硼配施多种微量元素对桉树生长的效应

针对广东省雷州半岛桉树人工林出现缺素生理病的现象,进行了桉树施硼及配施其它微量元素的田间试验,旨为桉树人工林持续发展提供依据。试验结果表明:(1)单施硼对刚果12号桉W5(Eucalyptus ABL12W5)和尾叶桉U6(Eucalyptus urophyllas U6)均有明显效果,但前者施硼的效果好于后者;(2)硼与铜、锌、铁、锰、钼等配施效果明显好于单施硼,但桉树不同树种对微量元素营养有一定的选择性;硼与铜、锌、铁、锰等配施可使刚果12W5大幅增产,而硼与钼配施对尾叶桉U6生长效应显著;(3)缺硼是诱发雷州半岛桉树缺素生理病的重要原因,施用硼可有效消除雷州半岛桉树垂稍病。     

红壤丘岗区潜育性稻田硫硅硼铜元素的有效性

研究结果表明,红壤丘岗区潜育性稻田中的冷浸田和烂泥田土壤有效硫含量相对较低,这两种类型潜育田存在潜在性缺硫问题,故应注意硫肥的施用。潜育性稻田土壤有效硅亦普遍低于非潜育性田,因而极有可能发生缺硅。与同母质类型的非潜育性稻田比较,红壤潜育性稻田土壤有效硼含量并无明显差异。但第四纪红土发育的潜育田土壤有效硼低于缺硼临界值。部分潜育田士壤有效铜含量亦低于渍水土壤缺铜临界值,这说明部分渍潜田存在缺铜现象。     

农牧交错带草地植被土壤氮磷比季节动态及相关分析

近年来,典型草原面临严重的退化和沙化,草地生产力低下。了解典型草原植被土壤养分季节动态,尤其是植被土壤N:P的季节变化,有助于指示植被缺素状态。因此,以北方农牧交错带典型草原为研究对象,探讨植物-土壤N:P比季节变化,并分析植物土壤N:P比之间的关系,调查草地群落地上生物量的月动态变化,为合理利用与科学管理草原提供理论依据。结果表明,随着生长季温度的升高和降雨量的增加,草地植物群落地上生物量也不断增加,在8月份达到峰值后开始下降。植物N、P质量分数随生长季的推进而显著降低(P0.01),且与月份呈极显著负相关(P0.01),而N:P与月份呈极显著正相关(P0.01)。土壤N、P质量分数和N:P的变化情况与植物相似,表现为土壤总N、P质量分数随生长季的推进而显著降低(P0.01),且与月份呈极显著负相关(P0.01),而总N:P与月份呈极显著正相关(P=0.0008)。就土壤有效N、P质量分数和N:P的动态变化来看,土壤有效N质量分数随生长季的推进显著下降(P0.01),而有效P也具有下降趋势,但差异不显著(P0.05);但有效N、P质量分数及其N:P均与月份呈极显著负相关(P0.01)。植物N:P与土壤总N:P呈显著正相关关系(r~2=0.42,P=0.026),而与土壤有效N:P呈极显著负相关关系(r~2=0.62,P0.01),且与有效N:P的相关性更高。综上所述,土壤总N:P和有效N:P均可反映植物N:P的情况,土壤有效N:P能更好地反映植物的缺素状态。     

