constant in each locality, the highest countsoccurred in areas heavily polluted by domestic and industrialeffluents. A total of thirty-five hydrocarbon-degrading yeastswere isolated from soil at the sampling stations usingn-hexadecane as sole carbon source. The isolates were identifiedas belonging to the genera Candida (27 strains), Endomycopsis (4 strains). All the organisms grew on long-chainn-alkane, kerosene, diesel oil and crude oil but failed to growon short-chain n-alkane, aromatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons.Measurement of growth attributes of the isolates usingn-hexadecane, diesel oil and crude oil as substrates showed thatthe Candida species were better utilizers of hydrocarbonsubstrates relative to Endomycopsis and Schizosaccharomyces species.     

Hydrologic–Economic Model for Managing Irrigation Intensity in Irrigation Areas under Watertable and Soil Salinity Targets

This paper gives mathematical details and sample applications of SWAGMAN Farm (SWAGMAN, Salt Water and Groundwater Management), a farm-scale hydrologic economic model that integrates agronomic, climatic, irrigation, hydrogeological and economic aspects of irrigated agriculture. The model is capable of determining optimum mix of land use to keep watertable and soil salinity within acceptable limits while maximising the economic returns. Alternatively, the model can simulate water and salt balance and economics of a given cropping preference. Web-based and Geographic Information Systems versions of the model are available for integration with the environmental reporting systems of the irrigation areas.