Strategic planning for sustainable tourism development in Poland

The aim of this article is to evaluate selected tourism development strategies in Poland, in the context of strategic planning, stakeholders’ participation, and sustainable development principles. A questionnaire evaluation of strategy (44 questions) was established and based on measurement scales developed and validated by other authors in earlier studies. The five authors of the study rated 37 tourism development strategies in 13 provinces, 11 cities, 5 counties, 6 municipalities, and 2 other areas. Analysis revealed that they implement paradigms of sustainable development of tourism to only a small extent. Definitely higher quality is documented for higher levels of administrative division. The highest rated domains of the tourism development strategy in the examined documents are Strategic Planning Indicators and Implementation, Monitoring, and Evaluation.     

A mixed Bentham–Rawls criterion for intergenerational equity: Theory and implications

This paper proposes a welfare criterion that balances the need for development and the concern for the least advantaged generations, and explores its implications. This criterion, called the mixed Bentham–Rawls criterion, moderates the effect of discounting, yet permits some degree of intertemporal trade-off. It is a weighted average of two terms: (a) the sum of discounted utilities and (b) the utility level of the least advantaged generation. We derive necessary conditions to characterize growth paths that satisfy our criterion, and show that in some models with familiar dynamic specifications, an optimal path exists and displays appealing characteristics.     

化学品替代评估框架及方法

随着全球环境管理法规愈发严格,企业需要不断寻找被管控有毒有害化学品的替代品,替代也成为源头减少环境污染,实现绿色发展的重要途径.为减少\"遗憾替代\",提高替代品的环境友好性,各国政府、非政府组织和学者研究开发了化学品替代评估方法.本文首先分析梳理了化学品替代评估发展的3个阶段,综述了国内外现有替代评估技术方法,总结替代评估中比较评估和决策评估2个关键步骤.其次,以美国环境保护局、德国联邦环境署和经济合作与发展组织等政府和非政府组织的替代评估方法为主,结合已有研究进展,介绍和比较了化学品分级评估和决策评估的框架、指标体系以及评估方法,可为我国有毒有害原料替代品的分级、评估和决策提供方法基础.最后,基于现有方法,针对我国化学品替代评估方法体系建设和替代工程示范提出建议和展望.     

Role of physical activity in health promotion and (individual) sustainable development

Regular physical activity may be a tool in the prevention of sedentary behaviour, overweight, obesity, and obesity-related diseases and plays a fundamental role in health promotion. Moreover, it helps to educate, to develop tolerance and respect for others, to increase interindividual and international exchange, plays a role in social integration, and contributes to an increase in individual sustainable development (ISD). ISD is an extension of the concept of the sustainable development (SD). Its aim is to promote a long, healthy and autonomous life, in conformity with the physical and social environment and economic needs. ISD implies individual participation in the decision-making process, self-determination and freedom and/or responsibility in making individual choices.     

中国中部六省生态足迹实证分析

生态足迹是一种定量评价区域资源可持续利用的生态经济指标,其方法紧扣可持续发展的理论,是一个涉及系统性、公平性和延续性的综合指标,具有可度量性、计算合理性和结果可比性等优点。在介绍其概念、计算模型的基础上,针对中国中部六省的资源和能源消费状况进行了实证分析。研究表明:本区2004年人均生态足迹1.793hm2,生态承载力为0.488hm2·人-1,生态足迹需求与供给的比例为3.677∶1,人均生态赤字为1.305hm2,说明中部地区的发展已经超出了生态承载力的阈值;该区生态足迹多样性指数1.336,万元GDP足迹1.982hm2,生态协调系数1.227等,也反映了中部地区处于一种不可持续的发展状态。     

氯氟烃抛射剂的限禁与代用

本文叙述了氯氟烃抛射剂限禁概况及目前采取的主要对策，包括发展代用品的技术，经济要求，主要的代用品如液化石油气，二甲醚，压缩气体等几种代用技术。概述了我国氯氟烃剂及代用品使用概况，提出了我国应采取的对策。     