海拔梯度上的植物生长与生理生态特性

环境是植物生存和发展的条件,在各种不同的生境中聚生着特定的植物种类.全球气候变化迅速而显著地改变着高海拔地区的生态环境,这必将导致山地植物生理生态适应性、分布界限等发生变化,这些变化反过来又会对气候变化造成深远影响.因此,研究山地植物的生理生态特性,揭示其对全球气候变化的响应和适应性,具有重要的现实与科学意义.海拔梯度由于包含了温度、湿度、光照等诸多环境因子的剧烈变化而成为了研究植物对全球气候变化响应的理想区域.随着海拔升高,气温下降、大气压及CO2分压降低、光强增加等,植物的生态和生理特征将产生巨大的变化,可能影响到植物种类在海拔梯度上的分布、植物群落的结构组成.一些亟待回答的问题包括:全球气候变化将如何影响高山植物的生长环境?环境变化如何影响植物生理生态适应性?植物群落的分布、结构和组成将发生哪些变化?这些变化又将怎么样影响气候进一步变化?众多的研究报导了树木的生理生态特征、生长速率和生产力等对海拔的响应.本文在总结前人研究的基础上,系统地综述了海拔梯度上温度、水分、光照、土壤等环境因子的差异对高山植物的生长及生理生态特性的影响,以及植被分布的变化,旨在阐明植物对全球气候变化的行为与生理生态响应,以期为该领域的深入研究提供参考.     

茴香对镉胁迫下钼硼锌协同处理的响应及精油组分的影响

采用营养液培养方式,以茴香(Foeniculum vulgare Mill.)为试验材料,研究了2 mg·L-1镉质量浓度下,钼硼锌协同处理对茴香植株生长、生理指标、地上部和根系镉含量及精油组分的影响。结果表明:镉胁迫下,与对照相比,钼硼锌协同处理均未显著促进茴香植株株高生长;T5处理有利于茴香植株生物量累积和叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素a+b、类胡萝卜素的合成,T1处理的可溶性糖含量最高,可溶性蛋白质含量最低,脯氨酸含量较低,丙二醛(MDA)含量最高,且叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素a+b、类胡萝卜素的合成显著受到抑制。镉胁迫下,钼硼锌协同处理后,茴香植株地上部和根系镉含量均高于对照。茴香精油中反式-茴香脑含量以T6处理最高。总之,镉胁迫下,钼硼锌协同处理并不能缓解镉对茴香植株的毒害作用;在轻微镉污染的土壤上种植茴香以食用地上部为目的,则不宜进行钼硼锌配施,否则会增加食入镉的危险性;利用茴香进行镉污染土壤修复为目的,则建议进行钼硼锌配施,可增加茴香植株对镉的吸收累积,提高修复效率。从提高修复效率和茴香精油质量方面综合考虑,T6处理效果最好。研究结果可为镉污染农田土壤上植物种植过程中钼硼锌的合理配施提供理论参考。     

模拟水深和氮添加对三江平原湿地植物功能性状的影响

水深和氮素是影响湿地植物生长的关键因素,研究两者对功能性状的影响有助于预测未来环境变化下湿地植物的生长与分布趋势.以三江平原沼泽湿地3种优势植物(漂筏苔草Carex pseudocuraica、毛苔草Carex lasiocarpa和燕子花lris laevigata)为研究对象,设置3个水深(0、5、15 cm)和3...     

中国北方草原植物光谱beta多样性年内变化驱动因子分析

虽然年际气候变化对植物多样性的影响较多,但是年内气候变化对植物beta多样性的影响尚不清楚。利用1982—2017年的遥感影像和相关数据,分析了月际、年际尺度气候变量和植物光谱beta多样性指数的变化,探讨了不同类型草原植物光谱beta多样性指数年内变化趋势以及主要气候驱动因子,建立了植物多样性与气候因子的回归方程。结果表明:西鄂尔多斯荒漠草原4、7、10月的群落具有较高的相似性,各月份植物beta多样性变化差异不显著(P0.05);安西草原化荒漠4月植物beta多样性较低,10月最高,植物返青不明显且秋季生长季有推迟;锡林郭勒典型草原和图牧吉草甸草原4月和10月beta多样性较高,植被生长季春季提前和秋季推迟趋势十分明显(P0.05)。中国北方草原年内植物beta多样性对环境温度变化十分敏感。相比于年际尺度,月际尺度上的气候因子对各月份草原植物beta多样性影响更大。且整体上温度与多样性呈现负相关。安西年内植物beta多样性受与低温有关因子的影响(R~2=0.2);与高温有关的因子是西鄂尔多斯(R~2=0.9)和图牧吉(R~2=0.06)年内植物beta多样性变化的重要驱动力;而锡林郭勒年内植物beta多样性气候驱动因素比较复杂,4、7、10月植物beta多样性分别与前1年8月月低温、当年年高温以及前1年8月月均温呈现负相关关系(R~2=0.02)。采用遥感数据提取的植物多样性指数,结合月度气候变量,可及时、有效地监测草原植物多样性的动态变化。     

人工湿地植物量及其对净化效果影响的研究

人工湿地污水处理系统中,植物对污水净化效果起着非常重要的作用,而植物量是植物生长的关键参数之一。为了明确植物量对污水处理效果的影响,在2002--2008年期间,详细测定了芦苇（Ph．australisTrin）、再力花（Thaliadealbata）、荻（M．sacchariflorus）和美人蕉（Cannaindica）4种典型湿地植物不同年度的生物量、不同生长阶段的生物量、生物量年产率,以及同期湿地COD、BOD5、TN和TP等的去除率。结果表明：湿地植物在栽植成活、稳定生长以后,至少要再经过1个以上的生长周期才能完全适应湿地环境,达到生物量的最大值,其中芦苇根系和茎叶生物量显著高于其他植物;同种植物的植物量与COD、BOD5、TN去除率呈显著正相关,与TP相关性不强;植物量随生长周期的变化对湿地净化能力的影响显著,确定合理收割期有利于湿地的稳定运行;不同种类植物生物量年产率与各种污染物的去除率均显著相关,芦苇、再力花和美人蕉均具有较高的生物量年产率,污染物去除能力较好。在试验范围内,芦苇湿地的运行稳定性最好,再力花湿地具有最强的脱氮能力,美人蕉湿地能快速形成规模、实现稳定运行,这些为构建不同特点和不同需要的湿地提供了重要参考。     

人工湿地植物量及其对净化效果影响的研究

人工湿地污水处理系统中,植物对污水净化效果起着非常重要的作用,而植物量是植物生长的关键参数之一。为了明确植物量对污水处理效果的影响,在2002—2008年期间,详细测定了芦苇(Ph.australis Trin)、再力花(Thalia dealbata)、荻(M.sacchariflorus)和美人蕉(Canna indica)4种典型湿地植物不同年度的生物量、不同生长阶段的生物量、生物量年产率,以及同期湿地COD、BOD5、TN和TP等的去除率。结果表明:湿地植物在栽植成活、稳定生长以后,至少要再经过1个以上的生长周期才能完全适应湿地环境,达到生物量的最大值,其中芦苇根系和茎叶生物量显著高于其他植物;同种植物的植物量与COD、BOD5、TN去除率呈显著正相关,与TP相关性不强;植物量随生长周期的变化对湿地净化能力的影响显著,确定合理收割期有利于湿地的稳定运行;不同种类植物生物量年产率与各种污染物的去除率均显著相关,芦苇、再力花和美人蕉均具有较高的生物量年产率,污染物去除能力较好。在试验范围内,芦苇湿地的运行稳定性最好,再力花湿地具有最强的脱氮能力,美人蕉湿地能快速形成规模、实现稳定运行,这些为构建不同特点和不同需要的湿地提供了重要参考。     