Environmental sustainability index of Shandong Province,China

Since the 1992 Rio Earth Summit, sustainable development has been embraced as an important goal. In order to measure sustainable development, many scientists and researchers have made efforts to establish measurement systems such as the Driving Force State Response (DSR) framework (Hens 1995), the Human Development Index (HDI) (Goeteyn 1996) devised by the United Nations Development Programme, the Sustainable National Income (SNI) developed by Hueting et al. (1992) and the Ecological Footprint proposed by Wackernagel and Rees (1996). The environmental sustainability index (ESI) is a composite index, which was created by the World Economic Forum, Yale and Columbia Universities, aggregating data at the national level to measure a country's performance in sustaining a healthy, livable environment. 142 countries have been measured with ESI by 2002. However, it has not yet been documented if it can be applied at a regional level. In this study, we have tried to apply ESI to measure the sustainable development of Shandong in China. 22 indicators and 43 variables were chosen, and results showed the ESI of Shandong was 49, suggesting that Shandong is still far from a position of sustainable development.     

Structural change and sustainable development

In this paper, we show that the commonly observed decline in primary (natural resource using) sector output and employment shares, often termed structural change, can be explained as an endogenous response to the presence of nature's constraint. Structural change takes place even if consumer preferences are homothetic, and technological progress does not discriminate against the primary sector. Under certain conditions, structural change allows an open economy to grow with natural resource sustainability. Sustained and environmentally sustainable economic growth is possible even if the natural resource is exploited under open access. Well-defined property rights are neither necessary, nor sufficient for sustainable growth. We show that there is no unique relationship between natural resource endowment and the rate of economic growth over the long run. Resource-rich economies may grow faster or slower than resource-poor ones.     

Beijing's coordinated development of population,resources, environment,and economy

Since the Olympic Games will be held in Beijing at 2008, the urban development plan of Beijing deserves special attention. The essence of regional sustainable development is that population (P), resources (R), environment (E) and economy (E) could develop with sustenance, order and coordination during a certain period, which forms a complex system called the PREE complex system. For this system, a multi-objective integrated model is formulated and solved by a nonlinear goal programming technique. Beijing's PREE complex system is then used as an empirical study. Twelve interesting goals are carefully selected, the parameters of each goal function were estimated by using Beijing's 50-year (1949–1999) statistical data, and their ideal goal limits for 2000 and 2005 are chosen according to the 9th and 10th Five-Year Economic Development Plans of Beijing. The results showed that population size is the most sensitive element in Beijing's PREE complex system. Furthermore, some suggestions related to public policies about the urban development of Beijing are proposed.     

Indicating ecosystem integrity — theoretical concepts and environmental requirements

This paper discusses some conceptual fundamentals for the derivation of environmental indicator sets. On the one hand, it defines requirements from environmental politics, environmental management and legislation, reaching from political target hierarchies and sustainable management strategies to holistic protection concepts such as process protection, resource preservation, ecosystem health and ecological integrity. On the other hand, demands from ecosystem theory are described which include the consideration of features such as self-organization, emergence, thermodynamics, gradients and ecological orientors in environmental indicator sets. From that concept, collective and emergent properties are selected and eight holistic ecosystem features are presented that indicate the ecosystemic state as an ensemble. These general indicators of ecosystem integrity are supplemented by variables on structural changes and substance dynamics.     

湖南省生态足迹与生态承载力的动态变化分析

生态足迹是定量研究区域可持续发展的一种重要方法。为了定量评价湖南省可持续发展程度的动态变化,利用生态足迹理论,计算分析了湖南省1998--2006年间的生态足迹变化过程。结果表明,湖南省人均生态足迹由1998年的1．2441hm。上升至2006年的1．6377hm^2;人均生态承载力由1998年的0．4819hm^2减少为2006年的0．4556hm^2,人均生态赤字由1998年的0．7622hm0上升到2006年的1．1821hm0。生态赤字逐年提高,生态足迹与生态承载力之间的矛盾加剧,区域生态环境处于不安全状态。生态足迹供需结构分析表明,湖南省人均生态足迹供需存在严重的不平衡,其需求以草地、耕地是构成湖南省人均生态足迹的主要组成部分,分别占人均生态足迹的30．11％～37．34％以及29．83％-33．53％,其次是化石能源地（17．60％～22．85％）。而供给以耕地为主,占人均生态承载力的51．02％～53．23％。研究期间万元GDP生态足迹总体上呈下降趋势,表明湖南省的资源利用率不断提高。同时根据生态盈亏的影响因素,并结合湖南省经济发展现状和资源分布特点,探讨了降低和消除区域生态赤字的措施建议。