西南山地小径竹的重金属富集能力

西南山地小径竹的种类多、分布广、生长快、生物量高,且对土壤重金属具有一定的耐受性,在土壤重金属修复方面具有潜在优势。目前对于西南山地竹区的小径竹在土壤重金属修复方面的研究和应用鲜有报道。以西南山地的林下优势层片缺苞箭竹(Fargesiadenudate)和拐棍竹(F.robusta)为研究对象,通过测定分析其茎、叶、笋及根际土壤的重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr含量,比较不同小径竹地上各部位的富集系数,并与常见的超积累植物相比,探讨小径竹的重金属富集潜力。结果表明:(1)缺苞箭竹和拐棍竹叶的Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr含量和富集系数均显著大于茎和笋(P=0.001);(2)缺苞箭竹地上各部位对Cu的富集系数大于Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr,而拐棍竹对Cu的富集系数较小;(3)缺苞箭竹地上部的Cu富集系数(2.16)、Zn富集系数(1.27)显著大于拐棍竹(0.17、0.93,P=0.001),而Pb富集系数(0.09)、Cd富集系数(0.34)、Cr富集系数(0.82)显著小于拐棍竹(0.87、0.49、1.03,P=0.002、0.049、0.001);(4)与生长在未被污染土壤中的超积累植物相比,缺苞箭竹具有更大的Cu、Cr富集潜力,拐棍竹对Pb、Cr具有更大的富集潜力。西南山地小径竹在土壤污染修复方面具有较高的生态、经济和景观效益,有发展成为生态-经济型土壤重金属修复植物的潜力。     

不同氮肥对油菜B与Mo吸收的影响

利用盆栽试验研究了潮土中不同氮肥对油菜硼钼吸收的影响，结果表明，前期(5周)施氮并没有促进油菜的生长，而且大部分氮肥对油菜生长表现抑制作用，氯化铵处理的作用最大，硫酸铵和尿素处理次之，硝酸铵处理再次之；不同氮肥均有抑制油菜生长前期(5周)硼吸收和累积的作用，其中以氯化铵、硝酸铵和尿素的作用为甚；不同氮肥同样抑制油菜生长前期(5周)对钼的吸收和累积，以硫酸铵处理作用最突出，氯化铵处理次之。但随着时间的推移，10、15周不同氮肥大多促进油菜的生长，增加油菜对硼钼的吸收和累积，且各氮肥处理间的差异逐步减小。     

Removal of boron by electrocoagulation

Boron compounds are used in many manufacturing products and may be introduced into the environment in the form of hazardous materials. Here the feasibility of removal of boron from aqueous solutions by electrocoagulation was investigated. The process was examined under various factors in order to assess optimal operating conditions. The results showed that electrocoagulation for boron removal depends on current density, initial concentration and time. Under a current density of 30 mA/cm² the percentage of boron removal from aqueous solutions is in the range of 92–96%.     

Characterization of boron tolerant bacteria isolated from a fly ash dumping site for bacterial boron remediation

Boron is an essential micronutrient for plants, but can above certain concentrations be toxic to living organisms. A major environmental concern is the removal of boron from contaminated water and fly ash. For this purpose, the samples were collected from a fly ash dumping site, Nagasaki prefecture, Japan. The chemical characteristics and heavy metal concentration of the samples were performed by X-ray fluorescent analysis and leaching test. For bacterial analysis, samples were collected in sterile plastic sheets and isolation was carried out by serial dilution method. The boron tolerant isolates that showed values of maximum inhibitory concentration toward boron ranging from 100 to 260 mM level were screened. Based on 16S rRNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis, the isolates were most closely related to the genera Bacillus, Lysinibacillus, Microbacterium and Ralstonia. The boron tolerance of these strains was also associated with resistant to several heavy metals, such as As (III), Cr (VI), Cd, Cu, Pb, Ni, Se (III) and Zn. Indeed, these strains were arsenic oxidizing bacteria confirmed by silver nitrate test. These strains exhibited their salt resistances ranging from 4 to 15 % were determined in Trypticase soy agar medium. The boron tolerant strains were capable of removing 0.1–2.0 and 2.7–3.7 mg l^?1 boron from the medium and fly ash at 168 h. Thus, we have successfully identified the boron tolerant and removal bacteria from a fly ash dumping site for boron remediation.     

High boron removal by functionalized magnesium ferrite nanopowders

Hydroxyl-enriched materials are promising boron adsorbents. However, the use of these materials is hampered by issues of separation, recovery, and selectivity, notably due to the presence of interfering ions. Therefore, we synthesized here a cheap magnetic nanopowder, which was further functionalized with polyvinyl alcohol and glycidol to produce boron-selective adsorbents. We studied their selectivity and removal efficiency using batch and fixed-bed systems. Sorption was studied at both concentrated and trace amounts of boron. Results show that nanopowders have 5.3–6.5 nm pore sizes and 145–203 m²/g surface areas, using Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis. Polyvinyl alcohol-functionalized particles removed 93 % of boron at 5 mg/L at pH 7 in 30 min, whereas only 68 % of boron was removed by glycidol-functionalized particles. However, at higher boron concentration, of 50 mg/L, glycidol-functionalized particles showed higher adsorption affinity of 68.9 mg/g. We conclude that internal hydroxyl groups of polyvinyl alcohol-functionalized particles are less accessible at higher boron concentration. This is the first report on magnesium ferrites for boron recovery. The spent adsorbents were separated easily from the aqueous media by an external magnet and repeatedly used. Overall, our findings demonstrated that the hydroxyl-enriched magnetic nanopowders are a better alternative to the existing boron adsorbents regarding magnetic separation, reusability, and selectivity.     

硼泥陶粒处理钢铁高浊度废水的探究

以硼泥、膨润土、粉煤灰、锯末为原材料制备硼泥陶粒吸附剂,应用于高浊度废水的处理,以浊度的去除率为指标,通过对pH值、流速、填料高度、锯末量、粒径、处理时间等因素的考察,确定合适的工艺条件。结果表明：对于浊度为795～820 NTU的废水,在pH为12、流速在1 200 s.L-1、填料高度50 cm、粒径4 mm、锯末量为40 g、处理时间60 min,废水的除浊率达到94%。实现了对硼泥的资源化利用,为制备吸附剂的来源及吸附剂处理废水的应用开辟了新途径。     

Fertilizer drawn forward osmosis as an alternative to 2nd pass seawater reverse osmosis: Estimation of boron removal and energy consumption

• The boron concentration in diluted DS can satisfy the irrigation water standard. • The boron concentration in diluted DS equaled that in two-pass RO permeate. • FDFO process SEC was slightly lower than the 2nd pass RO SEC. • FDFO has potential as an alternative to 2nd pass RO for irrigation water production. Agriculture is the largest consumer of freshwater. Desalinated seawater is an important alternative water source for sustainable irrigation. However, some issues of the current desalination technology hinder its use for agriculture irrigation, including low boron removal and high energy consumption. This study systematically explored the feasibility of employing fertilizer drawn forward osmosis (FDFO) as an alternative to 2nd pass reverse osmosis (RO) by considering the boron removal performance and specific energy consumption (SEC). Different operating conditions were investigated, such as the boron and NaCl concentrations in feed solution (FS), draw solution (DS) concentration, pH, the volume ratio of FS to DS, membrane orientation, flow rate, and operating temperature. The results indicated that a low boron concentration in FS and high pH DS (pH= 11.0) decreased the boron solute flux, and led to low final boron concentration in the DS. The other operating conditions had negligible influence on the final DS boron concentration. Also, a lower flow rate and higher specific water flux with certain permeate water volumes were conducive to reducing the SEC of the FDFO process. Overall, our study paves a new way of using FDFO in irrigation, which avoids the phytotoxicity and human health risk of boron. The results show the potential of FDFO as an alternative to 2nd pass RO for irrigation water production.     

Soils and geomedicine

Geomedicine is the science dealing with the influence of natural factors on the geographical distribution of problems in human and veterinary medicine. Discussions on potential harmful impacts on human and animal health related to soil chemistry are frequently focused on soil pollution. However, problems related to natural excess or deficiency of chemical substances may be even more important in a global perspective. Particularly problems related to trace element deficiencies in soils have been frequently reported in agricultural crops as well as in livestock. Deficiencies in plants are often observed for boron, copper, manganese, molybdenum, and zinc. In animals deficiency problems related to cobalt, copper, iodine, manganese, and selenium are well known. Toxicity problems in animals exposed to excess intake have also been reported, e.g., for copper, fluorine, and selenium. Humans are similar to mammals in their relations to trace elements and thus likely to develop corresponding problems as observed in domestic animals if their supply of food is local and dependent on soils providing trace element imbalances in food crops. In large parts of Africa, Asia, and Latin America, people depend on locally grown food, and geomedical problems are common in these parts of the world. Well-known examples are Keshan disease in China associated with selenium deficiency, large-scale arsenic poisoning in Bangladesh and adjacent parts of India, and iodine deficiency disorders in many countries. Not all essential elements are derived only from the soil minerals. Some trace elements such as boron, iodine, and selenium are supplied in significant amounts to soils by atmospheric transport from the marine environment, and deficiency problems associated with these elements are therefore generally less common in coastal areas than farther inland. For example, iodine deficiency disorders in humans are most common in areas situated far from the ocean. There is still a great need for further research on geomedical problems.     

土壤-植物系统中的碘与碘缺乏病防治

碘是人和动物必需的微量元素之一。碘缺乏将导致甲状腺肿、克汀病等疾病的发生。文章综述了土壤中碘的来源，碘质量分数和形态，影响土壤碘有效性的因素，植物体内碘的质量分数和分布，不同形态的碘对植物生长的影响，碘毒害等方面的研究进展；最后提出防治碘缺乏病的有效措施。     

Effect of waterborne boron and molybdenum on survival,growth and feed intake of Indian major carp,Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton)

The effect of either boron (B) or molybdenum (Mo) on survival, growth and feed intake of Indian major carp, Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton), advanced fry was studied in two separate experiments. Survival rates of C. mrigala fry (2.78±0.14 g) following 50 days’ exposure to B at 0.01 (control), 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 and 8.0 mg·L ^?1 were 100% at all concentrations except 8.0 mg·L ^?1 where the survival rate 87.5±7.5%. We observed 100% survival of mrigala fry at all concentrations of Mo, 0.02 (control), 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 and 8.0 mg·L ^?1. Both B and Mo at 0.5 mg·L ^?1 showed significantly (p<0.05) higher growth of the fish compared with control and other concentrations. B exposure at 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 mg·L ^?1 had no significant effect on growth rate, whereas at 8.0 mg B·L ^?1 growth of the fish almost ceased. Mo exposure at 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 and 8.0 mg·L ^?1 caused no significant effect on growth rate of the fish compared to control. Both B and Mo at all concentrations had no significant effect on feed intake of the fish compared with control, except at the highest concentration of boron (8.0 mg·L ^?1).     

Effects of long-term nitrogen addition and precipitation changes on CH4 flux in an alpine steppe北大核心CSCD

土壤是甲烷(CH4)重要的源和汇.氮沉降和降水格局变化正在急剧改变土壤碳循环,进而可能对土壤CH4通量造成深刻影响.高寒生态系统是巨大的碳库,对氮沉降和降水变化十分敏感.然而,目前多数研究集中在短期实验上,缺乏对长期氮沉降和降水变化背景下CH4通量的响应及其调控因素的认识.以青藏高原高寒草原为研究对象,在2013年搭建模拟氮沉降和降水格局改变实验平台.基于静态箱–气相色谱法测定2020年生长季(5-10月)土壤CH4通量.结果显示,高寒草原土壤呈CH4的汇.氮添加没有显著改变生长季和植物生长高峰CH4通量.然而,降水变化显著改变了生长季和植物生长高峰CH4通量,其中降水增加(+50%降水)降低了CH4的吸收(分别为–16%和–45%),降水减少(–50%降水)增强了CH4的吸收(分别为+73%和+33%).进一步研究发现,与植物属性和功能基因丰度相比,土壤环境因子主导了CH4通量变化(解释率>90%).其中CH4通量与土壤含水量和温度显著正相关,与土壤pH显著负相关.综上所述,在未来全球变化情景下,降水格局改变更能调节青藏高原高寒草原CH4通量的变化.(图6表1参37)